Project for the New American Century
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The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is a neo-conservative think tank with strong ties to the American Enterprise Institute. PNAC's website says it was established in the spring of 1997 as "a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership". [1]
PNAC's policy document, "Rebuilding America's Defences" [2], openly advocates total global military domination. Many PNAC members held highest-level positions in the George W. Bush administration. The Project is an initiative of the New Citizenship Project. The New Citizenship Project's chairman is William Kristol and its president is Gary Schmitt.[3]
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Purpose
- 3 Iraq and 9/11
- 4 Key positions
- 5 A new Peal Harbor
- 6 Personnel
- 7 Original 25 signatories
- 8 Funding
- 9 Affiliations with the American Enterprise Institute
- 10 PNAC Documents
- 11 Quotes by Project for the New American Century
- 12 Known members
- 13 Sponsors
- 14 Related Document
- 15 References
History
The PNAC was co-founded in 1997 during the Clinton administration by William Kristol and Robert Kagan.[4] PNAC's original 25 signatories were an eclectic mix of academics and conservative politicians, several of whom subsequently found positions in the presidential administration of George W. Bush.
PNAC was set up because the founders felt that there was a lack of coherence in America's foreign policy and that America was not being as dominant as it should be in world politics.
Kristol was the editor and founder of The Weekly Standard,[5] a prominent Neoconservative publication of the day. William Kristol has been affiliated with many publications and neoconservative groups. He has also played a part in the US government in the Office of the Vice President: he was Chief of Staff to Dan Quayle, 1989-1992 and Office of the Secretary of Education: Chief of Staff/Counselor for Education Secretary William Bennett, 1985-1988.
Among other notable founder members of PNAC were Jeb Bush,[6] the Governor of Florida and brother of President George W. Bush, Dick Cheney,[7] the Vice President to George W. Bush, Francis Fukuyama,[8] an author of neoconservative literature, Dan Quayle,[9] vice president to George Bush Senior, Donald Rumsfeld,[10] former Secretary of Defence to George W. Bush, and Paul Wolfowitz,[11] who has held many government positions and is the former President of the World Bank.
Purpose
The main purpose of PNAC was to approach the then administration with views on what should be done within the field of global affairs.
According to PNAC, America needed to:
- Reposition permanently based forces to Southern Europe, Southeast Asia and the Middle East;
- Modernize U.S. forces, including enhancing our fighter aircraft, submarine and surface fleet capabilities;
- Develop and deploy a global missile defense system, and develop a strategic dominance of space;
- Control the "International Commons" of cyberspace;
- Increase defense spending to a minimum of 3.8 percent of gross domestic product, up from 3 percent.[12]
These points show that PNAC can be seen as an imperial force that wishes to be in the lead of all global politics. The term that would be used for this is full spectrum dominance and this can be found in a US government document called Joint Vision 2020[13]. This document lays out the way forward for America to become the leading force in the world. Full spectrum dominance incorporates land, sea and air, but also space and cyberspace. The policy of full spectrum dominance has not only been endorsed by PNAC but has also been actively encouraged through the use of the Joint Vision 2020 doctrine.
Iraq and 9/11
- Full article: Project for the New American Century/Iraq War
- Full article: Project for the New American Century/Iraq War
PNAC is noteworthy for its focus on Iraq, a preoccupation that began before George W. Bush became president and that predates the events of September 11, 2001.
Key positions
Among the key conclusions of PNAC's defense strategy document (Rebuilding America's Defenses) were the following [14]:
- "Develop and deploy global missile defenses to defend the American homeland and American allies, and to provide a secure basis for U.S. power projection around the world."
- "Control the new 'international commons' of space and 'cyberspace,' and pave the way for the creation of a new military service--U.S. Space Forces--with the mission of space control."
- "Increase defense spending, adding $15 billion to $20 billion to total defense spending annually."
- "Exploit the 'revolution in military affairs' [transformation to high-tech, unmanned weaponry] to insure the long-term superiority of U.S. conventional forces."
- "Need to develop a new family of nuclear weapons designed to address new sets of military requirements" complaining that the U.S. has "virtually ceased development of safer and more effective nuclear weapons."
- "Facing up to the realities of multiple constabulary missions that will require a permanent allocation of U.S. forces."
- "America must defend its homeland" by "reconfiguring its nuclear force" and by missile defense systems that "counteract the effects of the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction."
- "Need for a larger U.S. security perimeter" and the U.S. "should seek to establish a network of 'deployment bases' or 'forward operating bases' to increase the reach of current and future forces," citing the need to move beyond Western Europe and Northeast Asia to increased permanent military presence in Southeast Asia and "other regions of East Asia." Necessary "to cope with the rise of China to great-power status."
- Redirecting the U.S. Air Force to move "toward a global first-strike force."
- End the Clinton administration's "devotion" to the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty.
- "North Korea, Iran, Iraq, or similar states [should not be allowed] to undermine American leadership, intimidate American allies, or threaten the American homeland itself."
- "Main military missions" necessary to "preserve Pax Americana" and a "unipolar 21st century" are the following: "secure and expand zones of democratic peace, deter rise of new great-power competitor, defend key regions (Europe, East Asia, Middle East), and exploit transformation of war."
A new Peal Harbor
According to the PNAC report, "The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time: even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself." To preserve this "American peace" through the 21st century, the PNAC report concludes that the global order "must have a secure foundation on unquestioned U.S. military preeminence." The report struck a prescient note when it observed that "the process of transformation is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event — like a new Pearl Harbor."
Many of PNAC's conclusions and recommendations are reflected in the White House's National Security Strategy document of September 2002, which reflects the "peace through strength" credo that shapes PNAC strategic thinking.
Personnel
Original 25 signatories
The original 25 signatories of the PNAC were:[15]
- Elliott Abrams
- Gary Bauer
- William J. Bennett, who served during the Reagan and first Bush administrations as U.S. Secretary of Education and Drug Czar. Upon leaving government office, Bennett became a "distinguished fellow" at the conservative Heritage Foundation, co-founded Empower America, and established himself as a self-proclaimed expert on morality with his authorship of The Book of Virtues: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories (Simon & Schuster, 1993)
- Jeb Bush, the son of former President George H. W. Bush and brother of President George W. Bush. At the time of PNAC's founding, Jeb Bush was a candidate for the Florida governor's seat, a position which he currently holds.
- Dick Cheney, the former White House Chief of Staff to Gerald R. Ford, six-term Congressman, and Secretary of Defense to the first President Bush, was president of the oil-services giant Halliburton Company at the time of PNAC's founding. He subsequently became U.S. vice president under George W. Bush.
- Eliot A. Cohen
- Paula Dobriansky
- Steve Forbes, publisher, billionaire, and Republican presidential candidate in 1996 and 2000. Forbes has also campaigned actively on behalf of the "flat tax," which would reduce the federal tax burden for wealthy individuals like himself.
- Aaron Friedberg, professor of politics and international affairs; Director, Center of International Studies; Director, Research Program in International Security, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University.
- Francis Fukuyama, author of The End of History and the Last Man; Dean of the Faculty and Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International Political Economy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. Appointed to the President's Council on Bioethics by George W. Bush, January 2002.
- Frank Gaffney
- Fred C. Ikle, "distinguished scholar" at the Center for Strategic and International Studies
- Donald Kagan, professor of history and classics at Yale University and the author of books including While America Sleeps: Self-Delusion, Military Weakness, and the Threat to Peace Today; A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990; and The Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace. Kagan is also a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a contributing editor at the Weekly Standard and a Washington Post columnist, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Alexander Hamilton fellow in American diplomatic history at American University. Past experience includes: Deputy for Policy in the State Department's Bureau of Inter-American Affairs (1985-1988); State Department's Policy Planning Staff member (1984-1985); speechwriter to Secretary of State George P. Shultz (1984-1985); foreign policy advisor to Congressman Jack Kemp (1983); Special Assistant to the Deputy Director of the United States Information Agency (1983); Assistant Editor at the Public Interest (1981).
- Zalmay Khalilzad, an Afghan-American who was the only Muslim among the group's original signatories and the only signatory who was not a native-born U.S. citizen. Khalilzad has became the Bush administration's special envoy to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban as well as is special envoy to the Iraqi opposition to Saddam Hussein. Khalilzad has written about information warfare, and in 1996 (in pre-Taliban days), he served as a consultant to the oil company Unocal Corporation (UNOCAL) regarding a "risk analysis" for its proposed pipeline project through Afghanistan and Pakistan.
- William Kristol
- I. Lewis Scooter Libby
- Norman Podhoretz
- J. Danforth Quayle, former vice president under President George Herbert Walker Bush and a presidential candidate himself in 1996.
- Peter W. Rodman, who served in the State Department and the National Security Council under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush, became the current Bush administration's Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security affairs in 2001.
- Stephen P. Rosen, Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs at Harvard University.
- Henry S. Rowen was president of the RAND Corporation from 1967-1972. He served under former presidents Reagan and Bush as chairman of the National Intelligence Council (1981-83) and Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (1989-91). He currently holds the title of "senior fellow" at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace
- Donald H. Rumsfeld
- Vin Weber, a former Republican congressman from Minnesota, is now a well-connected lobbyist who has represented such firms as AT&T, Lockheed Martin and Microsoft. Weber is also vice chairman of Empower America and a former fellow of the Progress and Freedom Foundation.
- George Weigel, a Roman Catholic religious and political commentator, is a "senior fellow" at the Ethics and Public Policy Center.
- Paul Dundes Wolfowitz
Original 25 signatories given positions in Bush Administration
Of the 25 original signatories of PNAC, 14 members were given positions in the Bush Administration.
- Elliott Abrams - Appointed to National Security Council. He was first appointed as Chief Human Rights Officer then as Senior Director of North East and North African Affairs. In 2005, he became Bush's Deputy Assisstant and the deputy national security adviser for global democracy strategy. [16]
- Dick Cheney – Vice President of the United States. He is also a former fellow of the AEI.[17]
- Eliot Cohen – Member of Defense Policy Board. Counselor to Condoleezza Rice. In an article from 2005, Cohen continues to defend the decision to go to war in Iraq, however he criticises America’s ability to carry out the invasion successfully.[18].
- Paula Dobriansky – Undersecretary of State for Democracy and Global affairs. Dobriansky was also a signatory of the letter to President Clinton urging him to take action in Iraq in 1998 [19].
- Aaron Friedberg- Vice President Cheney’s Deputy National Security Advisor [20].
- Francis Fukuyama- Former Member of Bush’s Council on Bioethics. Although a PNAC signatory who had campaigned for the invasion of Iraq, Fukuyama changed his opinion after it became clear that the invasion was turning into ‘an increasingly bloody counterinsurgency conflict’, noting the need for changes in American foreign policy. [21].
- Fred Iklé - Member of Defense Policy Board. Iklé was also on the AEI's advisory council on foreign policy. He is also a member of the board of governers for the Smith Richardson Foundation- a foundation which funds the AEI. [22].
- Zalmay Khalilzad – National Security Council (2001-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to the Free Iraqis (2002-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan (2002-June 2005) | Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002-2005) | Ambassador to Iraq (2003-2005) | United Nations: US Nominated January 2007[23].
- I.Lewis Libby - Former Chief of Staff to Vice President Cheney (2001-2005). Libby was "instrumental in shaping the foreign policy of the Bush administration in the wake of 9/11". [24].
- Dan Quayle - Defense Board Member[25].
- Peter Rodman - Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (2001-2007). Rodman was deputy assistant for national security affairs for both Reagan and George Bush senior. He was also a signatory of early PNAC letters urging President Clinton to take action in Iraq.[26].
- Henry Rowen – Member of Defense Policy Board [27].
- Donald Rumsfeld – Former Secretary of Defense. Rumsfeld was "one of the key architects and promoters of the war in Iraq", and is known for his misleading stories about Iraq before the invasion. [28].
- Paul Wolfowitz – Deputy Secretary of Defense Department (2001-2005). Chair of International Security Advisory Board [29].
Other PNAC members (Updated 23 November 2005)
- John R. Bolton, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and Undersecretary for Arms Control and International Security in the Bush administration.
- Ellen Bork, Deputy Director [11].
- Thomas Donnelly, Senior Fellow.
- Reuel Marc Gerecht, Senior Fellow, Director of the Middle East Initiative [12]
- Mark Gerson, Project Director [13].
- Michael Goldfarb, Research Associate [14].
- Bruce P. Jackson, President of the Project on Transitional Democracies
- Robert Kagan, PNAC Co-founder and Project Director.
- Timothy Lehmann, Assistant Director [15].
- Daniel McKivergan, Deputy Director [16].
- Christopher Maletz, Assistant Director.
- Richard N. Perle
- Gary Schmitt, Executive Director.
- Randy Scheunemann, Project Director [17]
Non-overlapping signatories to a 28 January 2005 letter to Congress
Source: Letter to Congress on Increasing U.S. Ground Forces, PNAC, January 28, 2005.
- Peter Beinart
- Jeffrey Bergner
- Daniel Blumenthal
- Max Boot
- Ivo H. Daalder
- Michele Flournoy
- Buster C. Glosson
- Frederick Kagan
- Craig Kennedy
- Paul Kennedy
- Robert Killebrew
- Will Marshall
- Clifford D. May
- Barry R. McCaffrey
- Joshua Muravchik
- Steven J. Nider
- Michael O'Hanlon
- Mackubin Thomas Owens
- Ralph Peters
- Danielle Pletka
- Stephen Peter Rosen
- Robert H. Scales
- Walter Slocombe
- James B. Steinberg
See the Right Web Profile.
Funding
MediaTransparency.org has documented $600,000 in donations to PNAC from 1997-2004 from conservative foundations.[30] Funders listed include:
- Bradley Foundation ($500,000)
- John M. Olin Foundation ($50,000)
- Scaife Foundations (Sarah Mellon Scaife Foundation ($50,000)
Affiliations with the American Enterprise Institute
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy was founded in 1943 by Lewis H Brown. [31] According to their website, the AEI is ‘a private, nonpartisan, not-for-profit institution dedicated to research and education on issues of government, politics, economics, and social welfare.’ Their purpose claims to be ‘to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism--limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate.[32].
The American Enterprise Institute has close ties with both the Project for the New American Century and the Bush Administration.
Some of the key figures involved with the American Enterprise Institute have included Irving Kristol, Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz and John Bolton.
- John Bolton, as well as being Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research for the AEI between 1997-2001, has also been involved with the Project for the New American Century and the Bush administration, taking on the roles of Undersecretary for the State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001-2005) and as a United States representative to the UN (2005-2006). [33]. Bolton was a key support of the invasion of Iraq, reportedly saying to council members that "You are not going to decide whether there is war in Iraq or not. That decision is ours, and we have already made it. It is already final. The only question now is whether the council will go along with it or not."[34]
- Paul Wolfowitz, one of the founding signatories of the Project for the New American Century, is a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute. He is chair of the International Security Advisory Board and was previously Deputy Secretary of the Defense Department. (2001-2005). Wolfowitz also worked as the President of the World Bank (2005-June 2007). Like Bolton, Wolfowitz was an avid campaigner for the war in Iraq, being described as "a drum that would not stop. He and his group of neoconservatives were rubbing their hands over the ideas [for invading Iraq]."[35]
- Irving Kristol considers himself a conservative, although he is widely believed to be one of the founding fathers of the neoconservative movement.[36]. It has been said that 'Kristol also played an important role in shaping the neoconservative connection to the think tank and pressure group world.' [37]. Kristol became a fellow of the AEI in the 1980s. [38].
- Richard Perle was one of the main campaigners for the invasion of Iraq and the "[War on Terror]" in the aftermath of 9/11.[39]. He has been described as a 'man of many hats:Pentagon policy adviser (resigned February 2004), former Likud policy adviser, media manager, international investor, op-ed writer, talk show guest, think tank expert, and ardent supporter of the war in Iraq.' [40]. Once named the 'Prince of Darkness' due to his anti-Soviet policies, Perle helped to shape foreign policies in the Bush Administration in the run up to the Iraq War. [41]
PNAC Documents
- Letters and Statements stored on PNAC web site.
- Defense Policy Guidance 1992-1994
- Statement of Principles, Project for the New American Century, June 3, 1997.
- Letter to President Clinton on Iraq, Project for the New American Century, January 26, 1998.
- Letter to Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott on Iraq, Project for the New American Century, May 29, 1998.
- "Rebuilding America's Defences: Strategies, Forces And Resources For A New Century," Project for the New American Century, September 2000.
- Statement on Post-War Iraq, Project for the New American Century, March 19, 2003.
- Second Statement on Post-War Iraq, Project for the New American Century, March 28, 2003.
Quotes by Project for the New American Century
| Page | Quote | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Disaster" | “The process of transformation is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event” | September 2000 | Rebuilding America's Defences: Strategies, Forces And Resources For A New Century |
| Genetic Extinction Technology | “And advanced forms of biological warfare that can “target” specific genotypes may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool.” |
Known members
44 of the 64 of the members already have pages here:
| Member | Description |
|---|---|
| Elliott Abrams | A deep politician heavily involved in the Iran-Contra affair, given a pardon by George H. W. Bush |
| Gary Bauer | |
| Jeff Bergner | Cercle attendee. Project for the New American Century. German Marshall Fund. Hudson Institute |
| John Bolton | Neocon US deep state operative who was Trump's National Security Advisor until September 2019 |
| Max Boot | Double Bilderberg historian and editor eager for wars. |
| Jeb Bush | A Bush crime family member whom the cabal are trying to get elected. |
| Dick Cheney | Neoconservative deep politician with close ties to the MICC. Vice President 2001-2009, under George W Bush. |
| Eliot Cohen | Spooky academic labelled "the most influential neocon in academe" |
| Ivo Daalder | USDSO who co-authored Protecting the American Homeland - A Preliminary Analysis, a book published in 2002 by the Brookings Institution about 9/11 |
| Paula Dobriansky | Spookily connected US politician |
| Giselle Donnelly | Neocon proponent of long-term U.S. military engagement abroad |
| Michèle Flournoy | US deep state actor |
| Steve Forbes | Billionaire editor-in-chief of Forbes magazine. |
| Aaron Friedberg | |
| Francis Fukuyama | US author of The End of History |
| Frank Gaffney | Described as "one of America’s most notorious Islamophobes" |
| Reuel Marc Gerecht | |
| Fred C. Iklé | US deep state operative in the Reagan Administration, where he was proponent of psyops and supporting insurgencies. Attended Le Cercle RAND Corporation, Smith Richardson Foundation, National Endowment for Democracy , Center for Strategic and International Studies... |
| Bruce Jackson | US spook. His later career focused on accelerating the integration of the Western Balkan countries, Turkey, Ukraine and Georgia into the European Union and NATO. Member of the Henry Jackson Society. |
| Donald Kagan | |
| Frederick Kagan | |
| Robert Kagan | Co-founder of the Project for the New American Century |
| Craig Kennedy | president of the German Marshall Fund in the period 1996-2014 |
| Zalmay Khalilzad | US deep state actor who has been central in shaping the US policy towards Afghanistan |
| David Kramer | US academic with multiple deep state connections. Conduit for giving the Steele Dossier to Buzzfeed. |
| Bill Kristol | Hawkish neonconservative |
| Scooter Libby | US deep state actor. Indicted on five counts, convicted on four, 30 months in prison |
| Michael O'Hanlon | Suspected US deep state operative who co-authored Protecting the American Homeland - A Preliminary Analysis for Brookings |
| Richard Perle | "widely considered a core representative of the neoconservative political faction" |
| Danielle Pletka | Hawkish neoconservative academic, champion for Ahmad Chalabi |
| Norman Podhoretz | One of the founding fathers of the neoconservative movement |
| Dan Quayle | One time Bilderberger and former US Vice President |
| Peter Rodman | |
| Stephen P. Rosen | |
| Henry Rowen | Leader of the RAND Corporation |
| Donald Rumsfeld | Senior member of the cabal, former US Defense Secretary, got aspartame approved |
| Randy Scheunemann | US neocon foreign policy advisor to presidential candidate John McCain. |
| Gary Schmitt | An important neo-conservative intelligence theorist |
| William Schneider | An advocate use of the first-strike use of nuclear weapons. Attendee of Le Cercle |
| Walter Slocombe | Occupation of Iraq offical, then deep state Atlantic Council board |
| James Steinberg | Bilderberg, 7th floor group ... |
| Vin Weber | Adviser to 2008 US presidential hopeful Mitt Romney |
| George Weigel | |
| Paul Wolfowitz | An "architect" of the invasion of Iraq, World Bank President |
Sponsors
| Event | Description |
|---|---|
| Scaife Foundations | Grant-making foundation overseen by the late right-wing billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife. |
Related Document
| Title | Type | Publication date | Author(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Document:This war on terrorism is bogus | article | 6 September 2003 | Michael Meacher |
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References
- ↑ About PNAC - PNAC website
- ↑ "File:RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf", Project for the New American Century, September 2000,
- ↑ About PNAC, PNAC website, accessed 21 July 2009
- ↑ Robert Kagan, PNAC website, accessed 21 July 2009
- ↑ Weekly Standard website, Weekly Standard, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Jeb Bush Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ The White House website, Dick Cheney Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ John Hopkins University website, Fukuyama Biography, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ Dan Quayles website, Dan Quayles page, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ The White House website, Donald Rumsfeld Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Paul Wolfowitz Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
- ↑ Information Clearing House, The Project for The New American Century, accessed 20 March 2008
- ↑ Joint Vision 2020, Joint Vision 2020, accessed 20 March 2008
- ↑ Key conclusions of PNAC defenses strategy document
- ↑ Project for a New American Century (PNAC): A Complete List of PNAC Signatories and Contributing Writers, Rightweb, version placed in web archive 30 April 2004, accessed in web archive 28 July 2009
- ↑ Right Web website, Elliott Abrams Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Dick Cheney Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Eliot Cohen Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Paula Dobriansky Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Aaron Friedberg Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Francis Fukuyama Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Fred Iklé Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Kalmay Zhalilzad Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, I.Lewis Libby Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Dan Quayle Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Peter Rodman Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Henry Rowen Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Donald Rumsfeld Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web website, Paul Wolfwitz Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
- ↑ New American Century, Media Transparency website, version placed in web archive 1 Oct 2006, accessed in web archive 26 July 2009
- ↑ Sourcewatch.org, [1], accessed 18 March 2008
- ↑ American Enterprise Institute Website, [2], accessed 18 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web Website, [3], accessed 18 March 2008
- ↑ AlterNet.org [4], accessed 18 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web Website [5], accessed 18 March 2008
- ↑ sourcewatch.org Irvin Kristol, accessed 24 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web Website [6] accessed 24 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web Website [7] accessed 24 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web Website [8], accessed 24 March 2008
- ↑ Sourcewatch.org [9], accessed 24 March 2008
- ↑ Right Web Website [10], accessed 24 March 2008
