Difference between revisions of "Arnaud de Borchgrave"
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{{person | {{person | ||
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_de_Borchgrave | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_de_Borchgrave | ||
+ | |image=Arnaud de Borchgrave.jpg | ||
|constitutes=journalist | |constitutes=journalist | ||
− | |birth_date=26 | + | |description=Spooky journalist |
+ | |birth_date=October 26, 1926 | ||
|death_date=15 February 2015 | |death_date=15 February 2015 | ||
+ | |alma_mater=King's School (Canterbury) | ||
+ | |powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Arnaud_de_Borchgrave | ||
+ | |sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Arnaud_de_Borchgrave | ||
+ | |birth_place=Belgium | ||
+ | |nationality=American | ||
+ | |employment={{job | ||
+ | |title=Editor-in-Chief | ||
+ | |start=1985 | ||
+ | |end=1991 | ||
+ | |employer=The Washington Times | ||
+ | }}{{job | ||
+ | |title=Roving senior editor | ||
+ | |start=1953 | ||
+ | |end=1980 | ||
+ | |employer=Newsweek | ||
}} | }} | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | '''Arnaud de Borchgrave''' was a right-wing American journalist with lots of ties to intelligence operations. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ==Early life and Education== | ||
+ | Arnaud de Borchgrave was born in [[Belgium]] on 26 October [[1926]] to Count Baudouin and Audrey de Borchgrave (née Townshend). He was educated at Maredsous in [[Belgium]] from [[1936]] to [[1939]] and attended [[King's School (Canterbury)|King's School in Canterbury]] from [[1940]] to [[1942]]. He was in the [[British Royal Navy]] from [[1942]] to [[1946]], enlisting at the age of 15. <ref>The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009; Major Issues Lecture Series, Topic: [http://www.ashbrook.org/events/lecture/1986/borchgrave.html Media Responsibility vs. National Security] Tuesday, 16 Dec 1986.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Journalism== | ||
+ | After leaving the British Navy in [[1946]] de Borchgrave spent a year working in [[Eastern Europe]] as a [[freelance writer]]. Then in [[1947]], shortly after his 21st birthday, he was appointed [[Brussels]] bureau chief for [[United Press International]], and three years later he was the ''[[Newsweek]]'' bureau chief in [[Paris]], then chief correspondent and at the age of 27 became a senior editor for the magazine. <ref>The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009; Major Issues Lecture Series, Topic: [http://www.ashbrook.org/events/lecture/1986/borchgrave.html Media Responsibility vs. National Security] Tuesday, 16 Dec 1986.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Borchgrave worked for ''Newsweek'' for over 30 years and was the magazine's chief correspondent from [[1964]] until his resignation in [[1980]]. <ref>The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009</ref> According to [[Louis Wolf]] and [[Fred Clarkson]], he was fired in 1980 "in part for keeping dossiers on fellow employees".<ref>Louis Wolf and Fred Clarkson, "Arnaud de Borchgrave Boards Moon's Ship", ''Covert Information Information Bulletin'', Summer 1985, No. 24, p. 35.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | After resigning from ''Newsweek'' de Borchgrave worked as a columnist and TV pundit and in[[ 1981]] was appointed a senior associate at the [[Centre for Strategic and International Studies]] at [[Georgetown University]]. From 1983 until 1985 he also co-authored 'Early Warning', a monthly intelligence bulletin. <ref>Major Issues Lecture Series, Topic: [http://www.ashbrook.org/events/lecture/1986/borchgrave.html Media Responsibility vs. National Security] Tuesday, 16 Dec 1986.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | He was the editor-in-chief from [[1985]] to [[1991]] of the ''[[Washington Times]]'' and of ''[[Insight]]'' magazine between [[1998]] to [[2001]], both of which are publications owned by [[Sun Myung Moon]]'s [[Unification Church]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | He then became editor-at-large for the [[United Press International]] - another Unification Church-owned media entity - and for the ''Washington Times''. He has also been President and CEO of UPI. | ||
+ | |||
+ | He was also director of the Global Organized Crime Project at the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], where he was appointed as a senior advisor in 1991.<ref>The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Borchgrave was a founding member of ''[[Newsmax Media]]''. He also belonged to the [[Foreign Policy Association]], occasionally appearing as a panelist in their videos and events.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE8fL1r1jis</ref> | ||
+ | |||
==Promoting the "War On Terror"== | ==Promoting the "War On Terror"== | ||
He attended the 1984 [[Washington Conference on International Terrorism]]. | He attended the 1984 [[Washington Conference on International Terrorism]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | He and UPI International Consultant [[Ammar Turabi]] interviewed [[Mullah Omar]] three months before [[9/11]].<ref>http://100years.upi.com/sta_2001-06-14.html</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | He was associated with the [[Cabal]] front company, [[Diligence]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Kevin Ryan]] notes that Arnaud de Borchgrave was an investor in the [[9-11]] connected company, [[Stratesec]].<ref>https://lumpenproletariat.org/2016/08/24/guns-and-butter-presents-part-4-another-nineteen-investigating-legitimate-911-suspects-by-kevin-ryan/</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Sexual blackmail== | ||
+ | Borchgrave attended dinner parties held by [[Craig Spence]], a deep state actor who organized a sexual blackmail ring in [[Washington DC]] in the [[1980s]].<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/07/18/the-shadow-world-of-craig-spence/2837e91e-49ce-4121-9416-8e0c7a2debf6/</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Novels== | ||
+ | [[Image:The Spike.jpg|left|thumb|150px|''[[The Spike]]'' - Borchgrave and [[Robert Moss|Robert Moss']] 'chilling tale of [[KGB]] manipulation in the Western media' <ref>''The Times'', Thursday, Jul 17, 1980; pg. 11; Issue 60679; col F</ref>]]In 1980 Arnaud de Borchgrave wrote a novel in collaboration with the [[Australian]] born right-wing journalist [[Robert Moss]]. The two men first met in [[1972]] when de Borchgrave was hiding out in [[England]] following a threatening phone call concerning an article he had written on the [[Munich Massacre]]. He stayed with his cousin who was chairman of ''[[The Economist]]'' and introduced de Borchgrave to [[Robert Moss|Moss]] after the former asked if anyone at ''[[The Economist]]'' knew anything about terrorism and could advise him on his predicament. <ref>Edwin McDowell, ‘Behind the best sellers Arnaud de Borchgrave and Robert Moss’, ''New York Times'', 22 June 1980</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The two men stayed in touch and as de Borchgrave explained: “We eventually realized that between us we knew most of the intelligence directors in the Western world. We decided to pool these assets to gain access to the [[Soviet defectors|major defectors from Soviet intelligence]], to see what they could tell us about '[[disinformation]]' and [[manipulating the media]].” <ref>Edwin McDowell, ‘Behind the best sellers Arnaud de Borchgrave and Robert Moss’, ''New York Times'', 22 June 1980</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The result was a bestselling novel called ''[[The Spike]]'' ('Spike' is newspaper jargon for when an editor refuses to run a journalist's story). It told the story of 'a young journalist who, in an effort to prove his suspicion that the media have made the public insensitive to the Soviet Union's plans for global supremacy, ferrets out the facts in Vietnam, Hamburg, Rome, Moscow and even the White House.' <ref>'Bestsellers', ''New York Times'', 8 June 1980</ref> The book was marketed as ‘The chilling tale of KGB manipulation in the Western media: a story so EXPLOSIVE it can only be told as fiction!’ <ref>''The Times'', Thursday, Jul 17, 1980; pg. 11; Issue 60679; col F</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Robert Moss]] and de Borchgrave later collaborated again on ''Monimbó'', which was published in 1984. The novel centred around a New York journalist who uncovers a Cuban led plot to, as the ''Washington Post'' put it, 'foment racial insurrection and create moral decay in the United States'. <ref>'On the Machete's Edge', ''Washington Post'', 7 August 1983</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Disinformation Agent== | ||
+ | William Preston and Ellen Ray wrote a history of disinformation in the U.S., and observed: | ||
+ | :The greatest assistance in disinformation – especially during the current Administration – is always forthcoming from the ''[[Reader's Digest]]''. In [[1977]] the ''Times'' exposed Digest editor [[John Barron]] as having worked hand in glove with the [[CIA]] on a book about the KGB. Other fraudulent journalists like [[Robert Moss]], Arnaud de Borchgrave, [[Daniel James]], [[Claire Sterling]], and [[Michael Ledeen]], among others, seem to pick up disinformation themes almost automatically. In fact, coordination between the development of [[propaganda]] and [[disinformation]] themes by the [[covert media assets]], the overt propaganda machine, and the bevy of puppet journalists is quite calculated. A theme which is floated on one level – a feature item on [[VOA]] about [[Cuba]] for example – will appear within record time as a lead article in ''Reader's Digest'', or a feature in a ''[[Heritage Foundation]] report'', or a series of "exposes" by Moss and de Borchgrave or [[Daniel James]] in some reactionary tabloid like ''Human Events'' or the'' Washington Times'' or ''Inquirer''. Then they will be called to testify by Senator Denton's Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, repeating one another's allegations as "expert witnesses".<br>After that they are given credibility by the "respectable" [[Cold War]] publications like the ''[[National Review]]'', ''Commentary'', and the ''[[New Republic]]''. And finally, since they have repeated the theme so many times it must be true, they are given the opportunity to write Op Ed pieces for the ''[[New York Times]]'' or the ''[[Washington Post]]''.<ref>William Preston, Jr. and Ellen Ray, "Disinformation and Mass Deception: Democracy as a Cover Story", ''Covert Action Information Bulletin'', Spring-Summer 1983, No. 19, pp. 3–12. </ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===The recanting peace-activist hoax=== | ||
+ | Borchgrave was instrumental in laundering a story about a recanting [[peace-activist]] who "saw the light" in [[Iraq]] before the war. Although Joseph went to [[Iraq]] to protest against the impending war in [[2003]], while in [[Baghdad]], he changed his mind, and now favored the war. It transpires that this was a [[hoax]], there was no "Kenneth Joseph", and the details can be read [https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Johann_Hari#Hari_and_the_Kenneth_Joseph_story here]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Memorable quotes== | ||
+ | In 1978 he told a ''Covert Action Information Bulletin'' editor: | ||
+ | :… he considered his "key, best sources of information" in the world the heads of "intelligence services in [[Washington]], [[London]], [[Tel Aviv]], and [[Pretoria]], each of which I stay in close contact with." Despite such open reliance on close intelligence ties, de Borchgrave claims coyly nowadays that he spurned two CIA recruitment approaches.<br>—Louis Wolf, Fred Clarkson, op. cit. p. 35. | ||
+ | |||
+ | :Asked whether the United States engages in disinformation, de Borchgrave said that present and former U.S. officials trying "in a free society… to put the best face possible" on what they are doing or did in government is not disinformation "That is called management of the news."<br>—Louis Wolf, Fred Clarkson, op. cit. p. 35. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Affiliation == | ||
+ | *[[Benador Associates]] | ||
+ | *[[CAUSA]] (affiliated to Unification Church) -- setup during the 1980s to counter US-campus sympathy for the revolutionary movements in Central America. It also sought to put the Contra leadership in best light, despite the fact they were CIA agents. On the other hand it sought to tarnish the image of Daniel Ortega, and all the Nicaraguan Sandinista leadership. Unification Church students of Latin American descent were sent to the main US-campuses to spread the CAUSA magazine. | ||
+ | *[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] – Senior Adviser and Director (2005); Transnational Threats Initiative program | ||
+ | *[[Central Intelligence Agency]] | ||
+ | *[[Committee for the Free World]] | ||
+ | *[[Diligence]] | ||
+ | *[[National Legal Center for the Public Interest]] – Director | ||
+ | *[[NewsMax.com]] – Board of Directors | ||
+ | *[[Newsweek]] – journalist/editor until 1985. | ||
+ | *[[Unification Church]] | ||
+ | *[[United States Committee for a Free Lebanon]] – Listed as "expert". | ||
+ | *[[UPI]] – Editor in chief | ||
+ | *[[U.S. Global Strategy Council]] – Board of Directors | ||
+ | *[[Washington Times]] – Editor in chief | ||
+ | *[[World Strategy Network]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{PageCredit |
+ | |site=Powerbase | ||
+ | |date=03.03.2022 | ||
+ | |url=https://powerbase.info/index.php/Arnaud_de_Borchgrave | ||
+ | }} |
Latest revision as of 11:25, 30 March 2023
Arnaud de Borchgrave (journalist) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Born | October 26, 1926 Belgium | |||||||||||
Died | 15 February 2015 (Age 88) | |||||||||||
Nationality | American | |||||||||||
Alma mater | King's School (Canterbury) | |||||||||||
Member of | Benador Associates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Committee for the Free World, Highlands Forum, Langley Intelligence Group Network | |||||||||||
Spooky journalist
|
Arnaud de Borchgrave was a right-wing American journalist with lots of ties to intelligence operations.
Contents
Early life and Education
Arnaud de Borchgrave was born in Belgium on 26 October 1926 to Count Baudouin and Audrey de Borchgrave (née Townshend). He was educated at Maredsous in Belgium from 1936 to 1939 and attended King's School in Canterbury from 1940 to 1942. He was in the British Royal Navy from 1942 to 1946, enlisting at the age of 15. [1]
Journalism
After leaving the British Navy in 1946 de Borchgrave spent a year working in Eastern Europe as a freelance writer. Then in 1947, shortly after his 21st birthday, he was appointed Brussels bureau chief for United Press International, and three years later he was the Newsweek bureau chief in Paris, then chief correspondent and at the age of 27 became a senior editor for the magazine. [2]
Borchgrave worked for Newsweek for over 30 years and was the magazine's chief correspondent from 1964 until his resignation in 1980. [3] According to Louis Wolf and Fred Clarkson, he was fired in 1980 "in part for keeping dossiers on fellow employees".[4]
After resigning from Newsweek de Borchgrave worked as a columnist and TV pundit and in1981 was appointed a senior associate at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University. From 1983 until 1985 he also co-authored 'Early Warning', a monthly intelligence bulletin. [5]
He was the editor-in-chief from 1985 to 1991 of the Washington Times and of Insight magazine between 1998 to 2001, both of which are publications owned by Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church.
He then became editor-at-large for the United Press International - another Unification Church-owned media entity - and for the Washington Times. He has also been President and CEO of UPI.
He was also director of the Global Organized Crime Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where he was appointed as a senior advisor in 1991.[6]
Borchgrave was a founding member of Newsmax Media. He also belonged to the Foreign Policy Association, occasionally appearing as a panelist in their videos and events.[7]
Promoting the "War On Terror"
He attended the 1984 Washington Conference on International Terrorism.
He and UPI International Consultant Ammar Turabi interviewed Mullah Omar three months before 9/11.[8]
He was associated with the Cabal front company, Diligence.
Kevin Ryan notes that Arnaud de Borchgrave was an investor in the 9-11 connected company, Stratesec.[9]
Sexual blackmail
Borchgrave attended dinner parties held by Craig Spence, a deep state actor who organized a sexual blackmail ring in Washington DC in the 1980s.[10]
Novels
In 1980 Arnaud de Borchgrave wrote a novel in collaboration with the Australian born right-wing journalist Robert Moss. The two men first met in 1972 when de Borchgrave was hiding out in England following a threatening phone call concerning an article he had written on the Munich Massacre. He stayed with his cousin who was chairman of The Economist and introduced de Borchgrave to Moss after the former asked if anyone at The Economist knew anything about terrorism and could advise him on his predicament. [12]
The two men stayed in touch and as de Borchgrave explained: “We eventually realized that between us we knew most of the intelligence directors in the Western world. We decided to pool these assets to gain access to the major defectors from Soviet intelligence, to see what they could tell us about 'disinformation' and manipulating the media.” [13]
The result was a bestselling novel called The Spike ('Spike' is newspaper jargon for when an editor refuses to run a journalist's story). It told the story of 'a young journalist who, in an effort to prove his suspicion that the media have made the public insensitive to the Soviet Union's plans for global supremacy, ferrets out the facts in Vietnam, Hamburg, Rome, Moscow and even the White House.' [14] The book was marketed as ‘The chilling tale of KGB manipulation in the Western media: a story so EXPLOSIVE it can only be told as fiction!’ [15]
Robert Moss and de Borchgrave later collaborated again on Monimbó, which was published in 1984. The novel centred around a New York journalist who uncovers a Cuban led plot to, as the Washington Post put it, 'foment racial insurrection and create moral decay in the United States'. [16]
Disinformation Agent
William Preston and Ellen Ray wrote a history of disinformation in the U.S., and observed:
- The greatest assistance in disinformation – especially during the current Administration – is always forthcoming from the Reader's Digest. In 1977 the Times exposed Digest editor John Barron as having worked hand in glove with the CIA on a book about the KGB. Other fraudulent journalists like Robert Moss, Arnaud de Borchgrave, Daniel James, Claire Sterling, and Michael Ledeen, among others, seem to pick up disinformation themes almost automatically. In fact, coordination between the development of propaganda and disinformation themes by the covert media assets, the overt propaganda machine, and the bevy of puppet journalists is quite calculated. A theme which is floated on one level – a feature item on VOA about Cuba for example – will appear within record time as a lead article in Reader's Digest, or a feature in a Heritage Foundation report, or a series of "exposes" by Moss and de Borchgrave or Daniel James in some reactionary tabloid like Human Events or the Washington Times or Inquirer. Then they will be called to testify by Senator Denton's Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, repeating one another's allegations as "expert witnesses".
After that they are given credibility by the "respectable" Cold War publications like the National Review, Commentary, and the New Republic. And finally, since they have repeated the theme so many times it must be true, they are given the opportunity to write Op Ed pieces for the New York Times or the Washington Post.[17]
The recanting peace-activist hoax
Borchgrave was instrumental in laundering a story about a recanting peace-activist who "saw the light" in Iraq before the war. Although Joseph went to Iraq to protest against the impending war in 2003, while in Baghdad, he changed his mind, and now favored the war. It transpires that this was a hoax, there was no "Kenneth Joseph", and the details can be read here.
Memorable quotes
In 1978 he told a Covert Action Information Bulletin editor:
- … he considered his "key, best sources of information" in the world the heads of "intelligence services in Washington, London, Tel Aviv, and Pretoria, each of which I stay in close contact with." Despite such open reliance on close intelligence ties, de Borchgrave claims coyly nowadays that he spurned two CIA recruitment approaches.
—Louis Wolf, Fred Clarkson, op. cit. p. 35.
- Asked whether the United States engages in disinformation, de Borchgrave said that present and former U.S. officials trying "in a free society… to put the best face possible" on what they are doing or did in government is not disinformation "That is called management of the news."
—Louis Wolf, Fred Clarkson, op. cit. p. 35.
Affiliation
- Benador Associates
- CAUSA (affiliated to Unification Church) -- setup during the 1980s to counter US-campus sympathy for the revolutionary movements in Central America. It also sought to put the Contra leadership in best light, despite the fact they were CIA agents. On the other hand it sought to tarnish the image of Daniel Ortega, and all the Nicaraguan Sandinista leadership. Unification Church students of Latin American descent were sent to the main US-campuses to spread the CAUSA magazine.
- Center for Strategic and International Studies – Senior Adviser and Director (2005); Transnational Threats Initiative program
- Central Intelligence Agency
- Committee for the Free World
- Diligence
- National Legal Center for the Public Interest – Director
- NewsMax.com – Board of Directors
- Newsweek – journalist/editor until 1985.
- Unification Church
- United States Committee for a Free Lebanon – Listed as "expert".
- UPI – Editor in chief
- U.S. Global Strategy Council – Board of Directors
- Washington Times – Editor in chief
- World Strategy Network
A Document by Arnaud de Borchgrave
Title | Document type | Publication date | Subject(s) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Document:General Hamid Gul - Interview | interview | 26 November 2001 | 9-11 "9-11/Israel did it" Afghanistan/2001 Invasion | Just 15 days after the 9-11, an exclusive interview with former Pakistani Gen. Hamid Gul. in which he opines that Mossad, not al-Qaeda were the perpetrators of the attacks, and suggests that it USA has any evidence against Al Qaeda, it should present it to an international court. |
Quotes by Arnaud de Borchgrave
Page | Quote | Date |
---|---|---|
9-11/Air Defence | “The attacks against the twin towers started at 8:45 a.m. and four flights are diverted from their assigned air space and no air traffic controller sounds the alarm. And no Air Force jets scramble until 10 a.m. That also smacks of a small scale Air Force rebellion, a coup against the Pentagon perhaps? Radars are jammed, transponders fail. No IFF — friend or foe identification — challenge.” | 26 September 2001 |
9-11/Media response | “Within 10 minutes of the second twin tower being hit in the World Trade Center ... CNN said Osama bin Laden had done it. That was a planned piece of disinformation by the real perpetrators. It created an instant mindset and put public opinion into a trance, which prevented even intelligent people from thinking for themselves.” | 26 September 2001 |
Events Participated in
Event | Start | End | Location(s) | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Symposium on the Role of Special Operations in US Strategy for the 1980s | 4 March 1983 | 5 March 1983 | Spooky conference attended by the US MICC | |
Washington Conference on International Terrorism | 24 June 1984 | 27 June 1984 | US Washington DC | A key conference in establishing the "War On Terror", 5 years after the seminal Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism |
References
- ↑ The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009; Major Issues Lecture Series, Topic: Media Responsibility vs. National Security Tuesday, 16 Dec 1986.
- ↑ The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009; Major Issues Lecture Series, Topic: Media Responsibility vs. National Security Tuesday, 16 Dec 1986.
- ↑ The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009
- ↑ Louis Wolf and Fred Clarkson, "Arnaud de Borchgrave Boards Moon's Ship", Covert Information Information Bulletin, Summer 1985, No. 24, p. 35.
- ↑ Major Issues Lecture Series, Topic: Media Responsibility vs. National Security Tuesday, 16 Dec 1986.
- ↑ The Complete Marquis Who's Who, 5 March 2009
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YE8fL1r1jis
- ↑ http://100years.upi.com/sta_2001-06-14.html
- ↑ https://lumpenproletariat.org/2016/08/24/guns-and-butter-presents-part-4-another-nineteen-investigating-legitimate-911-suspects-by-kevin-ryan/
- ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/07/18/the-shadow-world-of-craig-spence/2837e91e-49ce-4121-9416-8e0c7a2debf6/
- ↑ The Times, Thursday, Jul 17, 1980; pg. 11; Issue 60679; col F
- ↑ Edwin McDowell, ‘Behind the best sellers Arnaud de Borchgrave and Robert Moss’, New York Times, 22 June 1980
- ↑ Edwin McDowell, ‘Behind the best sellers Arnaud de Borchgrave and Robert Moss’, New York Times, 22 June 1980
- ↑ 'Bestsellers', New York Times, 8 June 1980
- ↑ The Times, Thursday, Jul 17, 1980; pg. 11; Issue 60679; col F
- ↑ 'On the Machete's Edge', Washington Post, 7 August 1983
- ↑ William Preston, Jr. and Ellen Ray, "Disinformation and Mass Deception: Democracy as a Cover Story", Covert Action Information Bulletin, Spring-Summer 1983, No. 19, pp. 3–12.
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