Difference between revisions of "Coup d'état"

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|description=A coup d'état, also known as a coup, a putsch, or an overthrow, is the sudden deposition of a government, usually by a small group within the existing state establishment — often the military or secret services — to depose the extant government and replace it with another body, civil or military.
 
|description=A coup d'état, also known as a coup, a putsch, or an overthrow, is the sudden deposition of a government, usually by a small group within the existing state establishment — often the military or secret services — to depose the extant government and replace it with another body, civil or military.
 
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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'état
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A '''coup d'état''', or just '''coup''' is a the overthrow of a government. This is usually overt, but may also be covert (for example, the [[assassination of JFK]], which was [[JFK/Assassination/Official narrative|officially]] blamed on a "[[lone nut]]"). Generally it is violent, but sometimes it may involve [[lawyers]] rather than soldiers (e.g. the [[1975 Australian coup d'état]], a "constitutional coup").
  
 
==Official Narrative==
 
==Official Narrative==
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# Overt power structures such as the national government are often to a large degree subservient to the [[deep state]]
 
# Overt power structures such as the national government are often to a large degree subservient to the [[deep state]]
  
−
==Coups in USA==
+
==Covert coups==
−
[[Chris Hedges]] said that since [[Ronald Reagan]] the US has undergone a "corporate coup d'état in slow motion". [[Amy Baker Benjamin]] concurs that the USA "was taken over by a group of people with a policy coup. [[Wolfowitz]] and [[Cheney]] and [[Rumsfeld]] and you could name a half dozen other collaborators from the [[Project for the New American Century]]. Why General Clark – an unimpeachable witness – was not questioned by the [[Security Council]] during its [[Libya]] deliberations is a supreme mystery."<ref name=twas>[[Document:To Wreck A State - The New International Crime]] by [[Amy Baker Benjamin]]</ref> [[Kurt Vonnegut]] also concurred: "I myself feel that our country... might as well have been invaded by Martians and body snatchers. Sometimes I wish it had been. What has happened, though, is that it has been taken over by means of the sleaziest, low-comedy, Keystone Cops-style coup d’etat imaginable".<ref>http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1100.htm</ref>
+
Most of the [[US Efforts to Suppress Democracy since 1945]] were carried out secretly, and while the broad outline is often clear early on, the precise date and location of their genesis often remains a matter of debate years or decades after the fact. For an example, some 60 years after the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]], the CIA admitted responsibility<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23762970</ref> - but the idea was probably cooked up by the [[Seven Sisters]].<ref>http://www.unwelcomeguests.net/684</ref>
−
 
 
−
[[Mark Gorton]], however, rejects the notion of a "coup", understands the last few decades of US political developments instead as a consolidation of the power of [[the cabal]] that carried out the [[JFK Assassination]] and the [[Watergate]] coups.<ref>[[Document:The Political Dominance of The Cabal]]</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
==Examples==
 
−
Most of the [[US Efforts to Suppress Democracy since 1945]] were carried out secretly, and while the broad outline is often clear early on, the precise date and location of their genesis often remains a matter of debate years or decades after the fact. For an example, some 60 years after the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état], the CIA admitted responsibility<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23762970</ref> - but the idea was probably cooked up by the [[Seven Sisters]].<ref>http://www.unwelcomeguests.net/684</ref>
 
  
 
This page will focus on coups in "developed' countries, which receive little attention from the {{ccm}} and are routinely omitted from the {{on}}. Did you ever hear, for example, of the 1933 [[Business Plot]], a planned military coup in the USA foiled by the integrity of General [[Smedley Butler]]?
 
This page will focus on coups in "developed' countries, which receive little attention from the {{ccm}} and are routinely omitted from the {{on}}. Did you ever hear, for example, of the 1933 [[Business Plot]], a planned military coup in the USA foiled by the integrity of General [[Smedley Butler]]?
  
 
===Australia===
 
===Australia===
−
In 1972, [[Gough Whitlam]] became the 21st [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. He moved quickly and independently, to abolish royal patronage, move Australia towards the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], support “zones of peace” and oppose the testing of [[nuclear weapons]]. He always saw his dismissal from office by the [[governor-general of Australia]], Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John Kerr]] (referred to by CIA agents as "our man Kerr")<ref>[[Australia - The Forgotten Coup]]</ref> as a "[[1975 Australian coup|constitutional coup d'état]]". <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence</ref>
+
{{FA|Australia/1975 coup d'état}}
 +
In [[1972]], [[Gough Whitlam]] became the 21st [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. He moved quickly and independently, to abolish royal patronage, move Australia towards the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], support “zones of peace” and oppose the testing of [[nuclear weapons]]. He always saw his [[1975]] dismissal from office by the [[governor-general of Australia]], Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John Kerr]] (referred to by CIA agents as "our man Kerr")<ref>[[Document:Australia - The Forgotten Coup]]</ref> as a "[[1975 Australian coup|constitutional coup d'état]]". <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence</ref>
  
 
===UK===
 
===UK===
−
[[Peter Wright]] wrote that he was confronted by two of his [[MI5]] colleagues who told him: "[[Harold Wilson|Wilson]]'s a bloody menace and it's about time the public knew the truth", and "We'll have him out, this time we'll have him out"<ref name=Wright369>Peter Wright, ''Spycatcher'' (William Heinemann, 1987), Ibid, p. 369.</ref> and that an MI5 plan to leak damaging information about Wilson was approved by "up to thirty officers".<ref name="Wright369"/> The plan was a 'carbon copy' of the [[Zinoviev Letter]] which helped destabilise the first Labour Government in 1924; as the 1974 election approached, MI5 would leak selected details of the intelligence about Labour leaders, especially Wilson, to 'sympathetic' journalists, using their press and the trade union contacts to spread around the idea that Wilson was considered a security risk. The matter was to be raised in [[UK Parliament|Parliament]] for 'maximum effect'.<ref name="Wright369"/>  However Wright declined to let them see the files on Wilson and the plan was never carried out.  
+
{{FA|Clockwork Orange}}
 +
[[Peter Wright]] wrote that he was confronted by two of his [[MI5]] colleagues who told him: "[[Harold Wilson|Wilson]]'s a bloody menace and it's about time the public knew the truth", and "We'll have him out, this time we'll have him out"<ref name=Wright369>Peter Wright, ''Spycatcher'' (William Heinemann, 1987), Ibid, p. 369.</ref> and that an MI5 plan to leak damaging information about Wilson was approved by "up to thirty officers".<ref name="Wright369"/> The plan was a 'carbon copy' of the [[Zinoviev Letter]] which helped destabilise the first Labour Government in [[1924]]; as the [[1974]] election approached, MI5 would leak selected details of the intelligence about Labour leaders, especially Wilson, to 'sympathetic' journalists, using their press and the trade union contacts to spread around the idea that Wilson was considered a security risk. The matter was to be raised in [[UK Parliament|Parliament]] for 'maximum effect'.<ref name="Wright369"/>  However Wright declined to let them see the files on Wilson and the plan was never carried out.  
  
−
Former MI5 officer [[James Miller]] stated 13 years after the event that the 1974 [[Ulster Workers Council Strike]] had been promoted by MI5 in order to help destabilise Wilson's government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch87.htm |title=Chronology of the Conflict 1987 |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk|accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref>  
+
Former MI5 officer [[James Miller]] stated 13 years after the event that the 1974 [[Ulster Workers Council Strike]] had been promoted by MI5 in order to help destabilise Wilson's government.<ref>http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch87.htm Chronology of the Conflict 1987</ref>  
  
−
In July 1987, Labour MP, [[Ken Livingstone]] used his maiden speech to raise the allegations of a former Army press officer, [[Colin Wallace]], that the Army press office in Northern Ireland had been used in the [[1970s]] as part of a smear campaign against Harold Wilson and other British and Irish politicians, codenamed [[Clockwork Orange (plot)|Clockwork Orange]].
+
In July [[1987]], Labour MP, [[Ken Livingstone]] used his maiden speech to raise the allegations of a former Army press officer, [[Colin Wallace]], that the Army press office in [[Northern Ireland]] had been used in the [[1970s]] as part of a smear campaign against Harold Wilson and other British and Irish politicians, codenamed [[Clockwork Orange]].
  
 
===USA===
 
===USA===
 
The [[Business Plot]] was a coup which was planned in the [[1930s]] but never carried out. Since 1945, the most obvious coup d'état in the [[USA]] was the [[JFK Assassination]]. The next coup was  [[Watergate]], disguised as a political scandal.<ref>[http://www.altruists.org/f951 The Ford Presidency & Watergate], KPFA </ref> [[9/11]] has been termed a coup, but this is something of a misnomer, since it was not a change of leadership.
 
The [[Business Plot]] was a coup which was planned in the [[1930s]] but never carried out. Since 1945, the most obvious coup d'état in the [[USA]] was the [[JFK Assassination]]. The next coup was  [[Watergate]], disguised as a political scandal.<ref>[http://www.altruists.org/f951 The Ford Presidency & Watergate], KPFA </ref> [[9/11]] has been termed a coup, but this is something of a misnomer, since it was not a change of leadership.
 +
 +
[[Chris Hedges]] said that since [[Ronald Reagan]] the US has undergone a "corporate coup d'état in slow motion". [[Amy Baker Benjamin]] concurs that the USA "was taken over by a group of people with a policy coup. [[Wolfowitz]] and [[Cheney]] and [[Rumsfeld]] and you could name a half dozen other collaborators from the [[Project for the New American Century]]. Why General Clark – an unimpeachable witness – was not questioned by the [[Security Council]] during its [[Libya]] deliberations is a supreme mystery."<ref name=twas>[[Document:To Wreck A State - The New International Crime]] by [[Amy Baker Benjamin]]</ref> [[Kurt Vonnegut]] also concurred: "I myself feel that our country... might as well have been invaded by Martians and body snatchers. Sometimes I wish it had been. What has happened, though, is that it has been taken over by means of the sleaziest, low-comedy, Keystone Cops-style coup d’etat imaginable".<ref>http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1100.htm</ref>
 +
 +
[[Mark Gorton]], however, rejects the notion of a "coup", understands the last few decades of US political developments instead as a consolidation of the power of [[the cabal]] that carried out the [[JFK Assassination]] and the [[Watergate]] coups.<ref>[[Document:The Political Dominance of The Cabal]]</ref>
 +
 +
===Africa===
 +
According to the [[BBC]] in [[2020]] and [[2021]] (during [[COVID-19]]), coups in [[Africa]] have been more successful than ever.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46783600</ref>
 +
 +
==Colour revolution==
 +
{{FA|Colour revolution}}
 +
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 20:37, 18 December 2021

Concept.png Coup d'état 
(activity)Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Jfk assassination.jpg
A coup d'état, also known as a coup, a putsch, or an overthrow, is the sudden deposition of a government, usually by a small group within the existing state establishment — often the military or secret services — to depose the extant government and replace it with another body, civil or military.

A coup d'état, or just coup is a the overthrow of a government. This is usually overt, but may also be covert (for example, the assassination of JFK, which was officially blamed on a "lone nut"). Generally it is violent, but sometimes it may involve lawyers rather than soldiers (e.g. the 1975 Australian coup d'état, a "constitutional coup").

Official Narrative

This phrase is mostly applied by the Western commercially-controlled media to small nations in Africa, Asia or South America which undergo a sudden, forceful change of power (for example an assassination of one leader by elements within the military). Western governments are more often the sponsors than the victims of such events.[1]

Problems

Power struggles are usually much more complex events that the commercially-controlled media has time or inclination to communicate. The official narrative about "coups d'état" is systematically oversimplified as a means of obscuring connections to subjects of domestic political significance. The story that "developed" nation states do not tend to have such events misses the facts that in such nations:

  1. Modern coups are more stealthy (e.g. using of deep events such as false flag attacks); and crucially
  2. Overt power structures such as the national government are often to a large degree subservient to the deep state

Covert coups

Most of the US Efforts to Suppress Democracy since 1945 were carried out secretly, and while the broad outline is often clear early on, the precise date and location of their genesis often remains a matter of debate years or decades after the fact. For an example, some 60 years after the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the CIA admitted responsibility[2] - but the idea was probably cooked up by the Seven Sisters.[3]

This page will focus on coups in "developed' countries, which receive little attention from the commercially-controlled media and are routinely omitted from the official narrative. Did you ever hear, for example, of the 1933 Business Plot, a planned military coup in the USA foiled by the integrity of General Smedley Butler?

Australia

Full article: Australia/1975 coup d'état

In 1972, Gough Whitlam became the 21st Prime Minister of Australia. He moved quickly and independently, to abolish royal patronage, move Australia towards the Non-Aligned Movement, support “zones of peace” and oppose the testing of nuclear weapons. He always saw his 1975 dismissal from office by the governor-general of Australia, Sir John Kerr (referred to by CIA agents as "our man Kerr")[4] as a "constitutional coup d'état". [5]

UK

Full article: Clockwork Orange

Peter Wright wrote that he was confronted by two of his MI5 colleagues who told him: "Wilson's a bloody menace and it's about time the public knew the truth", and "We'll have him out, this time we'll have him out"[6] and that an MI5 plan to leak damaging information about Wilson was approved by "up to thirty officers".[6] The plan was a 'carbon copy' of the Zinoviev Letter which helped destabilise the first Labour Government in 1924; as the 1974 election approached, MI5 would leak selected details of the intelligence about Labour leaders, especially Wilson, to 'sympathetic' journalists, using their press and the trade union contacts to spread around the idea that Wilson was considered a security risk. The matter was to be raised in Parliament for 'maximum effect'.[6] However Wright declined to let them see the files on Wilson and the plan was never carried out.

Former MI5 officer James Miller stated 13 years after the event that the 1974 Ulster Workers Council Strike had been promoted by MI5 in order to help destabilise Wilson's government.[7]

In July 1987, Labour MP, Ken Livingstone used his maiden speech to raise the allegations of a former Army press officer, Colin Wallace, that the Army press office in Northern Ireland had been used in the 1970s as part of a smear campaign against Harold Wilson and other British and Irish politicians, codenamed Clockwork Orange.

USA

The Business Plot was a coup which was planned in the 1930s but never carried out. Since 1945, the most obvious coup d'état in the USA was the JFK Assassination. The next coup was Watergate, disguised as a political scandal.[8] 9/11 has been termed a coup, but this is something of a misnomer, since it was not a change of leadership.

Chris Hedges said that since Ronald Reagan the US has undergone a "corporate coup d'état in slow motion". Amy Baker Benjamin concurs that the USA "was taken over by a group of people with a policy coup. Wolfowitz and Cheney and Rumsfeld and you could name a half dozen other collaborators from the Project for the New American Century. Why General Clark – an unimpeachable witness – was not questioned by the Security Council during its Libya deliberations is a supreme mystery."[9] Kurt Vonnegut also concurred: "I myself feel that our country... might as well have been invaded by Martians and body snatchers. Sometimes I wish it had been. What has happened, though, is that it has been taken over by means of the sleaziest, low-comedy, Keystone Cops-style coup d’etat imaginable".[10]

Mark Gorton, however, rejects the notion of a "coup", understands the last few decades of US political developments instead as a consolidation of the power of the cabal that carried out the JFK Assassination and the Watergate coups.[11]

Africa

According to the BBC in 2020 and 2021 (during COVID-19), coups in Africa have been more successful than ever.[12]

Colour revolution

Full article: Colour revolution


 

Examples

Page namePerpetratorsDateLocationDescription
1960 Turkish coup d'étatCoup led by the Turkish section of the stay-behind Gladio network
1971 Turkish coupThe Turkish military threatened to coup unless a new government was established
1980 Turkish coupTurkey
1981 Dutch Cabinet crisisNetherlands
The Hague		PM Dries van Agt was set-up (after a decade-long power struggle) to work with a lot of deep politicians, spooks, Israel's liaison Joop den Uyl, the Dutch Operation Gladio boss, a corrupt royal family and NATO. He never had a chance.
1991 Moscow Coup attemptAn attempted coup
2002 Venezuelan coup attemptVenezuelaA failed CIA-backed coup attempt against President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez.
2014 Ukraine coupRegime change war in Ukraine.
2021 Swedish government crisisSwedish Left PartySwedenThe anti lockdown government in Sweden almost fell, but managed to regain confidence from MPs.
Algiers putsch of 1961an attempt to get rid of Charles de Gaulle
Attempted Coup of the Libertarian Party of New HampshireJilletta JarvisUS
New Hampshire		An event in June 2021.
Australia/1975 coup d'étatAustralia
Canberra		A UK/US deep state-backed covert "constitutional coup" to remove Gough Whitlam whom they saw as a loose cannon.
Bolivia/1980 coup d'étatCIABolivia
Brazil/1964 coup d'état
COVID-19A coronavirus "pandemic" that was it was initially claimed emerged randomly from a zoonotic jump in China. Used as the pretext for sweeping social changes in the direction of techno-totalitarianism, this structural deep event dominated the early 2020s, and exploited to get a significant proportion of the world's population to submit to "COVID vaccines".
COVID-19/Regime changeMany if not all of the most outspoken governments who deviated from the Official COVID-19 story appear to have been targeted by organised efforts to unseat them.
Chile/1973 coupCIA
Richard Nixon
Henry Kissinger
Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
Felix Rohatyn
Australian Secret Intelligence Service
ITT Inc
National Security Council		ChileA CIA military intelligence operation that overthrew of the democratically elected Salvador Allende.
Equatorial Guinea/2004 coup d'état attemptSimon Mann
Semantic Objects
Mark Thatcher
Jeffrey Archer
Severo Moto
Nick du Toit
Ely Calil
Crause Steyl
Greg Wales		South Africa
Equatorial Guinea
Guatemala/1954 coupCIA
United Fruit		GuatemalaA coup organised by the CIA to protect the profit of United Fruit.
Guinea/2021 coup d'étatPresident opted for Russian vaccine - was removed from power by US trained officer 6 months later.
Iran/1953 coup d'étatCIA
MI6
Seven Sisters		IranThe first of many large scale coups was carried out at the behest of big oil, by the CIA. The report of the inaugural Bilderberg next year termed this "firm Western action in Persia ... [that] had produced successful results."
Iranian Revolution
JFK/AssassinationUS/Deep state
JFK/Assassination/Perpetrators		US
Dallas
Texas
Grassy knoll		The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy was the seminal deep political event of modern times, perhaps even more than 9-11. Both were done by the same group. Subsequently the group assassinated RFK, MLK and many others to try to contain the truth.
Jovenel Moïse/AssassinationSDSHaitiThe assassination of Haitian President Jovenel Moïse.
Oman/1970 coup d'étatQaboos bin Said al Said
Hugh Oldman
Brigadier John Graham		Oman
Salalah
Operation Cage Action PlanErgenikonTurkey
Plan BlueRoger-Luc Aurouet
Edme de Vulpian		FranceAn 1947 anti-communist conspiracy aimed at seizing power in France
Sudan/2021 coup d'étatIn October 2021, the Sudanese Prime Minister was kidnapped and the government was dissolved in a military coup.
The Business PlotAl Smith
Gerald MacGuire
Grayson Murphy
William Doyle
Robert Clark
Irénée Du Pont
John Davis
John Raskob		A military takeover of the USA planned by The Money Trust. Never enacted due to the character of the man they ill advisedly chose to head it Smedley Butler, who foiled the plot and decreased the group's influence.
Watergate coupUS/Deep stateWatergate ComplexThis is framed by the official narrative as a simple case of political corruption, one which proves that "the system works", since the influential perpetrator was caught - if not actually brought to justice, since outgoing president Nixon was immediately pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. In fact it may well have been the outworking of a deeper political power struggle at work.
William McKinley/AssassinationNew York State
Buffalo
Milburn House		The Assassination of William McKinley, a coup d'etat

 

Coup d'état victims on Wikispooks

TitlePerpetratorsDateLocationDescription
Alpha CondéPresident of Guinea, who was overthrown in September 2021.
Idriss DébyPresident of Chad, who was killed in April 2021.

 

Related Quotations

PageQuoteAuthorDate
Algiers putsch of 1961“An insurrectionary power has established itself in Algeria by a military pronunciamento... This power has an appearance: a quartet of retired generals. It has a reality: a group of officers, partisan, ambitious and fanatical. This group and this quartet possess an expedient and limited knowledge of things. But they only see and understand the Nation and the world distorted by their delirium. Their enterprise leads directly towards a national disaster ... I forbid any Frenchman, and first of all any soldier, to execute a single one of their orders ... In the face of the misfortune which hangs over the country and the threat to the Republic, having taken advice from the Constitutional Council, the Prime Minister, the president of the Senate, the president of the National Assembly, I have decided to invoke article 16 of the Constitution [on the state of emergency and full special powers given to the head of state in case of a crisis]. Starting from this day, I will take, directly if the need arises, the measures which seem to me demanded by circumstances ... Frenchwomen, Frenchmen! Assist me!”Charles de Gaulle1961
Mario Borghezio“Gaddafi was a great leader, a true revolutionary who should not be confused with the new Libyan leadership swept into power by NATO's bayonets and by oil multinationals”Mario Borghezio2011
Wesley Clark“And what happened in 9/11 is we didn’t have a strategy, we didn’t have bipartisan agreement, we didn’t have American understanding of it and we had instead a policy coup in this country, a coup, a policy coup. Some hard nosed people took over the direction of American policy and they never bothered to inform the rest of us.”Wesley Clark2007
Ralph McGehee“The CIA is not now nor has it ever been a central intelligence agency. It is the covert action arm of the President's foreign policy advisers. In that capacity it overthrows or supports foreign governments while reporting "intelligence" justifying those activities. It shapes its intelligence, even in such critical areas as Soviet nuclear weapon capability, to support presidential policy. Disinformation is a large part of its covert action responsibility, and the American people are the primary target audience of its lies.”Ralph McGehee1983
US/Foreign policy“Anybody who believes that a country's internal democracy is the determining factor in whether the West decides to move for violent regime change in that country, is a complete idiot. Any journalist or politician who makes that claim is more likely to be a complete charlatan than a complete idiot. In recent years, possession of hydrocarbon reserves is very obviously a major factor in western regime change actions.”Craig MurrayJanuary 2019

 

Related Document

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:Coordinating Regime Change in Iran and Venezueladiplomatic communication25 August 2010Trowbridge FordIran and Venezuela, prime candidates for regime change

 

Official examples

NamePerpetratorsLocationDescription
2021 Washington D.C. RiotsOne of the most fortified positions in the US gets violently overrun by a group of Trump Supporters after a demonstration... without a single shot fired by the mob. Official narrative soon blamed Trump and extremists. Official opposition narrative soon blamed the democratic party trying to fraud Joe Biden into the White House. Several other governments were briefed by intelligence services that the incident seemingly "was being allowed" to happen.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine/Wagner coup attemptWagner Group
Yevgeny Prigozhin		Russia
Rostov		An attempted coup, by some seen as false flag by Putin to lure out generals and double agents within the Russian State, by others as the sign the Russian state will collapse in the 2020s.
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References

  1. ↑ For example, see the 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt.
  2. ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23762970
  3. ↑ http://www.unwelcomeguests.net/684
  4. ↑ Document:Australia - The Forgotten Coup
  5. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/23/gough-whitlam-1975-coup-ended-australian-independence
  6. ↑ a b c Peter Wright, Spycatcher (William Heinemann, 1987), Ibid, p. 369.
  7. ↑ http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch87.htm Chronology of the Conflict 1987
  8. ↑ The Ford Presidency & Watergate, KPFA
  9. ↑ Document:To Wreck A State - The New International Crime by Amy Baker Benjamin
  10. ↑ http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article1100.htm
  11. ↑ Document:The Political Dominance of The Cabal
  12. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46783600
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