Allen Dulles

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Person.png Allen Dulles   Corbett Report IMDB Powerbase Sourcewatch SpartacusRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(spook, deep politician, psychopath)
Allen w dulles.jpg
BornAllen Welsh Dulles
April 7, 1893
New York, US
DiedJanuary 29, 1969 (Age 75)
Washington DC
NationalityAmerican
Alma materPhillips Exeter Academy, Princeton University
ReligionPresbyterianism
Children • Clover D. Jebsen
• Allen Macy Dulles Jr.
SpouseClover Todd Dulles
Founder ofAmerican Committee on United Europe, National Committee for a Free Europe
Member ofAlibi Club, Century Group, Council on Foreign Relations/Historical Members, JFK/Assassination/Perpetrators, Knights of Malta, Office of Strategic Services, The Georgetown Set, The Pilgrims Society, The Warren Commission, US/Deep state
Perpetrator ofOperation Mockingbird
Interest ofDavid Talbot
PartyRepublican
Relatives • Eleanor Lansing Dulles
• John Foster Dulles
Dulles served the longest ever term as Director of Central Intelligence and dominated American intelligence for a generation. He personified a cadre of Ivy League pragmatic elitists in high echelons of the government who greatly admired Germany’s scientific achievements.[1] Dulles was fired by JFK after the Bay of Pigs and bore a grudge against him thereafter.

Employment.png Director of Central Intelligence

In office
February 26, 1953 - November 29, 1961
Preceded byWalter Bedell Smith
Succeeded byJohn McCone

Employment.png Deputy Director of Central Intelligence

In office
August 23, 1951 - February 26, 1953
Preceded byWilliam Jackson

Employment.png Deputy Director of Central Intelligence for Plans

In office
January 4, 1951 - August 23, 1951
Succeeded byFrank Wisner

Allen Welsh Dulles was deputy director of the CIA, then director, a job he held for a record 8½ years.[2] James Corbett summarised Dulles' record as "diplomat, spy, Wall Street lawyer, philanderer, government overthrow specialist, Nazi collaborator, MKULTRA overlord, presidential assassin and fascist spymaster."[3] Milicent Cranor wrote for WhoWhatWhy that "Dulles’s job, simply put, was to hijack the US government to benefit the wealthy."[4]

Background

Allen Dulles was born into a rich family with influential relatives. His grandfather and uncle had both was US Secretaries of State.[5] He was the younger brother of John Foster Dulles. According to his sister, Eleanor, Dulles had "at least a hundred" extramarital affairs.[6]

Character

A lot of evidence suggests that Allen Dulles was a psychopath. Mary Bancroft recalled that the emotionally dead Dulles’s favorite word was “useful.” People were only good to him if they were useful. His daughter Joan told Talbot that her father was “clearly not interested in us.” A grinning Dulles once told Mary that his feigned bonhomie, his avuncular demeanor, and trusting attitude toward people were an act. He said, “I like to watch the little mice sniffing at the cheese just before they venture into the little trap. I like to see their expressions when it snaps shut, breaking their little necks.”[7]

Career

Following the First World War, Dulles was an American diplomat with the American Commission to Negotiate the Peace at Versailles. In the 1920s, he was made chief of the Near Eastern Division at the State Department, and as US representative on various arms conferences.[8]

In that capacity, Dulles carefully monitored negotiations over Iraqi oil. In 1924, he told Standard Oil's Walter Teagle that the concession claimed by the European-backed Turkish Petroleum Company was invalid.[9]

In the 1920s, Dulles became a director of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1927, the first new director since the Council's founding in 1921. He was secretary of the CFR from 1933 to 1944.

Kees van der Pijl argues that Dulles brothers, along with the Rockefellers, were part of a pro-German state-monopoly tendency within American capitalism, which came to the fore in the interwar-period at the expense of a previously prevailing liberal-internationalist tendency:

Sullivan & Cromwell, the Wall Street law firm in which they were partners and which they turned into a financial group in the 1930s, was the American agent for IG Farben and the Vereignigte Stahlwerke, while the brothers were also directors of IG Chemical Corp. Sullivan & Cromwell had further links with the German Schroder Bank and with Lazard Fréres; Allen Dulles was a director of the J. Schroder Banking Corporation in New York.[10]

In 1935, Dulles and Hamilton Fish Armstrong published Can We Be Neutral, an examination of US neutrality legislation.[11]

World War Two

In September 1939, Dulles and Fish Armstrong published Can America Stay Neutral, which warned that "no neutrality legislation can give us the advantages of an isolation that does not in fact exist."[12]

Century Group

At a meeting of the Century Group on 5 September 1940, Dulles was detailed to chair a committee looking at ways to better co-ordinate British and American production.[13] Dulles drifted away from the Group after the US-UK Destoyers for Bases Agreement that month, apparently feeling it had served its purpose.[14]

Fight For Freedom

Dulles was a member of the Executive Committee of Fight For Freedom drawn up at the Century Club on 22 April 1941.[15]

Dulles was among the speakers at the Fight For Freedom Continental Congress on 9-10 October 1941.[16]

Co-ordinator of Information

Dulles headed the New York office of William Donovan's Office of the Coordinator of Information, an intelligence agency established in July 1941. Dulles worked out of the same building as British Security Coordination (BSC), 630 Fifth Avenue. His assistant was De Witte Poole.[17]

According to one BSC document, Dulles intervened in March 1942 to have the British hold their American propaganda campaign against I.G. Farben, on the grounds that "this might involve large American companies like Standard Oil of New Jersey, etc., thereby perhaps impairing the war effort." Thomas Mahl notes that Dulles was himself a former attorney for Standard Oil.[18]

OSS

As head of the OSS station in Berne,[19] Dulles met in February 1943 with Frederick Vanden Heuvel and Walter Schellenberg of the Sicherheitsdienst to discuss peace proposals by elements in the SS. Dulles allegedly told Prince Max Hohenlohe that a 'Greater Germany' and a 'Danubian Confederation' would provide a bulwark against Bolshevism.[20]

In April 1943, the exiled Russian nationalist Prince Anton Turkul attempted unsuccessfully to make contact with Dulles.[21]

Postwar

After World War Two, Dulles rejoined Sullivan & Cromwell, the New York law firm where his brother John Foster Dulles was a partner.[22] According to Carmel Offie, Dulles represented Nicholas Malaxa, a Romanian fascist, who sought German citizenship in 1946.[23]

Dulles briefed a Congressional Committee considering the formation of the CIA on 27 June 1947.[24] In early 1948, Defence Secretary James Forrestal asked Dulles to compile a secret report on the CIA.[25] Forestal also backed Dulles in calling for CIA control of covert action, in opposition to George Kennan at the State Department.[26]

The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) emerged as a compromise. Dulles passed up the opportunity to head this body in the belief that he would be appointed CIA director in a Republican administration following the 1948 election.[27] In April 1948, Dulles helped Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi set up the American Committee for a Free and United Europe.[28]

Dulles later abandoned Coudenhove-Kalergi and backed Joseph Retinger, becoming vice-chair of the American Committee for a United Europe (ACUE), which was incorporated in February 1949, and launched a month later. [29]

In May 1949, Dulles' law firm drew up the legal papers for the creation of the National Committee for a Free Europe.[30] In the same month, he authored an article in the New Leader calling for a new internal security commission in the United States.[31]

CIA Deputy Director for Plans

CIA director Walter Bedell Smith appointed Dulles Deputy Director of Plans, responsible for covert operations, on 4 January 1951.[32] Shortly afterwards, he met Jay Lovestone who obtained funds for operations in Finland and Indonesia.[33]

In March 1951, Jay Lovestone met Dulles in a failed attempt block grants for the Free Trade Union Committee (FTUC), thereby strengthening its independence.[34] In the same month, Dulles visited London where he urged MI6 to abandon support for Stepan Bandera's Ukrainian guerrilas, something which Harry Carr, head of MI6's Northern Division, refused to do.[35]

In April 1951, Dulles appointed Thomas Braden head of the International Organizations Division, taking control of labour affairs from Frank Wisner. He told the FTUC to sack Carmel Offie in return for continued funding.[36]

In May 1952 Dulles held a secret conference at the Princetown Inn to consider the scope for covert action in Eastern Europe. Charles Bohlen was among those present.[37]

Project Ultra

Dulles and Frank Wisner were briefed on Project Artichoke, the CIA's experimental program on the use of LSD and other drugs for interrogation purposes on 12 May 1952. Dulles approved an expanded program, Project Ultra, a few months later.[38]

CIA Director

Awarded the National Security Medal by President Kennedy

Dulles was appointed Director of the CIA in the new Dwight D. Eisenhower administration on 26 February 1953.[39][40] Dulles gave James Angleton responsibility for two areas in addition to his counterintelligence responsibilities, liason with Israel and running Jay Lovestone.[41] In a letter to Eisenhower in May 1954, CIA officer Jim Kellis wrote that Dulles was "a ruthless, ambitious and utterly incompetent government administrator.[42]

Dulles was reappointed as CIA director following the election of John F. Kennedy in 1961. Tim Weiner write that this was influenced by Joseph Kennedy's awareness that Dulles had been told by J. Edgar Hoover about a WWII-era sexual relationship between the new president and a suspected German spy.[43]

President Kennedy awarded Allen Dulles the National Security Medal upon his retirement as CIA Director in November 1961.[44]

Congress for Cultural Freedom

In late 1954, Sidney Hook obtained $10,000 for the American Congress for Cultural Freedom after a meeting with Dulles.[45]

Iran 1953

Full article: Iran/1953 coup d'état

On 18 February 1953, Dulles met the new British MI6 chief, Sir John Sinclair, who briefed him on Operation Boot, Britain's plan to overthrow the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Sinclair proposed Kim Roosevelt as field commander for the project, which Dulles renamed Operation Ajax.[46]

Dulles' warning of a communist threat in Iran was initially rebuffed by Eisenhower at a National Security Council meeting on 4 March. However, on 18 March Frank Wisner, passed on Dulles' initial approval to Roosevelt and Montague Woodhouse. Dulles dismissed the CIA station chief in Tehran, Roger Goiran, for opposing a coup.[47]

Dulles was among those present at the meeting chaired by his brother, John Foster Dulles which gave final approval for the coup.[48]

Dulles travelled to Europe during the operation itself, where he bumped into the Shah, who had fled to Rome.[49]

Following the coup, Dulles' law firm Sullivan & Cromwell negotiated the redivision of Iran's oil reserves to the advantage of US companies. British Petroleum, an old client of the firm, was assisted with the takeover of Standard Oil of Ohio by way of compensation.[50]

Guatemala 1954

Full article: 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état

Dulles approved Operation Success, the CIA plan to overthrow the government of Guatemala, on 9 December 1953. He appointed Al Haney as field commander and Tracy Barnes as head of political warfare.[51]

Syria 1956

In October 1956, Dulles and Richard Helms met Dick White and George Kennedy Young in London to discuss plans for a coup in Syria. White and Young did not mention Britain's impending attempt to retake the Suez canal.[52]

Hungary 1956

On 1 November 1956, during the Hungarian uprising, Dulles wrongly briefed Eisenhower that "armed force could not effectively be used" by the Soviet Union.[53] On 5 November, however, he told the president that the Soviets were ready to send 250,000 troops to Egypt to defend the Suez Canal.[54]

Indonesia

Eisenhower ordered the CIA to overthrow the Sukarno government on 25 September 1957.[55]Dulles failed to obey the President's order that no American personnel were to be involved, and CIA pilots began bombing in support of US-backed rebels on 19 April 1958. Hower, American pilot Al Pope was captured on 18 May. Dulles ordered the operation stood down the next day.[56]

Japan

Dulles had a secret meeting in his office 6 February 1959 with Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi, a convicted war criminal, and according to Tim Weiner, a recruited CIA agent.[57]

Cuba

On 11 September 1959, Richard Bissell sent Dulles a memo proposing the elimination of Fidel Castro. Dulles crossed out the word elimination, replaced it with removal from Cuba and approved the proposal.[58]

On 8 January 1960, Dulles ordered Bissell to organise a task force to overthrow Castro.[59]

Dulles briefed Vice-President Richard Nixon on the CIA's covert operations in Cuba on 2 March 1960.[60] He and Bissell presented detailed plans to Eisenhower and Nixon on 17 March. These called for the infiltration of agents into Cuba rather than an outright invasion.[61]

Eisenhower agreed to train a covert paramilitary unit to overthrow Castro at a meeting with Dulles and Richard Bissell on 18 August 1960.[62] In the same month, Dulles allowed Bissell to take out a Mafia contract on Castro.[63]

At a meeting with President-Elect Kennedy on 18 November 1960, Dulles and Bissell failed to tell Kennedy that Eisenhower had not given final approval for an invasion of Cuba.[64]

On 22 April 1961, following the the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy ordered Dulles to step up coverage of Cuban operations in the United States, an activity outside the CIA's charter. Dulles told the Taylor inquiry the same day: "I'm first to recognize that I don't think that the CIA should run paramilitary operations."[65]

A report by the CIA Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick concluded that Dulles had failed to keep Eisenhower or Kennedy accurately informed about the operation. Dulles destroyed all but a single copy of the report, which was locked away for 40 years.[66]

Tibet

Eisenhower approved an operation to support Tibetan guerrillas against the Chinese following a briefing by Dulles and Desmond FitzGerald in February 1960.[67]

Congo

Full article: Patrice Lumumba/Assassination

At a meeting of the National Security Council on 18 August 1960, Eisenhower ordered Dulles to eliminate the Prime Minister of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba.[68] At another NSC meeting on 21 September, Dulles told Eisenhower that Joseph Mobutu was "the only man in the Congo able to act with firmness".[69]

Dominican Republic

Full article: Rafael Trujillo/Assassination

In January 1961, Dulles presided over a special group within the US government which agreed to support the assassination of Rafael Trujillo, the US-backed dictator of the Dominican Republic.[70] The CIA admits providing three M1 carbines left in the US Consulate after the withdrawal of embassy staff, and handed over to the assassins with CIA approval.[71]

A recommended video by James Corbett: 'Meet Allen Dulles: Fascist Spymaster'.[72]

JFK Assassination

Full article: John F. Kennedy/Assassination

At the direction of President Eisenhower, Dulles established Operation 40, a CIA-backed hit squad that is heavily implicated in the assassination of JFK. As well heavily implication in the plot to kill JFK, Dulles was central to its cover-up. On November 29, 1963, the new President Lyndon Baines Johnson appointed Dulles as one of seven commissioners of the Warren Commission to perpare an official narrative of the assassination of JFK.

Connections


 

An event carried out

EventDescription
Operation MockingbirdOperation Mockingbird is a CIA covert operation that began in the 1950s and is a continuing manipulation and control of the media by the CIA.

 

An appointment by Allen Dulles

AppointeeJobAppointedEndDescription
Lyman KirkpatrickCIA/Inspector General19531961Appointment date slightly uncertain

 

Related Quotation

PageQuoteAuthor
Parastate“The immediate concern of the United States was Europe, where it appeared that the French and Italian communist parties might be elected to power in 1948. From the beginning of the postwar era, Washington looked for assets and proxy armies of its own to combat the threat perceived from the Soviet Union and China. Some of these proxies like the the nationalist Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) troops in Burma or the Mafia's in Italy and Marseilles soon outgrew their US support to become de facto regional players or parastates, exhibiting some but not all of the properties of states in their own right. From 1945-1947, elements in the US army conspired to maintain contacts with former German anti-communists in Europe and their German army commander, General Reinhard Gehlen. 5 men were involved of whom 3 (William J. Donovan, Allen Dulles and Frank Wisner) were representatives of the Wall St. overworld and also of the New York Social Register which listed the members of New York high society. They were awaiting a new agency to succeed Donovan's Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and take over the Nazi's ethnic armies in Eastern Europe. But the idea of a centralised intelligence agency encountered fierce competitive opposition from the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover who was backed at first by elements of Army intelligence. Although it took 2 years to overcome their opponents, the Wall Street lawyers and bankers in Truman's administration succeeded in 1947 in establishing CIA, which would report to the president through the new National Security Council (NSC). This new agency, based on the precedent and personnel of the OSS had been urged on Washington by the War/Peace studies of the Council of Foreign Relations in the early 1940s. It was reinforced by a report commissioned in 1945 by Navy Secretary James V. Forrestal. The report was written by Ferdinand Eberstadt who like Forrestal was a private Wall Street banker from the investment bank, Dylan Reed. As CIA director Richard Helms narrates in his memoirs Allen Dulles, then a Republican lawyer in Sullivan and Cromwell in New York was recruited in 1946 to draft proposals for the shape and direction what was to become the new CIA. in 1947 Dulles promptly formed an advisory group of 6 men, all but one of whom were Wall St investment bankers or lawyers.”Peter Dale Scott

 

Related Documents

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:1968 Bissell Meetingspeech1968Richard M. BissellSpook meeting discussing the inner workings of the CIA
Document:Did SA spies bomb UN boss’ plane?Article17 August 2015De Wet PotgieterSusan Williams writes that in this set of documents – headed ‘Top Secret’ and ‘Your Eyes Only’ – Allen Dulles, the then director of the US Central Intelligence Agency, had promised full cooperation with Operation Celeste, which had also been agreed with British intelligence agency MI6.
Document:Permindex - The International Trade in DisinformationWikispooks Page1983Stephen Dorril
Document:Privatization for Dummies – The Nuts & Bolts of The World's Biggest Scamarticle21 March 2019Ronald Thomas West
Document:The Hammarskjöld Commission – Witness Statement of Lisa PeaseStatement9 December 2012Lisa PeaseBud Culligan claims that he intercepted and shot down Hammarskjöld’s plane on orders from his CIA case officer. From my own study of the Hammarskjöld case, I believed then and continue to believe, especially in the light of the new evidence reported by Susan Williams in her excellent volume "Who Killed Hammarskjöld?", that the best evidence indicates Hammarskjöld’s plane was indeed shot out of the sky.
Document:The Mysterious Death of a UN HeroArticle16 September 2013Lisa PeaseFormer President Harry S. Truman was convinced Hammarskjöld had been murdered. A Sept. 20, 1961 New York Times article quoted Truman as having told reporters, “Dag Hammarskjöld was on the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice that I said ‘When they killed him.’”
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References

  1. ↑ https://ahrp.org/pivotal-role-of-allen-dulles-in-shielding-nazi-war-criminals/ saved at Archive.org
  2. ↑ Allen Welsh Dulles, Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.
  3. ↑ "Meet Allen Dulles: Fascist Spymaster"
  4. ↑ http://whowhatwhy.org/2015/10/21/jfk-assassination-plot-mirrored-in-france-part-2/
  5. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.
  6. ↑ https://www.corbettreport.com/episode-307-meet-allen-dulles-fascist-spymaster/
  7. ↑ http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-devils-chessboard-allen-dulles-the-cia-and-the-rise-of-americas-secret-government/5484565
  8. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.
  9. ↑ Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, Pocket Books, 1993, p.201.
  10. ↑ Kees van der Pjil, The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class, Verso, 1984, p.82.
  11. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.
  12. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.60.
  13. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.110.
  14. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.113.
  15. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.169.
  16. ↑ Mark Lincoln Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II, University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p.229.
  17. ↑ Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.51.
  18. ↑ Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States 1939-44, Brassey's, 1999, p.100.
  19. ↑ "Swiss Crypto AG spying scandal shakes reputation for neutrality"
  20. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.168.
  21. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI^: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.198.
  22. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.13.
  23. ↑ Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.223.
  24. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.26.
  25. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.40.
  26. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.84.
  27. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.85.
  28. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.227.
  29. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.228.
  30. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.87.
  31. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.132.
  32. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.59.
  33. ↑ Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.218.
  34. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.98.
  35. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.245.
  36. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.98.
  37. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.70-71.
  38. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.73-74.
  39. ↑ Allen Welsh Dulles, Directors and Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence, CIA, accessed 23 February 2010.
  40. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.78-79.
  41. ↑ Ted Morgan, A Covert Life - Jay Lovestone: Communist, Anti-Communist and Spymaster, Random House, 1999, p.247.
  42. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.123.
  43. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.
  44. ↑ "On This Day — Allen Dulles Becomes First Civilian Director of Central Intelligence (February 26 1953)"
  45. ↑ Hugh Wilford, The CIA, the British Left and the Cold War: Calling the Tune? Frank Cass, 2003, p.112.
  46. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.95.
  47. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.96-97.
  48. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.587.
  49. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.101-103.
  50. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.595.
  51. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.107.
  52. ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2000, p.637.
  53. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.151.
  54. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.152.
  55. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.170.
  56. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, pp.175-176.
  57. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.139.
  58. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.180.
  59. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.180.
  60. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.181.
  61. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.181.
  62. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.
  63. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.186.
  64. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.191.
  65. ↑ [[Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.204.
  66. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.206.
  67. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.349.
  68. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.187.
  69. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.189.
  70. ↑ Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Penguin, 2007, p.198.
  71. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13560512
  72. ↑ https://www.corbettreport.com/?p=16191
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