Difference between revisions of "Brian Crozier"

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{{person
 
{{person
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Crozier
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Crozier
|constitutes=spook, journalist, editor, deep politician
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|powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Brian_Crozier
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|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Brian_Crozier
 +
|constitutes=deep politician, propagandist, spook, journalist, historian
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|amazon=https://www.amazon.com/default/e/B001HMNMXM/
 
|birth_date=4 August 1918
 
|birth_date=4 August 1918
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|birth_place=Australia
 
|death_date=4 August 2012
 
|death_date=4 August 2012
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|nationality=UK
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|alma_mater=Trinity College of Music
 
|image=Brian Crozier.JPG
 
|image=Brian Crozier.JPG
 
|image_caption=aged 21, August 1939
 
|image_caption=aged 21, August 1939
|constitutes=politician
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|description=Arch espionage insider who founded his own intelligence agency
 
|employment={{job
 
|employment={{job
 
|title=Chairman of Le Cercle
 
|title=Chairman of Le Cercle
|start=1980
+
|start=1971
 
|end=1985
 
|end=1985
|description=}}
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|description=Crozier himself is the source for this start date, which is uncertain.}}
 
}}
 
}}
'''Brian Rossiter Crozier''' was a [[historian]] and [[journalist]] but most importantly, a [[deep politician]] of singular importance. He chaired [[Le Cercle]]<ref>http://www.isgp.nl/Le_Cercle</ref> and founded the [[propaganda]] group [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], and [[Shield]] which succeeded in getting [[Margaret Thatcher]] elected. He also founded his own intelligence network, [[The 61]]. A veteran of the [[cold war]], he advised [[MI6]], the [[Information Research Department]] and the [[CIA]]. He wrote for [[Reuters]] and ''[[The Economist]]'', was an editor for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' and a commentator for the [[BBC]]. He wrote a column for ''[[National Review]]''. Crozier was a Distinguished Visiting Fellow on War, Revolution, and Peace of [[Stanford University]]'s [[Hoover Institution]].
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'''Brian Rossiter Crozier''' was a [[UK]] [[deep politician]] of major importance.
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Brian Crozier chaired [[Le Cercle]]<ref>https://isgp-studies.com/le-cercle-pinay</ref> and founded the [[propaganda]] groups including the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], and [[Shield]] (to get [[Margaret Thatcher]] elected). He also founded his own intelligence network, [[The 61]].
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A veteran of the [[Cold War]], Crozier advised [[MI6]], the [[FCO]]'s [[Information Research Department]] and the [[CIA]]. He wrote for [[Reuters]] and ''[[The Economist]]'', was an editor for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', a commentator for the [[BBC]] and columnist for ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review National Review]''.
  
 
==Early life==
 
==Early life==
Crozier was born in Queensland, Australia, in 1918 and came to England at the age of five. <ref>Michael Evans, 'Freelance spy was KGB's enemy No 1', ''The Times'', 28 June 1993</ref> He spent some of his youth in France and went to school in Montpellier.  After his family returned to England he attended Peterborough College in Harrow before joining the Trinity College of Music in London. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref> Whilst still at Trinity College Crozier became associated with a new arts focused weekly magazine called ''COMMENT''. He wrote articles on art and music for the magazine, which he says launched his journalistic career. <ref>Brian Crozier, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ID1BIPnTKloC The Other Brian Croziers]'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.10)</ref> During this time Crozier says he had communist sympathies. He recalls in one of his autobiographies that two of his friends at Trinity College 'were both members of Britain’s Communist Party. Although I never joined the party, my sympathies were on their side at that time, and these two friends impressed me by their outspokenness, their devotion to their principles...' <ref>Brian Crozier, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ID1BIPnTKloC The Other Brian Croziers]'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.11)</ref>
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Crozier was born in Queensland, [[Australia]], in [[1918]] and came to [[England]] at the age of five. <ref>Michael Evans, 'Freelance spy was KGB's enemy No 1', ''[[The Times]]'', 28 June 1993</ref> He spent some of his youth in France and went to school in Montpellier.  After his family returned to England he attended Peterborough College in Harrow before joining the [[Trinity College of Music]] in London.<ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref> Whilst still at Trinity College Crozier became associated with a new arts focused weekly magazine called ''COMMENT''. He wrote articles on art and music for the magazine, which he says launched his journalistic career. <ref>Brian Crozier, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ID1BIPnTKloC The Other Brian Croziers]'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.10)</ref> During this time Crozier says he had [[communist]] sympathies. He recalls in one of his autobiographies that two of his friends at Trinity College 'were both members of Britain’s Communist Party. Although I never joined the party, my sympathies were on their side at that time, and these two friends impressed me by their outspokenness, their devotion to their principles...' <ref>Brian Crozier, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ID1BIPnTKloC The Other Brian Croziers]'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.11)</ref>
  
 
==Journalism==
 
==Journalism==
In the summer of 1936, Crozier lost his scholarship at Trinity College but was urged to pursue a career in journalism. <ref>Brian Crozier, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ID1BIPnTKloC The Other Brian Croziers]'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.12)</ref> This he did, and he subsequently held various journalistic and editorial positions during the 1940s including periods at Reuters, the ''News Chronicle'' and the ''Sydney Morning Herald''. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref>  In 1954 was appointed a leader writer, correspondent and foreign reports editor at ''The Economist''. Crozier worked at the ''The Economist'' until 1964, whilst also working as a commentator for the BBC overseas services. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref>
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In the summer of 1936, Crozier lost his scholarship at Trinity College but was urged to pursue a career in [[journalism]].<ref>Brian Crozier, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ID1BIPnTKloC The Other Brian Croziers]'' (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.12)</ref> This he did, and he subsequently held various journalistic and editorial positions during the [[1940s]] including periods at Reuters, the ''News Chronicle'' and the ''Sydney Morning Herald''. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref>  In 1954 was appointed a leader writer, correspondent and foreign reports editor at ''The Economist''. Crozier worked at the ''The Economist'' until 1964, whilst also working as a commentator for the BBC overseas services. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref>
  
 
==Intelligence and Propaganda==
 
==Intelligence and Propaganda==
During his time at ''The Economist'', Crozier made his first intelligence contacts and used them for scoops. When John Hay "Jock" Whitney was ambassador to Great Britain from 1957 to 1961, Crozier was invited to his inner circle. He recalled in his autobiography that, "... in the late 1950s during my ''Economist'' years, ... I had been among the privileged few journalists invited to his [Jock Whitney's] small lunches at the Connaught Hotel, and the more formal receptions at his residence in Regent's Park." <ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'', (Harper Collins, 1993) p. 62.</ref> [[John Hay Whitney|Whitney]] was a [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] associate, a friend of the British royal family, a [[CIA]] associate, and a [[Pilgrims Society]] vice president. <ref>Project for the Exposure of Hidden Institutions, [http://www.isgp.eu/organisations/Le_Cercle.htm Le Cercle and the struggle for the European continent].</ref> A few years later, Crozier went to work for the [[Information Research Department]], a covert anti-communist propaganda unit within the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. There he did studies on KGB subversion. He also started to work with the [[CIA]], [[MI6]], and the intelligence agencies of France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Morocco, Iran, Argentina, Chile, and Taiwan. <ref>Michael Evans, 'Freelance spy was [[KGB]]'s enemy No 1', ''[[The Times]]'', 28 June 1993</ref>
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[[David Teacher]] described Crozier as "undoubtedly the most prominent propagandist for several Western [[intelligence services]] and the key character in the UK counter-subversion complex.undoubtedly the most prominent propagandist for several Western [[intelligence services]] and the key character in the UK counter-subversion complex."<ref name=ra4>[[File:Rogue_Agents_(4th_edition,_2015,_full).pdf]]</ref>
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During his time at ''[[The Economist]]'', Crozier made his first intelligence contacts and used them for scoops. When [[John Hay "Jock" Whitney]] was ambassador to Great Britain from 1957 to 1961, Crozier was invited to his inner circle. He recalled in his autobiography that, "... in the late [[1950s]] during my ''Economist'' years, ... I had been among the privileged few journalists invited to his [Jock Whitney's] small lunches at the Connaught Hotel, and the more formal receptions at his residence in Regent's Park." <ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'', (Harper Collins, 1993) p. 62.</ref> [[John Hay Whitney|Whitney]] was a [[Rockefeller Foundation|Rockefeller]] associate, a friend of the British royal family, a [[CIA]] associate, and a [[Pilgrims Society]] vice president. <ref>Institute for the Study of Globalization and Covert Politics, [https://isgp-studies.com/le-cercle-pinay Le Cercle and the struggle for the European continent].</ref> A few years later, Crozier went to work for the [[Information Research Department]], a covert anti-communist propaganda unit within the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. There he did studies on KGB subversion. He also started to work with the [[CIA]], [[MI6]], and the intelligence agencies of France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Morocco, Iran, Argentina, Chile, and Taiwan. <ref>Michael Evans, 'Freelance spy was [[KGB]]'s enemy No 1', ''[[The Times]]'', 28 June 1993</ref>
  
The CIA's anti-communist front group [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF) also approached him to reconstruct and commercialize their organization. Crozier, however, turned down this offer but later did a study for CCF, investigating its South American network.
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The CIA's anti-communist front group [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF) also approached him to reconstruct and commercialize their organization. Crozier, however, turned down this offer but later did a study for CCF, investigating its [[South America]]n network.
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===Interdoc===
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{{FA|Interdoc}}
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Crozier founded the anti-communist group, [[Interdoc]].<ref name=ra4/>
  
 
===Forum World Features===
 
===Forum World Features===
In 1965 Crozier was appointed chairman of a London based CIA propaganda operation called [[Forum World Features]]. Forum World Features was part of a world wide CIA propaganda operation overseen by [[Kermit Roosevelt]], the CIA agent who had engineered the overthrow of the democratic government of Iran in 1953. Roosevelt approached wealthy American families asking for money to fund CIA propaganda operations abroad, asking: 'Are you patriotic?' <ref>Brian Freemantle, ''CIA: The Honourable Company'' (London: Michael Joseph, 1983) p.189</ref> One man who agreed was Crozier's acquaintance [[John Hay Whitney]]. Whitney set up a CIA 'propriety' in Delaware called [[Kern House Enterprises]] which with the knowledge and co-operation of British intelligence, established a London subsidary Kern House Enterprises Ltd.  Kern House Enterprises Ltd, which was based in London's Lincoln's Inn Fields, in turn established [[Forum World Features]], the full title of which was Kern House Enterprises (Forum World Features) Ltd.
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In 1965 Crozier was appointed chairman of a [[London]] based CIA propaganda operation called [[Forum World Features]]. Forum World Features was part of a world wide CIA propaganda operation overseen by [[Kermit Roosevelt]], the CIA spook who had engineered the overthrow of the democratic government of Iran in 1953. Roosevelt approached wealthy American families asking for money to fund CIA propaganda operations abroad, asking: 'Are you patriotic?' <ref>Brian Freemantle, ''CIA: The Honourable Company'' (London: Michael Joseph, 1983) p.189</ref> One man who agreed was Crozier's acquaintance [[John Hay Whitney]]. Whitney set up a CIA 'propriety' in Delaware called [[Kern House Enterprises]] which with the knowledge and co-operation of British intelligence, established a London subsidiary Kern House Enterprises Ltd.  Kern House Enterprises Ltd, which was based in London's Lincoln's Inn Fields, in turn established [[Forum World Features]], the full title of which was Kern House Enterprises (Forum World Features) Ltd.
  
 
[[Forum World Features]], was ostensibly a small commercial news service, selling weekly packets of stories to as many as 50 newspapers around the world, including at one time about thirty in the U.S. Its purpose was chiefly to smuggle in propaganda among the well-written and generally innocuous articles that Forum sent out each week.  It also published a journal called ''[[Conflict Studies]]'' and established a subsidiary company called the [[Current Affairs Research Services Centre]]. According to ''The Guardian'' [[Forum World Features]] was closed down in 1975 after it was exposed by two former CIA agents, <ref>cited in Richard Norton-Taylor, 'With the right on his side', ''The Guardian'', 4 August 1993</ref> although Crozier's entry in ''Who's Who'' states that he was chairman of the operation only until 1974. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref>
 
[[Forum World Features]], was ostensibly a small commercial news service, selling weekly packets of stories to as many as 50 newspapers around the world, including at one time about thirty in the U.S. Its purpose was chiefly to smuggle in propaganda among the well-written and generally innocuous articles that Forum sent out each week.  It also published a journal called ''[[Conflict Studies]]'' and established a subsidiary company called the [[Current Affairs Research Services Centre]]. According to ''The Guardian'' [[Forum World Features]] was closed down in 1975 after it was exposed by two former CIA agents, <ref>cited in Richard Norton-Taylor, 'With the right on his side', ''The Guardian'', 4 August 1993</ref> although Crozier's entry in ''Who's Who'' states that he was chairman of the operation only until 1974. <ref>‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, ''Who's Who 2009'', A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008</ref>
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In 1970 the Current Affairs Research Services Centre became the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], which also took over publication of ''[[Conflict Studies]]''. Another billionaire [[CIA]] associate, [[Richard Mellon Scaife]], who had taken over funding of [[Forum World Features]] from Whitney also funded the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]].  
 
In 1970 the Current Affairs Research Services Centre became the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], which also took over publication of ''[[Conflict Studies]]''. Another billionaire [[CIA]] associate, [[Richard Mellon Scaife]], who had taken over funding of [[Forum World Features]] from Whitney also funded the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]].  
  
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[[image:Free Agent.jpg|left|222px]]
 
In his book ''Free Agent'' Crozier summarized the purpose of his ISC as 'exposing the fallacies of 'détente' and warning the West of the dangers inherent in a policy of illusion.' <ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'' (Harper Collins, 1993) page number needed</ref> In establishing the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], Crozier enlisted the help of [[Peter Wilkinson|Sir Peter Wilkinson]] who was, at the time, the administrative head of the [[Foreign Office]] and a former chief of the [[Information Research Department]] and would later become coordinator of intelligence and security in the cabinet office. Wilkinson, because of his position in the Civil Service, did not join the board of the ISC. He did, however, recommend to Crozier the man who would become the ISC's fundraiser - a retired Major General called [[Fergus Ling]]. <ref>Mike Hughes, ''Spies at Work - Rise and Fall of the Economic League'' (UK: 1 in 12 Publications, 1994) [[Spies at Work, Chapter 8: The Wilson Years|Chapter 8]]</ref>
 
In his book ''Free Agent'' Crozier summarized the purpose of his ISC as 'exposing the fallacies of 'détente' and warning the West of the dangers inherent in a policy of illusion.' <ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'' (Harper Collins, 1993) page number needed</ref> In establishing the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], Crozier enlisted the help of [[Peter Wilkinson|Sir Peter Wilkinson]] who was, at the time, the administrative head of the [[Foreign Office]] and a former chief of the [[Information Research Department]] and would later become coordinator of intelligence and security in the cabinet office. Wilkinson, because of his position in the Civil Service, did not join the board of the ISC. He did, however, recommend to Crozier the man who would become the ISC's fundraiser - a retired Major General called [[Fergus Ling]]. <ref>Mike Hughes, ''Spies at Work - Rise and Fall of the Economic League'' (UK: 1 in 12 Publications, 1994) [[Spies at Work, Chapter 8: The Wilson Years|Chapter 8]]</ref>
  
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''The Economist'' describes "a palace coup [which] ousted Mr Crozier from his institute in 1979", <ref>'Anti-communism; The life of Brian', ''The Economist'', 31 July 1993</ref> a description later echoed by Crozier who wrote in 1999 that: 'I was ousted from the ISC by what could be described as a mini-coup.' <ref>Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening acculmulation of crimes against humanity?', ''The Times'', 13 September 1999</ref> Sources suggest that [[Louis Le Bailly]] was the main figure responsible for ousting Crozier.  [[Louis Le Bailly|Le Bailly]] complained that Crozier’s ‘personal crusade against the forces of evil emanating largely from Russia’ was harming the Institute's reputation. <ref>Robin Lustig, ‘Books: How I Won the Cold War for the West’, ''The Observer'', 25 July 1993</ref> Crozier’s own account in ''Free Agent'' however does not point to Le Bailly in particular. Of his dismissal Crozier stated:
 
''The Economist'' describes "a palace coup [which] ousted Mr Crozier from his institute in 1979", <ref>'Anti-communism; The life of Brian', ''The Economist'', 31 July 1993</ref> a description later echoed by Crozier who wrote in 1999 that: 'I was ousted from the ISC by what could be described as a mini-coup.' <ref>Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening acculmulation of crimes against humanity?', ''The Times'', 13 September 1999</ref> Sources suggest that [[Louis Le Bailly]] was the main figure responsible for ousting Crozier.  [[Louis Le Bailly|Le Bailly]] complained that Crozier’s ‘personal crusade against the forces of evil emanating largely from Russia’ was harming the Institute's reputation. <ref>Robin Lustig, ‘Books: How I Won the Cold War for the West’, ''The Observer'', 25 July 1993</ref> Crozier’s own account in ''Free Agent'' however does not point to Le Bailly in particular. Of his dismissal Crozier stated:
  
<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">I could hardly rule out a KGB hand, since the Soviets had tried to destroy me and the ISC during the preceeding years.  The fact that the whole affair had clearly been masterminded by [[Leonard Schapiro]], one of the world's leading Sovietologists, suggested however unlikely it might seem, that the distinguished professor was himself a 'mole' working for the KGB.  This hypothesis turned out to be untrue, however.  So did another, equally improbable.<ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'', (Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 174-175</ref></blockquote>
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<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">I could hardly rule out a KGB hand, since the Soviets had tried to destroy me and the ISC during the preceding years.  The fact that the whole affair had clearly been masterminded by [[Leonard Schapiro]], one of the world's leading Sovietologists, suggested however unlikely it might seem, that the distinguished professor was himself a 'mole' working for the KGB.  This hypothesis turned out to be untrue, however.  So did another, equally improbable.<ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'', (Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 174-175</ref></blockquote>
  
 
Crozier's other hypothesis was that the CIA "sought to destroy me," and then having gone round the houses he deduces that because Le Bailly's 'political boss' when he was Defense Secretary was [[Lord Carrington]] who had blocked funding for Crozier's '[[Shield]]' organisation and its plans for a 'Counter-Subversion Executive'.  A friend also informed him that the Foreign Office wanted him 'out of the way' and that the ISC was to become "an arm of the Foreign Office," adding:
 
Crozier's other hypothesis was that the CIA "sought to destroy me," and then having gone round the houses he deduces that because Le Bailly's 'political boss' when he was Defense Secretary was [[Lord Carrington]] who had blocked funding for Crozier's '[[Shield]]' organisation and its plans for a 'Counter-Subversion Executive'.  A friend also informed him that the Foreign Office wanted him 'out of the way' and that the ISC was to become "an arm of the Foreign Office," adding:
  
<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">There had been much low-key rejoicing over the callaghan government's decision to kill off the IRD.  With me at its head, however, the ISC was seen as a potential thorn in the Foreign Office's side, ever ready to expose and criticise appeasing words or gestures.  With me out of the way, the Institute for the Study of Conflict could be made into a pliable adjunct to HMG's policy: an unembarrassing junior partner to the [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]]."<ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'', (Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 176-177</ref></blockquote>
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<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">There had been much low-key rejoicing over the Callaghan government's decision to kill off the IRD.  With me at its head, however, the ISC was seen as a potential thorn in the Foreign Office's side, ever ready to expose and criticise appeasing words or gestures.  With me out of the way, the Institute for the Study of Conflict could be made into a pliable adjunct to HMG's policy: an unembarrassing junior partner to the [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]]."<ref>Brian Crozier, ''Free Agent'', (Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 176-177</ref></blockquote>
  
Later in 1999 Crozier suggested in a letter to ''The Times'', that his involvement in his "private sector operational intelligence agency" [[The 61]] was the reason for his departure.  He wrote that: 'Rumours of this enterprise reached [[Leonard Schapiro|Schapiro]], who presented me with an ultimatum: stop running The 61 or resign as director of the ISC. I chose to step down.' <ref>Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening acculmulation of crimes against humanity?', ''The Times'', 13 September 1999</ref>
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Later in 1999 Crozier suggested in a letter to ''The Times'', that his involvement in his "private sector operational intelligence agency" [[The 61]] was the reason for his departure.  He wrote that: 'Rumours of this enterprise reached [[Leonard Schapiro|Schapiro]], who presented me with an ultimatum: stop running The 61 or resign as director of the ISC. I chose to step down.' <ref>Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening accumulation of crimes against humanity?', ''The Times'', 13 September 1999</ref>
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===Le Cercle===
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{{FA|Le Cercle}}
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[[image:December 2016 meeting of Le Cercle Washington 6.jpg|thumb|left|380px|A rare photo of [[Le Cercle]], from the [[2016 Cercle meeting in Washington]]]]
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Crozier's ''Free Agent'' offers information about the influential [[deep state milieu]], [[Le Cercle]], which he describes as an "informal group of broadly like-minded people". Although denying that there was a membership in the "formal sense", he claims that he was an erstwhile "Chairman" between 1971 and 1985.<ref>[[Document:Circle of Power]], by [[David Guyatt]]</ref>
  
 
===The Shield Committee===
 
===The Shield Committee===
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===The 61===
 
===The 61===
 
{{FA|The 61}}
 
{{FA|The 61}}
In his book ''Free Agent'', Crozier says in 1977 he was invovled in setting up a "a private sector operational intelligence agency" called [[The 61]] to "provide intelligence in areas which governments were barred from investigating" and "to conduct secret counter-subversion operations in any country in which such actions were deemed feasible." <ref>Joseph C.  Goulden, 'Crozier, covert acts, CIA and Cold War', ''The Washington Times'', 15 May 1994</ref> Crozier has maintained that this organisation was international (or at least transatlantic) in scope, although details of its activities and personnel are vague.
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In his book ''Free Agent'', Crozier says in 1977 he was involved in setting up a "a private sector operational intelligence agency" called [[The 61]] to "provide intelligence in areas which governments were barred from investigating" and "to conduct secret counter-subversion operations in any country in which such actions were deemed feasible." <ref>Joseph C.  Goulden, 'Crozier, covert acts, CIA and Cold War', ''The Washington Times'', 15 May 1994</ref> Crozier has maintained that this organisation was international (or at least transatlantic) in scope, although details of its activities and personnel are vague.
  
In 1999 Crozier suggested in a letter to ''The Times'', that his involvement in [[The 61]] was the reason for his departure from the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]]. He wrote that: 'Rumours of this enterprise reached [[Leonard Schapiro|Schapiro]], who presented me with an ultimatum: stop running The 61 or resign as director of the ISC. I chose to step down.' <ref>Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening acculmulation of crimes against humanity?', ''The Times'', 13 September 1999</ref>
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In 1999 Crozier suggested in a letter to ''The Times'', that his involvement in [[The 61]] was the reason for his departure from the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]]. He wrote that: 'Rumours of this enterprise reached [[Leonard Schapiro|Schapiro]], who presented me with an ultimatum: stop running The 61 or resign as director of the ISC. I chose to step down.' <ref>Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening accumulation of crimes against humanity?', ''The Times'', 13 September 1999</ref>
  
 
===Other operations===
 
===Other operations===
Following the ''Time Out'' exposé Paddy Prendeville, a press officer with the Troops Out Movement, wrote to ''The Guardian'' alluding to another Crozier operation called ‘[[Ambassador News Service]]’.  He stated in the letter: ‘Perhaps when Messrs Crozier and [[Peter Jank|Janke]] next write to the Guardian concerning alleged malpractice by journalists, either or both might care to explain what relationship, if any, exists between them and a body called ‘Ambassador News Service’. <ref>Letters to the Editor, ''The Guardian'', 24 July 1976</ref>
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Following the ''Time Out'' exposé Paddy Prendeville, a press officer with the 'Troops Out Movement', wrote to ''The Guardian'' alluding to another Crozier operation called ‘[[Ambassador News Service]]’.  He stated in the letter: ‘Perhaps when Messrs Crozier and [[Peter Jank|Janke]] next write to the Guardian concerning alleged malpractice by journalists, either or both might care to explain what relationship, if any, exists between them and a body called ‘Ambassador News Service’. <ref>Letters to the Editor, ''The Guardian'', 24 July 1976</ref>
  
==Counter insurgency and terrorism expert==
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==Counter insurgency and "terrorism" expert==
Crozier wrote extensively on counter insurgency and terrorism and along with other contemporary counter insurgency writers was an important influence on modern 'terrorism experts'. In 1959 whilst working at ''The Economist'' he wrote an article entitled ‘The Anatomy of Terrorism’ published in ''The Nation'' in which he described Terrorism as the first stage of resistance – the second being guerrilla warfare and the third all out war.  In the article Crozier discussed anti-colonial struggles or ‘insurrections’ in Algeria, Vietnam, Malaya, Cyprus, Iran, Palestine and the Suez Canal. <ref>Brian Crozier, ‘[http://nation-1.thenation.com/archive/detail/13339962 Anatomy of Terrorism]’, ''The Nation'', 21 March 1959, pp. 250-252</ref> In 1960 he published ''The Rebels'', which explored similar themes. <ref>Brian Crozier, The Rebels: A Study of Post-war Insurrections (London: Chatto & Windus, 1960)</ref>
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[[image:Brian Crozier in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Crozier in the Oval Office for a meeting with [[President Reagan]] in 1985]]
 +
Crozier wrote extensively on counter insurgency and "terrorism" and along with other contemporary counter insurgency writers was an important influence on modern "[[terrorism experts]]". In 1959 whilst working at ''[[The Economist]]'' he wrote an article entitled ''The Anatomy of Terrorism'' published in ''The Nation'' in which he described "terrorism" as the first stage of resistance – the second being guerrilla warfare and the third all out [[war]].  In the article Crozier discussed anti-colonial struggles or ‘insurrections’ in Algeria, Vietnam, Malaya, Cyprus, Iran, Palestine and the Suez Canal. <ref>Brian Crozier, ‘[http://nation-1.thenation.com/archive/detail/13339962 Anatomy of Terrorism]’, ''The Nation'', 21 March 1959, pp. 250-252</ref> In 1960 he published ''The Rebels'', which explored similar themes. <ref>Brian Crozier, The Rebels: A Study of Post-war Insurrections (London: Chatto & Windus, 1960)</ref>
  
Crozier's understanding of what constitutes 'terrorism' was explicitly biased in favour of Western states then facing resistance from nationalist liberation movements in the former colonies. As [[Alex Schmid]] and his co-authors have observed, Crozier's approach represents one of the crudest of the ‘actor based typologies’ in the field - i.e. where the identity of the actor rather than the act itself defines the designation of terrorism. <ref>Schmid, Alex Peter, Jongman A. J., and Stohl, Michael Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature (Transaction Publishers, 2005) pp.43-44</ref>
+
Crozier's understanding of what constitutes 'terrorism' was explicitly biased in favour of Western states then facing resistance from nationalist liberation movements in the former colonies. As [[Alex Schmid]] and his co-authors have observed, Crozier's approach represents one of the crudest of the ‘actor based typologies’ in the field - i.e. where the identity of the actor rather than the act itself defines the designation of "terrorism". <ref>Schmid, Alex Peter, Jongman A. J., and Stohl, Michael Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature (Transaction Publishers, 2005) pp.43-44</ref>
  
Crozier was a featured speaker at the [[Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism]] organised by the [[Jonathan Institute]] and held in July 1979. He "implied repeatedly that the Soviet Union was behind most, if not all, of the world's political unrest, including the troubles in Northern Ireland." <ref>[[Institute for the Study of Conflict, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry|Extract]] from Edward S. Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, ''The "Terrorism" Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror'' (New York: Pantheon, 1989)</ref>
+
Crozier was a featured speaker at the [[Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism]] organised by the [[Jonathan Institute]] and held in July 1979. He "implied repeatedly that the [[Soviet Union]] was behind most, if not all, of the world's political unrest, including the troubles in Northern Ireland." <ref>[[Institute for the Study of Conflict, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry|Extract]] from Edward S. Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, ''The "Terrorism" Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror'' (New York: Pantheon, 1989)</ref>
  
 
==Works and Influences==
 
==Works and Influences==
Crozier's latest politcal book to date, ''The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire'' (1999) is an 800 pages "massive account of the evils of communism, from its inception under Karl Marx and Valdimir Lenin to its eventual demise on Mikhail Gorbachev's watch," according to Insight on the News, a magazine that interviewed him for the occassion.
+
Crozier's latest political book to date, ''The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire'' (1999) is an 800 pages "massive account of the evils of communism, from its inception under Karl Marx and Valdimir Lenin to its eventual demise on Mikhail Gorbachev's watch," according to Insight on the News, a magazine that interviewed him for the occasion.
  
<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">Crozier began his career as a member of the notorious [[Left Book Club]], organized by Communists and Marxists, and was deeply influenced by [[Arthur Koestler]]'s book ''Spanish Testament'', written during Koestler's time as a Communist. Later he learned from Koestler that the book virtually had been dictated by Willy Muenzerberg, the head of the Soviet NKVD (secret police) in Western Europe.<p>In the meantime, Crozier's views had been turned around by a book written in 1947 by Soviet defector Victor Kravchenko titled ''I Chose Freedom'', an early account of Josef Stalin's atrocities in the Ukraine. The second book which he says "taught me to think about politics" was [[James Burnham]]'s ''The Machiavellians, Defenders of Freedom''. Many years later he was to become Burnham's successor at ''National Review'', carrying on "The Protracted Conflict" column for 18 years.<ref>James P. Lucier, '[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_47_15/ai_58283310 Cold warrior Crozier Details Soviet Terror]', Insight on the News, 20 December 1999</ref></p></blockquote>
+
<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">Crozier began his career as a member of the notorious [[Left Book Club]], organized by Communists and Marxists, and was deeply influenced by [[Arthur Koestler]]'s book ''Spanish Testament'', written during Koestler's time as a Communist. Later he learned from Koestler that the book virtually had been dictated by Willy Muenzerberg, the head of the Soviet [[NKVD]] (secret police) in Western Europe.<p>In the meantime, Crozier's views had been turned around by a book written in 1947 by Soviet defector [[Victor Kravchenko]] titled ''I Chose Freedom'', an early account of [[Josef Stalin]]'s atrocities in the Ukraine. The second book which he says "taught me to think about politics" was [[James Burnham]]'s ''The Machiavellians, Defenders of Freedom''. Many years later he was to become Burnham's successor at ''National Review'', carrying on "The Protracted Conflict" column for 18 years.<ref>James P. Lucier, '[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_47_15/ai_58283310 Cold warrior Crozier Details Soviet Terror]', Insight on the News, 20 December 1999</ref></p></blockquote>
  
 
Brian Crozier is a self-acknowledged disciple of [[James Burnham]], according to [[David Rees]], seeking political and strategic truth through a search for the "real" as distinct from the "formal" meaning of political utterances. Crozier himself explained his debt most thoroughly in a 1976 article in the Lugano Review, later condensed and updated for NR (April 15, 1983).
 
Brian Crozier is a self-acknowledged disciple of [[James Burnham]], according to [[David Rees]], seeking political and strategic truth through a search for the "real" as distinct from the "formal" meaning of political utterances. Crozier himself explained his debt most thoroughly in a 1976 article in the Lugano Review, later condensed and updated for NR (April 15, 1983).
  
David Rees devoted a long article in [[National Review]] in 1985 to Crozier's 'immense contribution to modern strategic thought':
+
David Rees devoted a long article in ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review National Review]'' in 1985 to Crozier's 'immense contribution to modern strategic thought':
 +
 
 +
<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">If Crozier's realism owes much to the Burnham influence, it owes much as well to his fifty years of working journalism, nearly forty of which he has spent as a foreign reporter. Born in Australia in 1918, Crozier was brought to France in 1923, at age five. He spent his early school years there, and was fully bilingual by the time he moved to England. In 1935, Crozier won a scholarship to study piano and composition at Trinity College of Music in London. Within a year he was drawn into journalism, writing not about terror and subversion but about music and art. He joined the London staff of Reuters in 1943, soon moved to the now defunct News Chronicle, and then, in 1951, returned to Australia and the Sydney Morning Herald. A year later he was in Southeast Asia as a foreign correspondent for Reuters.<p>He hasn't stopped traveling since. In 1953 he joined ''The Economist''. For ten years he wrote that magazine's confidential bulletin "Foreign Report," during which time he traveled constantly not only for ''The Economist'' but for the English, French, and Spanish services of the BBC. He left ''The Economist'' in 1964. But leaving neither lightened his schedule nor reduced his output, as he continued to work under contract for print and electronic media organizations too numerous to list. Over the course of his career he has interviewed 56 heads of state or government, an achievement that has been accepted by Guinness as a record for a journalist.</p><p>In 1970 he founded the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], the first private think-tank devoted to the study of "terrorism" and subversion. Under his direction (he left it in 1979) the institute specialized in the study of the "peace-time" strategy of the Soviet Union. Its analyses, including the Annual of Power and Conflict it published for ten years, have been used in war colleges throughout the West. Lately, Crozier has taken up writing realistic spy thrillers. The first, The Andropov Deception, will be available in the U.S. next spring [1986]. <ref>David Rees, 'Student of subversion', National Review, 31 December 1985</ref></p></blockquote>
  
<blockquote style="background-color:ivory;border:1pt solid Darkgoldenrod;padding:1%;font-size:10pt">If Crozier's realism owes much to the Burnham influence, it owes much as well to his fifty years of working journalism, nearly forty of which he has spent as a foreign reporter. Born in Australia in 1918, Crozier was brought to France in 1923, at age five. He spent his early school years there, and was fully bilingual by the time he moved to England. In 1935, Crozier won a scholarship to study piano and composition at Trinity College of Music in London. Within a year he was drawn into journalism, writing not about terror and subversion but about music and art. He joined the London staff of Reuters in 1943, soon moved to the now defunct News Chronicle, and then, in 1951, returned to Australia and the Sydney Morning Herald. A year later he was in Southeast Asia as a foreign correspondent for Reuters.<p>He hasn't stopped traveling since. In 1953 he joined ''The Economist''. For ten years he wrote that magazine's confidential bulletin "Foreign Report," during which time he traveled constantly not only for ''The Economist'' but for the English, French, and Spanish services of the BBC. He left ''The Economist'' in 1964. But leaving neither lightened his schedule nor reduced his output, as he continued to work under contract for print and electronic media organizations too numerous to list. Over the course of his career he has interviewed 56 heads of state or government, an achievement that has been accepted by Guinness as a record for a journalist.</p><p>In 1970 he founded the [[Institute for the Study of Conflict]], the first private think-tank devoted to the study of terrorism and subversion. Under his direction (he left it in 1979) the institute specialized in the study of the "peace-time" strategy of the Soviet Union. Its analyses, including the Annual of Power and Conflict it published for ten years, have been used in war colleges throughout the West. Lately, Crozier has taken up writing realistic spy thrillers. The first, The Andropov Deception, will be available in the U.S. next spring [1986]. <ref>David Rees, 'Student of subversion', National Review, 31 December 1985</ref></p></blockquote>
+
==Publications==
  
==Free Agent?==
+
===''Free Agent''===
Crozier’s autobiography confirmed that, Time Out and other mid-1970s research published in the Leveller and State Research and more recently Lobster was accurate: Crozier was working for the British and American intelligence services, but he still paradoxically maintains that he worked "with" and not "for" the CIA, MI6 and IRD<ref> Brian Crozier (1993) Free Agent: the unseen war 1941-1991, p. xvi, HarperCollins</ref> The briefings he received from an MI6 officer secured the job as editor of the Economist's Foreign Report, he had a 'part-time consultancy for IRD'; and they 'put an office at [his] disposal.' As [[Robin Ramsay]] put it:
+
Crozier’s autobiography confirmed that, ''[[Time Out]]'' and other mid-[[1970s]] research published in the Leveller and State Research and more recently Lobster was accurate: Crozier was working for the British and American intelligence services, but he still paradoxically maintains that he worked "with" and not "for" the CIA, MI6 and IRD<ref> Brian Crozier (1993) Free Agent: the unseen war 1941-1991, p. xvi, HarperCollins</ref> The briefings he received from an MI6 officer secured the job as editor of the Economist's Foreign Report, he had a 'part-time consultancy for IRD'; and they 'put an office at [his] disposal.' As [[Robin Ramsay]] put it:
  
 
:”As early as p. 20 it is hard to avoid concluding that Crozier is describing how he was recruited by [[MI6]]; and his 'independence' is finally revealed as simply a cover story on p. 92 when he writes of contacting his main 'case officer' in the CIA. Independents or genuine free-lance journalists don't have case officers.”<ref> Robin Ramsay (1993) Crozier country. Lobster 26.</ref>
 
:”As early as p. 20 it is hard to avoid concluding that Crozier is describing how he was recruited by [[MI6]]; and his 'independence' is finally revealed as simply a cover story on p. 92 when he writes of contacting his main 'case officer' in the CIA. Independents or genuine free-lance journalists don't have case officers.”<ref> Robin Ramsay (1993) Crozier country. Lobster 26.</ref>
Line 87: Line 111:
 
Ramsay’s review notes several key passages in the book (and its omissions) including the observation that when [[Labour]] won the election in 1974, IRD dropped its briefings on subversion in Britain. This may explain why [[Colin Wallace]] was in such demand post February 1974. With the IRD briefings stopped, Wallace's [[Information Policy]] unit in Northern Ireland was the last official U.K. source of unattributable briefings on the British left. <ref>Free Agent, p. 108</ref>  One can also assert that this was part of ISC’s mandate
 
Ramsay’s review notes several key passages in the book (and its omissions) including the observation that when [[Labour]] won the election in 1974, IRD dropped its briefings on subversion in Britain. This may explain why [[Colin Wallace]] was in such demand post February 1974. With the IRD briefings stopped, Wallace's [[Information Policy]] unit in Northern Ireland was the last official U.K. source of unattributable briefings on the British left. <ref>Free Agent, p. 108</ref>  One can also assert that this was part of ISC’s mandate
  
The 1970s and 80s were the years when Crozier was engaged full-time in pyschological operations, running a large network in the UK. Forum World Features in which, 'with the full agreement of SIS [he] would deal directly with CIA personnel' <ref>Free Agent, p. 71</ref> was succeeded by the ISC.  
+
The [[1970s]] and 80s were the years when Crozier was engaged full-time in psychological operations, running a large network in the UK. Forum World Features in which, 'with the full agreement of SIS [he] would deal directly with CIA personnel' <ref>Free Agent, p. 71</ref> was succeeded by the ISC.  
  
:”After Sir [[Dennis Greenhill]], Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, vetoed British state money for ISC and the CIA felt obliged to follow suit, 'the Agency came up with' [[Richard Mellon Scaife]], who provided $100,000 a year (p. 90). After the formation of ISC came the so-called Sixth International (6I) (sic), most of whose activities remain undisclosed; his domestic counter-subversion agency The Shield; and, of course, the Freedom Association.” <ref> Robin Ramsay (1993) Crozier country. Lobster 26.</ref>
+
:”After Sir [[Denis Greenhill]], Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, vetoed British state money for ISC and the CIA felt obliged to follow suit, 'the Agency came up with' [[Richard Mellon Scaife]], who provided $100,000 a year (p. 90). After the formation of ISC came the so-called Sixth International (6I) (sic), most of whose activities remain undisclosed; his domestic counter-subversion agency The Shield; and, of course, the Freedom Association.” <ref> Robin Ramsay (1993) Crozier country. Lobster 26.</ref>
  
Ramsay observes that in the 1970s and 80s Crozier claims to have run: [[Peter Shipley]] (last seen at Conservative Party Central Office); [[Douglas Eden]] of the Social Democratic Alliance; Dr [[Julian Lewis]] (last seen at Conservative Party Central Office); [[Tony Kerpel]] and [[Edward Leigh]] (now an MP).  
+
Ramsay observes that in the [[1970s]] and 80s Crozier claims to have run: [[Peter Shipley]] (last seen at Conservative Party Central Office); [[Douglas Eden]] of the Social Democratic Alliance; Dr [[Julian Lewis]] (last seen at Conservative Party Central Office); [[Tony Kerpel]] and [[Edward Leigh]] (now an MP).  
  
Crozier also claims to have created the psy-ops outfits of the [[Coalition for Peace through Security]] (anti CND), the Campaign Against Council Corruption (anti Labour-controlled local authorities) and the Media Monitoring Unit (anti BBC).  
+
Crozier also claims to have created the psy-ops outfits of the [[Coalition for Peace through Security]] (anti CND), the [[Campaign Against Council Corruption]] (anti Labour-controlled local authorities) and the [[Media Monitoring Unit]] (anti [[BBC]]).  
  
So who were the communist threat? Crozier tells us <ref>Free Agent, p. 115</ref> that MPs Stan Newens, Jo Richardson, Joan Lestor, Frank Allaun and Joan Maynard were identifed by a 'senior [[KGB]] [[defector]] in London' as 'confidential contacts' of the Soviet embassy.  As examples of 'extreme' left-wing (everyone from the CPGB to the WRP, are lumped together) Labour MPs he cites Sidney Bidwell, Ron Thomas and Eddie Loyden, Eric Heffer, Arthur Latham, James Lamond and Tony Benn. The other reds-under-the-bed organisations were the [[World Peace Council]], and WPC's British off-shoot the British Peace Assembly.  
+
So who were the communist threat? Crozier tells us <ref>Free Agent, p. 115</ref> that MPs Stan Newens, Jo Richardson, Joan Lestor, Frank Allaun and Joan Maynard were identified by a 'senior [[KGB]] [[defector]] in London' as 'confidential contacts' of the Soviet embassy.  As examples of 'extreme' left-wing (everyone from the CPGB to the WRP, are lumped together) Labour MPs he cites [[Sidney Bidwell]], [[Ron Thomas]] and [[Eddie Loyden]], [[Eric Heffer]], [[Arthur Latham]], [[James Lamond]] and [[Tony Benn]]. The other reds-under-the-bed organisations were the [[World Peace Council]], and WPC's British off-shoot the [[British Peace Assembly]]. Ramsay notes further that
 +
:”1979/80 was a some kind of watershed. Mrs T. got elected and ''[[Private Eye]]'' reported — accurately, it turns out (who leaked this?) — that Shield members Crozier and ex-[[MI6]] officer [[Nicholas Elliot]] had triumphantly gone to see her at Chequers. What the Eye didn't say was that, on Crozier's report, Mrs T. said 'thanks but no thanks'. She didn't need Crozier now she had the British secret state to brief her. He and Moss resigned from the Freedom Association — job done. Now even the ISC council began to flex its hitherto dormant muscles and forced his resignation.
  
Ramsay also notes:
+
{{SMWQ
 +
|text=The ultimate sophistication of subversion is to take over the government, not by unlawful but by lawful means.
 +
|authors=Brian Crozier
 +
|subjects=subversion, law
 +
|source_URL=http://www.azquotes.com/quote/1278278?ref=subversion
 +
|note=cited by [[Richard Norton-Taylor]], 'With the right on his side', ''The Guardian'', 4 August 1993
 +
}}
  
:”1979/80 was a some kind of watershed. Mrs T. got elected and [[Private Eye reported]] — accurately, it turns out (who leaked this?) — that Shield members Crozier and ex MI6 officer Nicholas Elliot had triumphantly gone to see her at Chequers. What the Eye didn't say was that, on Crozier's report, Mrs T. said 'thanks but no thanks'. She didn't need Crozier now she had the British secret state to brief her. He and Moss resigned from the Freedom Association — job done. Now even the ISC council began to flex its hitherto dormant muscles and forced his resignation.”
 
  
<CENTER>''"The ultimate sophistication of subversion is to take over the government, not by unlawful but by lawful means."'' - Brian Crozier <ref>cited in Richard Norton-Taylor, 'With the right on his side', ''The Guardian'', 4 August 1993</ref></CENTER>
 
 
==Publications==
 
 
*''The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections ''(1960)
 
*''The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections ''(1960)
 
*''Neo-colonialism'' (1964)
 
*''Neo-colonialism'' (1964)
Line 118: Line 145:
 
*''The surrogate forces of the Soviet Union ''(1978)
 
*''The surrogate forces of the Soviet Union ''(1978)
  
Crozier has also written three biographies:  
+
Crozier wrote three biographies:  
  
 
*''Franco: A Biographical History'' (1967)
 
*''Franco: A Biographical History'' (1967)
Line 126: Line 153:
 
The most revealing book Crozier wrote about his intimate contacts with (heads of) intelligence and heads of state in the Western World is:
 
The most revealing book Crozier wrote about his intimate contacts with (heads of) intelligence and heads of state in the Western World is:
 
*''Free Agent, the Unseen War 1941-1991'' (1993)  
 
*''Free Agent, the Unseen War 1941-1991'' (1993)  
Subtitle of this book is ''the autobiography of an international activist''; the red banner on the cover: "The book MI5 and MI6 tried to ban." In this book Crozier sheds some light on his involvement in international affairs, and his stories are often just a slightly different version of what has written about Crozier, his contacts, his views and his influence by others.
+
Subtitle of this book is ''the autobiography of an international activist''; the red banner on the cover: "The book MI5 and MI6 tried to ban." In this book Crozier sheds some light on his involvement in international affairs, and his stories are often just a slightly different version of what has already been written about Crozier, his contacts, his views and his influence by others.
 
 
==Affiliations==
 
*[[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]]
 
==Resources==
 
*[[Institute for the Study of Conflict, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry|Institute for the Study of Conflict, extract from The "Terrorism" Industry]]
 
*Hoover Institution Archives, [http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf358002hf&doc.view=entire_text&brand=oac| Register of the Brian Crozier Papers, 1936-1993]
 
  
==External Links==
+
==Links==
* David Rees [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v37/ai_4074629  Student of subversion - Brian Crozier], ''National Review'',  31 Dec 1985.
+
Crozier was a Distinguished Visiting Fellow on War, Revolution, and Peace of [[Stanford University]]'s [[Hoover Institution]].
* James P. Lucier [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_47_15/ai_58283310  Cold warrior Crozier Details Soviet Terror'], ''Insight on the News'',  20 Dec 1999.
+
* [[Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation]]
 +
* Hoover Institution Archives, [http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=tf358002hf&doc.view=entire_text&brand=oac| Register of the Brian Crozier Papers, 1936-1993]
 +
* David Rees [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v37/ai_4074629  Student of subversion - Brian Crozier], ''National Review'',  31 Dec 1985.
 +
* James P. Lucier [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_47_15/ai_58283310  Cold warrior Crozier Details Soviet Terror'], ''Insight on the News'',  20 Dec 1999.
 
* Joël van der Reijden (2006) [http://www.pehi.eu/organisations/Le_Cercle.htm Le Cercle and the struggle for the European continent],
 
* Joël van der Reijden (2006) [http://www.pehi.eu/organisations/Le_Cercle.htm Le Cercle and the struggle for the European continent],
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<References/>
 
<References/>

Latest revision as of 11:38, 11 March 2023

Person.png Brian Crozier   Amazon Powerbase SourcewatchRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(deep politician, propagandist, spook, journalist, historian)
Brian Crozier.JPG
aged 21, August 1939
Born4 August 1918
Australia
Died4 August 2012 (Age 94)
NationalityUK
Alma materTrinity College of Music
Founder ofForum World Features, Freedom Association, Institute for the Study of Conflict, Interdoc, Shield, The 61
Member ofLe Cercle, Shield, Stauffenberg Service, The 61, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
Arch espionage insider who founded his own intelligence agency

Employment.png Chairman of Le Cercle

In office
1971 - 1985
Preceded byAntoine Pinay
Succeeded byJulian Amery
Crozier himself is the source for this start date, which is uncertain.

Brian Rossiter Crozier was a UK deep politician of major importance.

Brian Crozier chaired Le Cercle[1] and founded the propaganda groups including the Institute for the Study of Conflict, and Shield (to get Margaret Thatcher elected). He also founded his own intelligence network, The 61.

A veteran of the Cold War, Crozier advised MI6, the FCO's Information Research Department and the CIA. He wrote for Reuters and The Economist, was an editor for The Sunday Times, a commentator for the BBC and columnist for National Review.

Early life

Crozier was born in Queensland, Australia, in 1918 and came to England at the age of five. [2] He spent some of his youth in France and went to school in Montpellier. After his family returned to England he attended Peterborough College in Harrow before joining the Trinity College of Music in London.[3] Whilst still at Trinity College Crozier became associated with a new arts focused weekly magazine called COMMENT. He wrote articles on art and music for the magazine, which he says launched his journalistic career. [4] During this time Crozier says he had communist sympathies. He recalls in one of his autobiographies that two of his friends at Trinity College 'were both members of Britain’s Communist Party. Although I never joined the party, my sympathies were on their side at that time, and these two friends impressed me by their outspokenness, their devotion to their principles...' [5]

Journalism

In the summer of 1936, Crozier lost his scholarship at Trinity College but was urged to pursue a career in journalism.[6] This he did, and he subsequently held various journalistic and editorial positions during the 1940s including periods at Reuters, the News Chronicle and the Sydney Morning Herald. [7] In 1954 was appointed a leader writer, correspondent and foreign reports editor at The Economist. Crozier worked at the The Economist until 1964, whilst also working as a commentator for the BBC overseas services. [8]

Intelligence and Propaganda

David Teacher described Crozier as "undoubtedly the most prominent propagandist for several Western intelligence services and the key character in the UK counter-subversion complex.undoubtedly the most prominent propagandist for several Western intelligence services and the key character in the UK counter-subversion complex."[9] During his time at The Economist, Crozier made his first intelligence contacts and used them for scoops. When John Hay "Jock" Whitney was ambassador to Great Britain from 1957 to 1961, Crozier was invited to his inner circle. He recalled in his autobiography that, "... in the late 1950s during my Economist years, ... I had been among the privileged few journalists invited to his [Jock Whitney's] small lunches at the Connaught Hotel, and the more formal receptions at his residence in Regent's Park." [10] Whitney was a Rockefeller associate, a friend of the British royal family, a CIA associate, and a Pilgrims Society vice president. [11] A few years later, Crozier went to work for the Information Research Department, a covert anti-communist propaganda unit within the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. There he did studies on KGB subversion. He also started to work with the CIA, MI6, and the intelligence agencies of France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Morocco, Iran, Argentina, Chile, and Taiwan. [12]

The CIA's anti-communist front group Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) also approached him to reconstruct and commercialize their organization. Crozier, however, turned down this offer but later did a study for CCF, investigating its South American network.

Interdoc

Full article: Interdoc

Crozier founded the anti-communist group, Interdoc.[9]

Forum World Features

In 1965 Crozier was appointed chairman of a London based CIA propaganda operation called Forum World Features. Forum World Features was part of a world wide CIA propaganda operation overseen by Kermit Roosevelt, the CIA spook who had engineered the overthrow of the democratic government of Iran in 1953. Roosevelt approached wealthy American families asking for money to fund CIA propaganda operations abroad, asking: 'Are you patriotic?' [13] One man who agreed was Crozier's acquaintance John Hay Whitney. Whitney set up a CIA 'propriety' in Delaware called Kern House Enterprises which with the knowledge and co-operation of British intelligence, established a London subsidiary Kern House Enterprises Ltd. Kern House Enterprises Ltd, which was based in London's Lincoln's Inn Fields, in turn established Forum World Features, the full title of which was Kern House Enterprises (Forum World Features) Ltd.

Forum World Features, was ostensibly a small commercial news service, selling weekly packets of stories to as many as 50 newspapers around the world, including at one time about thirty in the U.S. Its purpose was chiefly to smuggle in propaganda among the well-written and generally innocuous articles that Forum sent out each week. It also published a journal called Conflict Studies and established a subsidiary company called the Current Affairs Research Services Centre. According to The Guardian Forum World Features was closed down in 1975 after it was exposed by two former CIA agents, [14] although Crozier's entry in Who's Who states that he was chairman of the operation only until 1974. [15]

The Institute for the Study of Conflict

Full article: Institute for the Study of Conflict

In 1970 the Current Affairs Research Services Centre became the Institute for the Study of Conflict, which also took over publication of Conflict Studies. Another billionaire CIA associate, Richard Mellon Scaife, who had taken over funding of Forum World Features from Whitney also funded the Institute for the Study of Conflict.

Free Agent.jpg

In his book Free Agent Crozier summarized the purpose of his ISC as 'exposing the fallacies of 'détente' and warning the West of the dangers inherent in a policy of illusion.' [16] In establishing the Institute for the Study of Conflict, Crozier enlisted the help of Sir Peter Wilkinson who was, at the time, the administrative head of the Foreign Office and a former chief of the Information Research Department and would later become coordinator of intelligence and security in the cabinet office. Wilkinson, because of his position in the Civil Service, did not join the board of the ISC. He did, however, recommend to Crozier the man who would become the ISC's fundraiser - a retired Major General called Fergus Ling. [17]

Crozier's co-founder at the Institute was the Russian expert Leonard Schapiro who had worked at the Intelligence Division of the German Control Commission immediately after the Second World War. [18]

The Economist describes "a palace coup [which] ousted Mr Crozier from his institute in 1979", [19] a description later echoed by Crozier who wrote in 1999 that: 'I was ousted from the ISC by what could be described as a mini-coup.' [20] Sources suggest that Louis Le Bailly was the main figure responsible for ousting Crozier. Le Bailly complained that Crozier’s ‘personal crusade against the forces of evil emanating largely from Russia’ was harming the Institute's reputation. [21] Crozier’s own account in Free Agent however does not point to Le Bailly in particular. Of his dismissal Crozier stated:

I could hardly rule out a KGB hand, since the Soviets had tried to destroy me and the ISC during the preceding years. The fact that the whole affair had clearly been masterminded by Leonard Schapiro, one of the world's leading Sovietologists, suggested however unlikely it might seem, that the distinguished professor was himself a 'mole' working for the KGB. This hypothesis turned out to be untrue, however. So did another, equally improbable.[22]

Crozier's other hypothesis was that the CIA "sought to destroy me," and then having gone round the houses he deduces that because Le Bailly's 'political boss' when he was Defense Secretary was Lord Carrington who had blocked funding for Crozier's 'Shield' organisation and its plans for a 'Counter-Subversion Executive'. A friend also informed him that the Foreign Office wanted him 'out of the way' and that the ISC was to become "an arm of the Foreign Office," adding:

There had been much low-key rejoicing over the Callaghan government's decision to kill off the IRD. With me at its head, however, the ISC was seen as a potential thorn in the Foreign Office's side, ever ready to expose and criticise appeasing words or gestures. With me out of the way, the Institute for the Study of Conflict could be made into a pliable adjunct to HMG's policy: an unembarrassing junior partner to the Royal Institute of International Affairs."[23]

Later in 1999 Crozier suggested in a letter to The Times, that his involvement in his "private sector operational intelligence agency" The 61 was the reason for his departure. He wrote that: 'Rumours of this enterprise reached Schapiro, who presented me with an ultimatum: stop running The 61 or resign as director of the ISC. I chose to step down.' [24]

Le Cercle

Full article: Rated 5/5 Le Cercle

Crozier's Free Agent offers information about the influential deep state milieu, Le Cercle, which he describes as an "informal group of broadly like-minded people". Although denying that there was a membership in the "formal sense", he claims that he was an erstwhile "Chairman" between 1971 and 1985.[25]

The Shield Committee

Full article: Shield

In 1976 whilst still head of ISC, Crozier and other intelligence connected right wing activists set up a secret committee to brief the opposition leader Margaret Thatcher on ‘subversion’. They called the committee 'Shield'. According to Crozier, Shield was set up in 1976 at the instigation of his friend the MI6 operative Stephen Hastings. They were joined by Nicholas Elliott, also an MI6 operative and Harry Sporborg of Hambros Bank, as well as two young researchers, Peter Shipley and Douglas Eden. [26] The committee produced 15 reports, on intelligence and security services and other such security matters, as well as on strategy for the Conservative Party. A German intelligence report dated November 1979 on the Cercle Pinay which was published in Der Spiegel in 1982 quotes a planning paper by Crozier about a Cercle complex operation "to affect a change of government in the United Kingdom (accomplished)". The report goes on to describe a working meeting held at Chequers, just after Margaret Thatcher's election victory which brought together Prime Minister, MI6 Chief Sir Arthur Franks, Crozier and his fellow Cercle member, former MI6 Division Head Nicholas Elliott.[27]

The 61

Full article: The 61

In his book Free Agent, Crozier says in 1977 he was involved in setting up a "a private sector operational intelligence agency" called The 61 to "provide intelligence in areas which governments were barred from investigating" and "to conduct secret counter-subversion operations in any country in which such actions were deemed feasible." [28] Crozier has maintained that this organisation was international (or at least transatlantic) in scope, although details of its activities and personnel are vague.

In 1999 Crozier suggested in a letter to The Times, that his involvement in The 61 was the reason for his departure from the Institute for the Study of Conflict. He wrote that: 'Rumours of this enterprise reached Schapiro, who presented me with an ultimatum: stop running The 61 or resign as director of the ISC. I chose to step down.' [29]

Other operations

Following the Time Out exposé Paddy Prendeville, a press officer with the 'Troops Out Movement', wrote to The Guardian alluding to another Crozier operation called ‘Ambassador News Service’. He stated in the letter: ‘Perhaps when Messrs Crozier and Janke next write to the Guardian concerning alleged malpractice by journalists, either or both might care to explain what relationship, if any, exists between them and a body called ‘Ambassador News Service’. [30]

Counter insurgency and "terrorism" expert

Crozier in the Oval Office for a meeting with President Reagan in 1985

Crozier wrote extensively on counter insurgency and "terrorism" and along with other contemporary counter insurgency writers was an important influence on modern "terrorism experts". In 1959 whilst working at The Economist he wrote an article entitled The Anatomy of Terrorism published in The Nation in which he described "terrorism" as the first stage of resistance – the second being guerrilla warfare and the third all out war. In the article Crozier discussed anti-colonial struggles or ‘insurrections’ in Algeria, Vietnam, Malaya, Cyprus, Iran, Palestine and the Suez Canal. [31] In 1960 he published The Rebels, which explored similar themes. [32]

Crozier's understanding of what constitutes 'terrorism' was explicitly biased in favour of Western states then facing resistance from nationalist liberation movements in the former colonies. As Alex Schmid and his co-authors have observed, Crozier's approach represents one of the crudest of the ‘actor based typologies’ in the field - i.e. where the identity of the actor rather than the act itself defines the designation of "terrorism". [33]

Crozier was a featured speaker at the Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism organised by the Jonathan Institute and held in July 1979. He "implied repeatedly that the Soviet Union was behind most, if not all, of the world's political unrest, including the troubles in Northern Ireland." [34]

Works and Influences

Crozier's latest political book to date, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire (1999) is an 800 pages "massive account of the evils of communism, from its inception under Karl Marx and Valdimir Lenin to its eventual demise on Mikhail Gorbachev's watch," according to Insight on the News, a magazine that interviewed him for the occasion.

Crozier began his career as a member of the notorious Left Book Club, organized by Communists and Marxists, and was deeply influenced by Arthur Koestler's book Spanish Testament, written during Koestler's time as a Communist. Later he learned from Koestler that the book virtually had been dictated by Willy Muenzerberg, the head of the Soviet NKVD (secret police) in Western Europe.

In the meantime, Crozier's views had been turned around by a book written in 1947 by Soviet defector Victor Kravchenko titled I Chose Freedom, an early account of Josef Stalin's atrocities in the Ukraine. The second book which he says "taught me to think about politics" was James Burnham's The Machiavellians, Defenders of Freedom. Many years later he was to become Burnham's successor at National Review, carrying on "The Protracted Conflict" column for 18 years.[35]

Brian Crozier is a self-acknowledged disciple of James Burnham, according to David Rees, seeking political and strategic truth through a search for the "real" as distinct from the "formal" meaning of political utterances. Crozier himself explained his debt most thoroughly in a 1976 article in the Lugano Review, later condensed and updated for NR (April 15, 1983).

David Rees devoted a long article in National Review in 1985 to Crozier's 'immense contribution to modern strategic thought':

If Crozier's realism owes much to the Burnham influence, it owes much as well to his fifty years of working journalism, nearly forty of which he has spent as a foreign reporter. Born in Australia in 1918, Crozier was brought to France in 1923, at age five. He spent his early school years there, and was fully bilingual by the time he moved to England. In 1935, Crozier won a scholarship to study piano and composition at Trinity College of Music in London. Within a year he was drawn into journalism, writing not about terror and subversion but about music and art. He joined the London staff of Reuters in 1943, soon moved to the now defunct News Chronicle, and then, in 1951, returned to Australia and the Sydney Morning Herald. A year later he was in Southeast Asia as a foreign correspondent for Reuters.

He hasn't stopped traveling since. In 1953 he joined The Economist. For ten years he wrote that magazine's confidential bulletin "Foreign Report," during which time he traveled constantly not only for The Economist but for the English, French, and Spanish services of the BBC. He left The Economist in 1964. But leaving neither lightened his schedule nor reduced his output, as he continued to work under contract for print and electronic media organizations too numerous to list. Over the course of his career he has interviewed 56 heads of state or government, an achievement that has been accepted by Guinness as a record for a journalist.

In 1970 he founded the Institute for the Study of Conflict, the first private think-tank devoted to the study of "terrorism" and subversion. Under his direction (he left it in 1979) the institute specialized in the study of the "peace-time" strategy of the Soviet Union. Its analyses, including the Annual of Power and Conflict it published for ten years, have been used in war colleges throughout the West. Lately, Crozier has taken up writing realistic spy thrillers. The first, The Andropov Deception, will be available in the U.S. next spring [1986]. [36]

Publications

Free Agent

Crozier’s autobiography confirmed that, Time Out and other mid-1970s research published in the Leveller and State Research and more recently Lobster was accurate: Crozier was working for the British and American intelligence services, but he still paradoxically maintains that he worked "with" and not "for" the CIA, MI6 and IRD[37] The briefings he received from an MI6 officer secured the job as editor of the Economist's Foreign Report, he had a 'part-time consultancy for IRD'; and they 'put an office at [his] disposal.' As Robin Ramsay put it:

”As early as p. 20 it is hard to avoid concluding that Crozier is describing how he was recruited by MI6; and his 'independence' is finally revealed as simply a cover story on p. 92 when he writes of contacting his main 'case officer' in the CIA. Independents or genuine free-lance journalists don't have case officers.”[38]

Ramsay’s review notes several key passages in the book (and its omissions) including the observation that when Labour won the election in 1974, IRD dropped its briefings on subversion in Britain. This may explain why Colin Wallace was in such demand post February 1974. With the IRD briefings stopped, Wallace's Information Policy unit in Northern Ireland was the last official U.K. source of unattributable briefings on the British left. [39] One can also assert that this was part of ISC’s mandate

The 1970s and 80s were the years when Crozier was engaged full-time in psychological operations, running a large network in the UK. Forum World Features in which, 'with the full agreement of SIS [he] would deal directly with CIA personnel' [40] was succeeded by the ISC.

”After Sir Denis Greenhill, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, vetoed British state money for ISC and the CIA felt obliged to follow suit, 'the Agency came up with' Richard Mellon Scaife, who provided $100,000 a year (p. 90). After the formation of ISC came the so-called Sixth International (6I) (sic), most of whose activities remain undisclosed; his domestic counter-subversion agency The Shield; and, of course, the Freedom Association.” [41]

Ramsay observes that in the 1970s and 80s Crozier claims to have run: Peter Shipley (last seen at Conservative Party Central Office); Douglas Eden of the Social Democratic Alliance; Dr Julian Lewis (last seen at Conservative Party Central Office); Tony Kerpel and Edward Leigh (now an MP).

Crozier also claims to have created the psy-ops outfits of the Coalition for Peace through Security (anti CND), the Campaign Against Council Corruption (anti Labour-controlled local authorities) and the Media Monitoring Unit (anti BBC).

So who were the communist threat? Crozier tells us [42] that MPs Stan Newens, Jo Richardson, Joan Lestor, Frank Allaun and Joan Maynard were identified by a 'senior KGB defector in London' as 'confidential contacts' of the Soviet embassy. As examples of 'extreme' left-wing (everyone from the CPGB to the WRP, are lumped together) Labour MPs he cites Sidney Bidwell, Ron Thomas and Eddie Loyden, Eric Heffer, Arthur Latham, James Lamond and Tony Benn. The other reds-under-the-bed organisations were the World Peace Council, and WPC's British off-shoot the British Peace Assembly. Ramsay notes further that

”1979/80 was a some kind of watershed. Mrs T. got elected and Private Eye reported — accurately, it turns out (who leaked this?) — that Shield members Crozier and ex-MI6 officer Nicholas Elliot had triumphantly gone to see her at Chequers. What the Eye didn't say was that, on Crozier's report, Mrs T. said 'thanks but no thanks'. She didn't need Crozier now she had the British secret state to brief her. He and Moss resigned from the Freedom Association — job done. Now even the ISC council began to flex its hitherto dormant muscles and forced his resignation.”

“The ultimate sophistication of subversion is to take over the government, not by unlawful but by lawful means.”
Brian Crozier [43]
cited by Richard Norton-Taylor, 'With the right on his side', The Guardian, 4 August 1993


  • The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections (1960)
  • Neo-colonialism (1964)
  • South-East Asia in turmoil (1965)
  • The struggle for the Third World : a background book (1966)
  • Since Stalin : an assessment of Communist power (1970)
  • The future of communist power (1970)
  • The Ulster debate - report (1972) with James Camlin Beckett and Robert Moss
  • Soviet pressures in the Caribbean : the satellisation of Cuba (1973)
  • The peacetime strategy of the Soviet Union - report (1973)
  • Soviet objectives in the Middle East - report (1974)
  • The conflict of information : "detente", freedom & constraint (1975) with Leonid Vladimirov et al.
  • The Soviet presence in Somalia(1975)
  • The surrogate forces of the Soviet Union (1978)

Crozier wrote three biographies:

  • Franco: A Biographical History (1967)
  • De Gaulle, 1. the Warrior, 2. the Statesman (1973, reprinted 1990)
  • The Man Who Lost China: The First Full Biography of Chiang Kai-shek (1976)

The most revealing book Crozier wrote about his intimate contacts with (heads of) intelligence and heads of state in the Western World is:

  • Free Agent, the Unseen War 1941-1991 (1993)

Subtitle of this book is the autobiography of an international activist; the red banner on the cover: "The book MI5 and MI6 tried to ban." In this book Crozier sheds some light on his involvement in international affairs, and his stories are often just a slightly different version of what has already been written about Crozier, his contacts, his views and his influence by others.

Links

Crozier was a Distinguished Visiting Fellow on War, Revolution, and Peace of Stanford University's Hoover Institution.

 

Events Participated in

EventStartEndLocation(s)Description
Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism2 July 19795 July 1979Israel
Jerusalem
The birthplace of the "War on Terror" doctrine, "a major international forum for the movement against détente".
Le Cercle/1978 (Tehran)3 September 19783 September 1978Iran
Tehran
Le Cercle/1980 (Washington)5 December 19807 December 1980US
Washington DC
Madison Hotel
Detailed in a telegram to the South African Embassy in Madrid that was posted to the internet in 2017.
Le Cercle/1980 (Zurich)28 June 198029 June 1980Switzerland
Zurich
One of their shorter meetings, the minutes of which were in the Langemann Papers.
Le Cercle/1982 (Wildbad Kreuth)11 June 198213 June 1982Germany
Hanns Seidel Foundation
1982 conference organised by Franz Josef Bach. The participants were guests of Franz-Josef Strauss. The first page of the attendee list was published online in 2011
Le Cercle/1983 (Bonn)30 June 19833 July 1983Germany
Bonn
Le Cercle/1984 (Capetown)12 January 198415 January 1984South Africa
Stellenbosch
Capetown
4 day meeting of Le Cercle in Capetown exposed after Joel Van der Reijden discovered the attendee list for this conference and published it online in 2011

 

Related Document

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:The CIA Makes the NewsarticleAugust 1976Steve Weissman
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References

  1. https://isgp-studies.com/le-cercle-pinay
  2. Michael Evans, 'Freelance spy was KGB's enemy No 1', The Times, 28 June 1993
  3. ‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, Who's Who 2009, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008
  4. Brian Crozier, The Other Brian Croziers (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.10)
  5. Brian Crozier, The Other Brian Croziers (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.11)
  6. Brian Crozier, The Other Brian Croziers (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002) p.12)
  7. ‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, Who's Who 2009, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008
  8. ‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, Who's Who 2009, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008
  9. a b File:Rogue Agents (4th edition, 2015, full).pdf
  10. Brian Crozier, Free Agent, (Harper Collins, 1993) p. 62.
  11. Institute for the Study of Globalization and Covert Politics, Le Cercle and the struggle for the European continent.
  12. Michael Evans, 'Freelance spy was KGB's enemy No 1', The Times, 28 June 1993
  13. Brian Freemantle, CIA: The Honourable Company (London: Michael Joseph, 1983) p.189
  14. cited in Richard Norton-Taylor, 'With the right on his side', The Guardian, 4 August 1993
  15. ‘CROZIER, Brian Rossiter’, Who's Who 2009, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008
  16. Brian Crozier, Free Agent (Harper Collins, 1993) page number needed
  17. Mike Hughes, Spies at Work - Rise and Fall of the Economic League (UK: 1 in 12 Publications, 1994) Chapter 8
  18. ’SCHAPIRO, Prof. Leonard Bertram’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2007; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007
  19. 'Anti-communism; The life of Brian', The Economist, 31 July 1993
  20. Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening acculmulation of crimes against humanity?', The Times, 13 September 1999
  21. Robin Lustig, ‘Books: How I Won the Cold War for the West’, The Observer, 25 July 1993
  22. Brian Crozier, Free Agent, (Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 174-175
  23. Brian Crozier, Free Agent, (Harper Collins, 1993) pp. 176-177
  24. Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening accumulation of crimes against humanity?', The Times, 13 September 1999
  25. Document:Circle of Power, by David Guyatt
  26. Brian Crozier, ‘A secret shield for the Lady’, The Times, 28 June 1993
  27. http://www.cryptome.org/2012/01/cercle-pinay-6i.pdf
  28. Joseph C. Goulden, 'Crozier, covert acts, CIA and Cold War', The Washington Times, 15 May 1994
  29. Brian Crozier, 'Does Jack Straw still support communism to the extent of being blind to its sickening accumulation of crimes against humanity?', The Times, 13 September 1999
  30. Letters to the Editor, The Guardian, 24 July 1976
  31. Brian Crozier, ‘Anatomy of Terrorism’, The Nation, 21 March 1959, pp. 250-252
  32. Brian Crozier, The Rebels: A Study of Post-war Insurrections (London: Chatto & Windus, 1960)
  33. Schmid, Alex Peter, Jongman A. J., and Stohl, Michael Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature (Transaction Publishers, 2005) pp.43-44
  34. Extract from Edward S. Herman and Gerry O'Sullivan, The "Terrorism" Industry: The Experts and Institutions That Shape Our View of Terror (New York: Pantheon, 1989)
  35. James P. Lucier, 'Cold warrior Crozier Details Soviet Terror', Insight on the News, 20 December 1999
  36. David Rees, 'Student of subversion', National Review, 31 December 1985
  37. Brian Crozier (1993) Free Agent: the unseen war 1941-1991, p. xvi, HarperCollins
  38. Robin Ramsay (1993) Crozier country. Lobster 26.
  39. Free Agent, p. 108
  40. Free Agent, p. 71
  41. Robin Ramsay (1993) Crozier country. Lobster 26.
  42. Free Agent, p. 115
  43. http://www.azquotes.com/quote/1278278?ref=subversion