Difference between revisions of "Project for the New American Century"

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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century
 
|website=http://www.newamericancentury.org
 
|website=http://www.newamericancentury.org
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|militaristmonitor=http://militarist-monitor.org/profile/Project_for_the_New_American_Century/
 
|start=1997
 
|start=1997
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|end=2006
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|founders=William Kristol, Robert Kagan
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|type=Public policy think tank
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|subgroups=Americans for Victory Over Terrorism
 +
|powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Project_for_the_New_American_Century
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|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Project_for_the_New_American_Century
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|members=David J. Kramer,Elliott Abrams,Gary Bauer,William J. Bennett,Jeb Bush,Dick Cheney,Eliot A. Cohen,Paula Dobriansky,Steve Forbes,Aaron Friedberg,Francis Fukuyama,Frank Gaffney,Fred C. Ikle,Donald Kagan,Zalmay Khalilzad,William Kristol,I. Lewis Scooter Libby,Norman Podhoretz,J. Danforth Quayle,Peter W. Rodman,Stephen P. Rosen,Henry S. Rowen,Donald H. Rumsfeld,Vin Weber,George Weigel,Paul Dundes Wolfowitz,William Kristol,Gary Schmitt,,John R. Bolton,Ellen Bork,Thomas Donnelly,Reuel Marc Gerecht,Mark Gerson,Michael Goldfarb,Bruce P. Jackson,Robert Kagan,Timothy Lehmann,Daniel McKivergan,Christopher Maletz,Richard N. Perle,Randy Scheunemann,Peter Beinart,Jeffrey Bergner,Daniel Blumenthal,Max Boot,Ivo H. Daalder,Michele Flournoy,Buster C. Glosson,Frederick Kagan,Craig Kennedy,Paul Kennedy,Robert Killebrew,Will Marshall,Clifford D. May,Barry R. McCaffrey,Joshua Muravchik,Steven J. Nider,Michael O'Hanlon,Mackubin Thomas Owens,Ralph Peters,Danielle Pletka,Stephen Peter Rosen,Robert H. Scales,Walter Slocombe,James B. Steinberg,William Schneider
 
}}
 
}}
 
The '''Project for the New American Century''' (PNAC) is a neo-conservative think tank with strong ties to the [[American Enterprise Institute]].  PNAC's website says it was established in the spring of 1997 as "a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership". <ref>[http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm About PNAC] - PNAC website </ref>
 
The '''Project for the New American Century''' (PNAC) is a neo-conservative think tank with strong ties to the [[American Enterprise Institute]].  PNAC's website says it was established in the spring of 1997 as "a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership". <ref>[http://www.newamericancentury.org/aboutpnac.htm About PNAC] - PNAC website </ref>
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== History ==
 
== History ==
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The PNAC was co-founded in 1997 during the Clinton administration by [[William Kristol]] and [[Robert Kagan]].<ref>[http://www.newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm Robert Kagan], PNAC website, accessed 21 July 2009</ref> PNAC's original 25 signatories were an eclectic mix of academics and conservative politicians, several of whom subsequently found positions in the presidential administration of George W. Bush.  
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The PNAC was co-founded in 1997 during the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] administration by [[William Kristol]] and [[Robert Kagan]].<ref>[http://www.newamericancentury.org/robertkaganbio.htm Robert Kagan], PNAC website, accessed 21 July 2009</ref> PNAC's original 25 signatories were an eclectic mix of academics and conservative politicians, several of whom subsequently found positions in the presidential administration of George W. Bush.  
  
 
PNAC was set up because the founders felt that there was a lack of coherence in America's foreign policy and that America was not being as dominant as it should be in world politics.
 
PNAC was set up because the founders felt that there was a lack of coherence in America's foreign policy and that America was not being as dominant as it should be in world politics.
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==Iraq and 9/11==
 
==Iraq and 9/11==
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{{FA|Project for the New American Century/Iraq War}}
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PNAC is noteworthy for its focus on Iraq, a preoccupation that began before George W. Bush became president and that predates the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. See main article: [[Project for the New American Century and the Iraq War]].
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PNAC is noteworthy for its focus on Iraq, a preoccupation that began before George W. Bush became president and that predates the events of [[September 11, 2001]].
  
 
== Key positions ==
 
== Key positions ==
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* End the Clinton administration's "devotion" to the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty.
 
* End the Clinton administration's "devotion" to the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty.
 
* "North Korea, Iran, Iraq, or similar states [should not be allowed] to undermine American leadership, intimidate American allies, or threaten the American homeland itself."
 
* "North Korea, Iran, Iraq, or similar states [should not be allowed] to undermine American leadership, intimidate American allies, or threaten the American homeland itself."
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* "Main military missions" necessary to "preserve Pax Americana" and a "unipolar 21st century" are the following: "secure and expand zones of democratic peace, deter rise of new great-power competitor, defend key regions (Europe, East Asia, Middle East), and exploit transformation of war."
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* "Main military missions" necessary to "preserve Pax Americana" and a "unipolar 21<sup>st</sup> century" are the following: "secure and expand zones of democratic peace, deter rise of new great-power competitor, defend key regions (Europe, East Asia, Middle East), and exploit transformation of war."
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==A new Peal Harbor==
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According to the PNAC report, "The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time: even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself." To preserve this "American peace" through the 21st century, the PNAC report concludes that the global order "must have a secure foundation on unquestioned U.S. military preeminence." The report struck a prescient note when it observed that "the process of transformation is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event -- like a new Pearl Harbor."
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According to the PNAC report, "The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time: even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself." To preserve this "American peace" through the 21<sup>st</sup> century, the PNAC report concludes that the global order "must have a secure foundation on unquestioned U.S. military preeminence." The report struck a prescient note when it observed that '''''"the process of transformation is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event — like a new Pearl Harbor."'''''
  
 
Many of PNAC's conclusions and recommendations are reflected in the White House's [[National Security Strategy]] document of September 2002, which reflects the "peace through strength" credo that shapes PNAC strategic thinking.
 
Many of PNAC's conclusions and recommendations are reflected in the White House's [[National Security Strategy]] document of September 2002, which reflects the "peace through strength" credo that shapes PNAC strategic thinking.
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*[[William J. Bennett]], who served during the Reagan and first Bush administrations as U.S. Secretary of Education and Drug Czar. Upon leaving government office, Bennett became a "distinguished fellow" at the conservative [[Heritage Foundation]], co-founded [[Empower America]], and established himself as a self-proclaimed expert on morality with his authorship of ''The Book of Virtues:  A Treasury of Great Moral Stories'' (Simon & Schuster, 1993)
 
*[[William J. Bennett]], who served during the Reagan and first Bush administrations as U.S. Secretary of Education and Drug Czar. Upon leaving government office, Bennett became a "distinguished fellow" at the conservative [[Heritage Foundation]], co-founded [[Empower America]], and established himself as a self-proclaimed expert on morality with his authorship of ''The Book of Virtues:  A Treasury of Great Moral Stories'' (Simon & Schuster, 1993)
 
*[[Jeb Bush]], the son of former President George H. W. Bush and brother of President George W. Bush. At the time of PNAC's founding, Jeb Bush was a candidate for the Florida governor's seat, a position which he currently holds.
 
*[[Jeb Bush]], the son of former President George H. W. Bush and brother of President George W. Bush. At the time of PNAC's founding, Jeb Bush was a candidate for the Florida governor's seat, a position which he currently holds.
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*[[Dick Cheney]], the former White House Chief of Staff to [[Gerald R. Ford]], six-term Congressman, and Secretary of Defense to the first President Bush, was serving as president of the oil-services giant [[Halliburton Company]] at the time of PNAC's founding. He subsequently became U.S. vice president under George W. Bush.
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*[[Dick Cheney]], the former White House Chief of Staff to [[Gerald R. Ford]], six-term Congressman, and Secretary of Defense to the first President Bush, was president of the oil-services giant [[Halliburton Company]] at the time of PNAC's founding. He subsequently became U.S. vice president under George W. Bush.
 
*[[Eliot A. Cohen]]
 
*[[Eliot A. Cohen]]
 
*[[Paula Dobriansky]]
 
*[[Paula Dobriansky]]
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*[[Frank Gaffney]]
 
*[[Frank Gaffney]]
 
*[[Fred C. Ikle]], "distinguished scholar" at the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]
 
*[[Fred C. Ikle]], "distinguished scholar" at the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]
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*[[Donald Kagan]], professor of history and classics at Yale University and the author of  books including ''While America Sleeps: Self-Delusion, Military Weakness, and the Threat to Peace Today''; ''A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990''; and ''The Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace.'' Kagan is also a senior associate at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], a contributing editor at the [[Weekly Standard]] and a Washington Post columnist, a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and the Alexander Hamilton fellow in American diplomatic history at American University.  Past experience includes: Deputy for Policy in the State Department's Bureau of Inter-American Affairs (1985-1988); State Department's Policy Planning Staff member (1984-1985); speechwriter to Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] (1984-1985); foreign policy advisor to Congressman [[Jack Kemp]] (1983); Special Assistant to the Deputy Director of the [[United States Information Agency]] (1983); Assistant Editor at the [[Public Interest]] (1981).
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*[[Donald Kagan]], professor of history and classics at Yale University and the author of  books including ''While America Sleeps: Self-Delusion, Military Weakness, and the Threat to Peace Today''; ''A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990''; and ''The Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace.'' Kagan is also a senior associate at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], a contributing editor at the [[Weekly Standard]] and a ''Washington Post'' columnist, a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and the Alexander Hamilton fellow in American diplomatic history at American University.  Past experience includes: Deputy for Policy in the State Department's Bureau of Inter-American Affairs (1985-1988); State Department's Policy Planning Staff member (1984-1985); speechwriter to Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]] (1984-1985); foreign policy advisor to Congressman [[Jack Kemp]] (1983); Special Assistant to the Deputy Director of the [[United States Information Agency]] (1983); Assistant Editor at the [[Public Interest]] (1981).
 
*[[Zalmay Khalilzad]], an Afghan-American who was the only Muslim among the group's original signatories and the only signatory who was not a native-born U.S. citizen. Khalilzad has became the Bush administration's special envoy to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban as well as is special envoy to the Iraqi opposition to Saddam Hussein. Khalilzad has written about information warfare, and in 1996 (in pre-Taliban days), he served as a consultant to the oil company Unocal Corporation (UNOCAL) regarding a "risk analysis" for its proposed pipeline project through Afghanistan and Pakistan.
 
*[[Zalmay Khalilzad]], an Afghan-American who was the only Muslim among the group's original signatories and the only signatory who was not a native-born U.S. citizen. Khalilzad has became the Bush administration's special envoy to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban as well as is special envoy to the Iraqi opposition to Saddam Hussein. Khalilzad has written about information warfare, and in 1996 (in pre-Taliban days), he served as a consultant to the oil company Unocal Corporation (UNOCAL) regarding a "risk analysis" for its proposed pipeline project through Afghanistan and Pakistan.
 
*[[William Kristol]]
 
*[[William Kristol]]
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*Francis Fukuyama- Former Member of Bush’s Council on Bioethics. Although a PNAC signatory who had campaigned for the invasion of Iraq, Fukuyama changed his opinion after it became clear that the invasion was turning into ‘an increasingly bloody counterinsurgency conflict’, noting the need for changes in American foreign policy. <ref>Right Web website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1156.html Francis Fukuyama Profile], accessed 3 March 2008</ref>.
 
*Francis Fukuyama- Former Member of Bush’s Council on Bioethics. Although a PNAC signatory who had campaigned for the invasion of Iraq, Fukuyama changed his opinion after it became clear that the invasion was turning into ‘an increasingly bloody counterinsurgency conflict’, noting the need for changes in American foreign policy. <ref>Right Web website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1156.html Francis Fukuyama Profile], accessed 3 March 2008</ref>.
  
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*Fred Iklé - Member of Defense Policy Board. Iklé also served on the AEI's advisory council on foreign policy. He is also a member of the board of governers for the Smith Richardson Foundation- a foundation which funds the AEI. <ref>Right Web website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1232.html Fred Iklé Profile], accessed 3 March 2008</ref>.
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*Fred Iklé - Member of Defense Policy Board. Iklé was also on the AEI's advisory council on foreign policy. He is also a member of the board of governers for the Smith Richardson Foundation- a foundation which funds the AEI. <ref>Right Web website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1232.html Fred Iklé Profile], accessed 3 March 2008</ref>.
  
 
*Zalmay Khalilzad – National Security Council (2001-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to the Free Iraqis (2002-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan (2002-June 2005) | Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002-2005) | Ambassador to Iraq (2003-2005) | United Nations: US Nominated January 2007<ref>Right Web website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1249.html Kalmay Zhalilzad Profile], accessed 3 March 2008</ref>.
 
*Zalmay Khalilzad – National Security Council (2001-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to the Free Iraqis (2002-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan (2002-June 2005) | Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002-2005) | Ambassador to Iraq (2003-2005) | United Nations: US Nominated January 2007<ref>Right Web website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1249.html Kalmay Zhalilzad Profile], accessed 3 March 2008</ref>.
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==Affiliations with the American Enterprise Institute==
 
==Affiliations with the American Enterprise Institute==
  
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The [[American Enterprise Institute]] for Public Policy was founded in 1943 Lewis H Brown. <ref>Sourcewatch.org, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute], accessed 18 March 2008</ref> According to their website, the AEI is ‘a private, nonpartisan, not-for-profit institution dedicated to research and education on issues of government, politics, economics, and social welfare.’ Their purpose claims to be ‘to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism--limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate.<ref>American Enterprise Institute Website, [http://www.aei.org/about/filter.all/default.asp], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>.  
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The [[American Enterprise Institute]] for Public Policy was founded in 1943 by Lewis H Brown. <ref>Sourcewatch.org, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute], accessed 18 March 2008</ref> According to their website, the AEI is ‘a private, nonpartisan, not-for-profit institution dedicated to research and education on issues of government, politics, economics, and social welfare.’ Their purpose claims to be ‘to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism--limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate.<ref>American Enterprise Institute Website, [http://www.aei.org/about/filter.all/default.asp], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>.  
  
 
The American Enterprise Institute has close ties with both the Project for the New American Century and the Bush Administration.
 
The American Enterprise Institute has close ties with both the Project for the New American Century and the Bush Administration.
  
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Some of the key figures involved with the American Enterprise Institute have included [[Irving Kristol]], [[Richard Perle]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]] and [[John Bolton]].<ref> Right Web Website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1431.html], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>.
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Some of the key figures involved with the American Enterprise Institute have included [[Irving Kristol]], [[Richard Perle]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]] and [[John Bolton]].
  
 
*[[John Bolton]], as well as being Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research for the AEI between 1997-2001, has also been involved with the Project for the New American Century and the Bush administration, taking on the roles of Undersecretary for the State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001-2005) and as a United States representative to the UN (2005-2006). <ref> Right Web Website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/972.html], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>. Bolton was a key support of the invasion of Iraq, reportedly saying to council members that "You are not going to decide whether there is war in Iraq or not. That decision is ours, and we have already made it. It is already final. The only question now is whether the council will go along with it or not."<ref> AlterNet.org [http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/2003/02/000346.html], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>
 
*[[John Bolton]], as well as being Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research for the AEI between 1997-2001, has also been involved with the Project for the New American Century and the Bush administration, taking on the roles of Undersecretary for the State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001-2005) and as a United States representative to the UN (2005-2006). <ref> Right Web Website, [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/972.html], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>. Bolton was a key support of the invasion of Iraq, reportedly saying to council members that "You are not going to decide whether there is war in Iraq or not. That decision is ours, and we have already made it. It is already final. The only question now is whether the council will go along with it or not."<ref> AlterNet.org [http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/2003/02/000346.html], accessed 18 March 2008</ref>
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*[[Irving Kristol]] considers himself a conservative, although he is widely believed to be one of the founding fathers of the neoconservative movement.<ref> sourcewatch.org [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol Irvin Kristol], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. It has been said that 'Kristol also played an important role in shaping the neoconservative connection to the think tank and pressure group world.' <ref> Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1253.html] accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. Kristol became a fellow of the AEI in the 1980s. <ref> Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1253.html] accessed 24 March 2008</ref>.  
 
*[[Irving Kristol]] considers himself a conservative, although he is widely believed to be one of the founding fathers of the neoconservative movement.<ref> sourcewatch.org [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Irving_Kristol Irvin Kristol], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. It has been said that 'Kristol also played an important role in shaping the neoconservative connection to the think tank and pressure group world.' <ref> Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1253.html] accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. Kristol became a fellow of the AEI in the 1980s. <ref> Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1253.html] accessed 24 March 2008</ref>.  
  
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*[[Richard Perle]] was one of the main campaigners for the invasion of Iraq and the 'War on Terror' in the aftermath of 9/11.<ref>Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1315.html], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. He has been described as a 'man of many hats:Pentagon policy adviser (resigned February 2004), former Likud policy adviser, media manager, international investor, op-ed writer, talk show guest, think tank expert, and ardent supporter of the war in Iraq.' <ref> Sourcewatch.org [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_Perle], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. Once named the 'Prince of Darkness' due to his anti-Soviet policies, Perle helped to shape foreign policies in the Bush Administration in the run up to the Iraq War. <ref> Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1315.html], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>
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*[[Richard Perle]] was one of the main campaigners for the invasion of Iraq and the "[War on Terror]" in the aftermath of [[9/11]].<ref>Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1315.html], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. He has been described as a 'man of many hats:Pentagon policy adviser (resigned February 2004), former Likud policy adviser, media manager, international investor, op-ed writer, talk show guest, think tank expert, and ardent supporter of the war in Iraq.' <ref> Sourcewatch.org [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_Perle], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>. Once named the 'Prince of Darkness' due to his anti-Soviet policies, Perle helped to shape foreign policies in the Bush Administration in the run up to the Iraq War. <ref> Right Web Website [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1315.html], accessed 24 March 2008</ref>
  
 
== PNAC Documents ==
 
== PNAC Documents ==
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*[http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraq-20030328.htm Second Statement on Post-War Iraq], Project for the New American Century, March 28, 2003.
 
*[http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraq-20030328.htm Second Statement on Post-War Iraq], Project for the New American Century, March 28, 2003.
  
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==References, Resources and Contact==
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{{SMWDocs}}
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===Contact===
 
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:Project for the New American Century
 
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:1150 17th St. NW, Suite 510
 
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:Washington, DC 20036
 
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:Phone: (202) 293-4983
 
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:Fax: (202) 293-4572
 
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:Website [http://www.newamericancentury.org/ www.newamericancentury.org], website down as of February 2014
 
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== External Resources ==
 
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*[http://www.amiraqa.com America and the New American Century], the new book covering the PNAC, their takeover of American foreign policy, and the War on Terror.
 
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*The [http://pnac.info PNAC Info] weblog is devoted to exposing PNAC and "its plan for a 'unipolar' world."
 
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*[http://194.183.22.90/ips/eng.NSF/vwWEBMainView?SearchView&Query=%28PNAC%29+&SearchMax=0&SearchOrder=3 at IPS] reverse date sort.
 
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===2001===
 
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*Jason Vest, [http://www.prospect.org/print/V12/19/vest-j.html Bush's War Hawk], ''The American Prospect'', November 5, 2001.
 
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===2002===
 
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*Jon Wolfsthal, [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=905 "What Is to Be Done With The Axis of Evil?"] Proliferation Brief, Vol. 5, No. 1, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 6, 2002.
 
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*Brian Whitaker, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,777100,00.html "US Think Tanks Give Lessons in Foreign Policy,"] ''Guardian'' (UK), August 19, 2002.
 
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*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml "Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11,"] CBS News, September 4, 2002.
 
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*Neil Mackay, [http://www.sundayherald.com/27735 "Bush planned Iraq 'regime change' before becoming President,"] ''Sunday Herald'' (UK), September 15, 2002.
 
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*Jay Bookman, [http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article2319.htm "The president's real goal in Iraq,"] ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' (''Information Clearinghouse''), September 29, 2002.
 
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*Tom Barry and Jim Lobe, [http://www.fpif.org/papers/02men/ "The Men Who Stole the Show,"] Foreign Policy In Focus, October 2002.
 
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*Joe Taglieri, [http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/100102_bush_advisors.html "Bush Advisers Planned Iraq War Since 1990s,"] ''From The Wilderness'', October 1, 2002.
 
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*Tom Barry, [http://www.presentdanger.org/frontier/2002/1031neocon.html "PNAC'S Present Dangers As Blueprint for Bush Doctrine,"] Foreign Policy In Focus, October 31, 2002.
 
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*Laura Miller, "[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2002Q4/war.html War is Sell]," ''PR Watch'', 4th Quarter 2002. This report includes information about PNAC and related organizations supporting and pushing for the war on Iraq.
 
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===2003===
 
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*William Rivers Pitt, "[http://truthout.org/docs_02/022203A.htm Of Gods and Mortals and Empire]," February 21, 2003 editorial for [http://truthout.org/ Truthout].
 
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*William Rivers Pitt, "[http://truthout.org/docs_03/022803A.shtml Blood Money]," February 27, 2003 editorial for [http://truthout.org/ Truthout].
 
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*Robert Dreyfuss, [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2003/03/ma_273_01.html The Thirty-Year Itch], ''Mother Jones'', March/April 2003.
 
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*Von Jochen Bölsche, "[http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,238643,00.html The war designed in a think tank]" (German),  [http://www.spiegel.de ''Der Spiegel''], March 4, 2003. This report describes how Bush's current policies toward Iraq mirrors PNAC's blueprint for war before Bush took office.
 
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*ABC's [http://abcnews.go.com/Sections/Nightline/ Nightline], hosted by Ted Koppel, featured a program about PNAC on Wednesday, March 5, 2003. See [http://abcnews.go.com/sections/nightline/DailyNews/pnac_030310.html "The Plan: Were Neo-Conservatives' 1998 Memos a Blueprint for Iraq War?"], March 10, 2003.
 
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*[[Joseph Cirincione]], [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1214 "Origins of Regime Change in Iraq,"] Proliferation Brief Vol. 6, No. 5, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 19, 2003.
 
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*André Verlöy and Daniel Politi; Data by Aron Pilhofer, [http://www.public-i.org/report.aspx?aid=91 "Advisors of Influence: Nine Members of the Defense Policy Board Have Ties to Defense Contractors,"] Center for Public Integrity, March 28, 2003.
 
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*Joseph Cirincione, [http://freshair.npr.org/day_fa.jhtml?display=day&todayDate=04/01/2003 Interview by Terry Gross], ''Fresh Air'', April 1, 2003.
 
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*Bruce Murphy, [http://www.jsonline.com/news/gen/apr03/131523.asp Neoconservative clout seen in U.S. Iraq policy], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' On-line, April 5, 2003.
 
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*Bernard Weiner, [http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3544.htm "A PNAC Primer,"] ''informationclearinghouse'', May 7, 2003.
 
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*Neil Mackay, [http://www.sundayherald.com/print34271 No weapons in Iraq? We'll find them in Iran], ''Sunday Herald'', June 1, 2003.
 
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*Jim Lobe, [http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=19255 "Key Officials Used 9/11 As Pretext for Iraq War,"] Inter Press Service, July 15, 2003: "A close examination of the public record indicates that all of these individuals -- both in and outside the administration -- were actively preparing the ground within days, even hours, after the 9/11 attacks, for an eventual attack on Iraq, whether or not it had any role in the attacks or any connection to al Qaeda. The challenge, in their view, was to persuade the public that such links either did indeed exist or were sufficiently likely to exist that a preventive strike against Iraq was warranted. Their success in that respect was stunning, although, in order to pull it off, they also had to distort and exaggerate the evidence being collected by U.S. intelligence agencies." See [[cooked intelligence]].
 
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*Richard M. Bennett, [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EF20Ak02.html "US wages war from within Iran,"] ''Asia Times'', June 20, 2003.
 
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*Barbara Starr, [http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/06/24/wolfowitz.tribunals/ "Defense deputy gets authority for military tribunals,"] CNN, June 24, 2003.
 
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*Ed Crane and William Niskanen, [http://www.cato.org/dailys/07-09-03.html "Upholding Liberty in America,"] [[CATO Institute]], July 9, 2003.
 
−
*[http://www.thelibertycommittee.org/neo-conned.htm "Neo-conned,"] Congressman [[Ron Paul]] addresses the U.S. House of Representatives, July 10, 2003.
 
−
*Jim Lobe, [http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=19565 "Pentagon Office Home to Neo-Con Network,"] Inter Press Service, August 7, 2003.
 
−
*Dan Morgan, [http://www.truthout.org/docs_03/081203G.shtml "A Debate Over U.S. 'Empire' Builds in Unexpected Circles,"] ''Washington Post'' (''TruthOut''), August 10, 2003. re [[Office of Special Plans]]
 
−
 
 
−
===2004===
 
−
*William Bunch, [http://foi.missouri.edu/polinfoprop/invading.html "Invading Iraq not a new idea for Bush clique. 4 years before 9/11, plan was set,"] ''Philly.com'' (Freedom of Information Center), January 14, 2004.
 
−
*[[Jason Leopold]], [http://www.liberalslant.com/jl011904.htm "Paul O'Neill's Claims Against Bush Supported By 1998 'War' Letters to Clinton Signed By Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz,"] ''Liberal Slant'', January 19, 2004.
 
−
 
 
−
===2005===
 
−
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/specials/neocon/index.html?leftNavInclude "Empire Builders. Neoconservatives and their blueprint for US power,"] ''Christian Science Monitor'', Updated June 2005.
 
−
 
 
−
===2006===
 
−
*Al Kamen, "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/11/AR2006061100739.html The Democrats, Keeping a Civil Tongue]", ''Washington Post'', June 12, 2006; Page A19
 
−
*Jim Lobe, "[http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines06/0613-05.htm "New American Century" Project Ends With A Whimper]", ''Inter Press Service'', June 13, 2006
 
−
 
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
−
 
−
[[Category:Neocons]]
 
−
[[Category:Israel Lobby]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:12, 18 November 2023

Group.png Project for the New American Century   MilitaristMonitor Powerbase Sourcewatch WebsiteRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Formation1997
Founder• William Kristol.jpg William Kristol
• Robert Kagan Fot Mariusz Kubik 02.jpg Robert Kagan
Extinction2006
Type Public policy think tank
Subgroups Americans for Victory Over Terrorism
Sponsored byJohn M. Olin Foundation, Scaife Foundations
Subpage•Project for the New American Century/Iraq War
Membership• David-J-Kramer.jpg David J. Kramer
• Elliott Abrams.jpg Elliott Abrams
•  Gary Bauer
• William J. Bennett.jpg William J. Bennett
• Jeb Bush1.jpg Jeb Bush
• Dick Cheney.jpg Dick Cheney
• Eliot cohen.jpg Eliot A. Cohen
• Paula Dobriansky 1.jpg Paula Dobriansky
• Steve Forbes.jpg Steve Forbes
•  Aaron Friedberg
• Francis Fukuyama.jpg Francis Fukuyama
• Frank Gaffney.jpeg Frank Gaffney
• Fred C. Iklé.jpg Fred C. Ikle
•  Donald Kagan
• Zalmay Khalizad - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg Zalmay Khalilzad
• William Kristol.jpg William Kristol
• Scooter Libby.jpg I. Lewis Scooter Libby
•  Norman Podhoretz
• Dan Quayle.jpg J. Danforth Quayle
• Peter Rodman.jpg Peter W. Rodman
•  Stephen P. Rosen
• Henry rowen.png Henry S. Rowen
• Rumsfeld 2,3.png Donald H. Rumsfeld
• Vin Weber.jpg Vin Weber
•  George Weigel
• Paul Wolfowitz.jpg Paul Dundes Wolfowitz
• William Kristol.jpg William Kristol
•  Gary Schmitt
• John R. Bolton.jpg John R. Bolton
•  Ellen Bork
• Thomas Donnelly (cropped).jpg Thomas Donnelly
• Gerecht.jpg Reuel Marc Gerecht
•  Mark Gerson
•  Michael Goldfarb
•  Bruce P. Jackson
• Robert Kagan Fot Mariusz Kubik 02.jpg Robert Kagan
•  Timothy Lehmann
•  Daniel McKivergan
•  Christopher Maletz
• Richard Perle.jpg Richard N. Perle
•  Randy Scheunemann
•  Peter Beinart
• Jeff Bergner.jpg Jeffrey Bergner
•  Daniel Blumenthal
• Max Boot.jpg Max Boot
• Ivo Daalder.jpg Ivo H. Daalder
• Michele Flournoy official portrait.jpg Michele Flournoy
•  Buster C. Glosson
•  Frederick Kagan
• Craig kennedy.png Craig Kennedy
•  Paul Kennedy
•  Robert Killebrew
•  Will Marshall
•  Clifford D. May
•  Barry R. McCaffrey
• JM Legatum Oct2013 cropped.jpg Joshua Muravchik
•  Steven J. Nider
• Michael O'Hanlon.jpg Michael O'Hanlon
•  Mackubin Thomas Owens
•  Ralph Peters
• Danielle Pletka.jpg Danielle Pletka
•  Stephen Peter Rosen
•  Robert H. Scales
• Walter Slocombe.jpg Walter Slocombe
• James Steinberg.jpg James B. Steinberg
• William schneider.jpg William Schneider

The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is a neo-conservative think tank with strong ties to the American Enterprise Institute. PNAC's website says it was established in the spring of 1997 as "a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership". [1]

PNAC's policy document, "Rebuilding America's Defences" [2], openly advocates total global military domination. Many PNAC members held highest-level positions in the George W. Bush administration. The Project is an initiative of the New Citizenship Project. The New Citizenship Project's chairman is William Kristol and its president is Gary Schmitt.[3]

History

The PNAC was co-founded in 1997 during the Clinton administration by William Kristol and Robert Kagan.[4] PNAC's original 25 signatories were an eclectic mix of academics and conservative politicians, several of whom subsequently found positions in the presidential administration of George W. Bush.

PNAC was set up because the founders felt that there was a lack of coherence in America's foreign policy and that America was not being as dominant as it should be in world politics.

Kristol was the editor and founder of The Weekly Standard,[5] a prominent Neoconservative publication of the day. William Kristol has been affiliated with many publications and neoconservative groups. He has also played a part in the US government in the Office of the Vice President: he was Chief of Staff to Dan Quayle, 1989-1992 and Office of the Secretary of Education: Chief of Staff/Counselor for Education Secretary William Bennett, 1985-1988.

Among other notable founder members of PNAC were Jeb Bush,[6] the Governor of Florida and brother of President George W. Bush, Dick Cheney,[7] the Vice President to George W. Bush, Francis Fukuyama,[8] an author of neoconservative literature, Dan Quayle,[9] vice president to George Bush Senior, Donald Rumsfeld,[10] former Secretary of Defence to George W. Bush, and Paul Wolfowitz,[11] who has held many government positions and is the former President of the World Bank.

Purpose

The main purpose of PNAC was to approach the then administration with views on what should be done within the field of global affairs.

According to PNAC, America needed to:

  • Reposition permanently based forces to Southern Europe, Southeast Asia and the Middle East;
  • Modernize U.S. forces, including enhancing our fighter aircraft, submarine and surface fleet capabilities;
  • Develop and deploy a global missile defense system, and develop a strategic dominance of space;
  • Control the "International Commons" of cyberspace;
  • Increase defense spending to a minimum of 3.8 percent of gross domestic product, up from 3 percent.[12]

These points show that PNAC can be seen as an imperial force that wishes to be in the lead of all global politics. The term that would be used for this is full spectrum dominance and this can be found in a US government document called Joint Vision 2020[13]. This document lays out the way forward for America to become the leading force in the world. Full spectrum dominance incorporates land, sea and air, but also space and cyberspace. The policy of full spectrum dominance has not only been endorsed by PNAC but has also been actively encouraged through the use of the Joint Vision 2020 doctrine.

Iraq and 9/11

Full article: Project for the New American Century/Iraq War

PNAC is noteworthy for its focus on Iraq, a preoccupation that began before George W. Bush became president and that predates the events of September 11, 2001.

Key positions

Among the key conclusions of PNAC's defense strategy document (Rebuilding America's Defenses) were the following [14]:

  • "Develop and deploy global missile defenses to defend the American homeland and American allies, and to provide a secure basis for U.S. power projection around the world."
  • "Control the new 'international commons' of space and 'cyberspace,' and pave the way for the creation of a new military service--U.S. Space Forces--with the mission of space control."
  • "Increase defense spending, adding $15 billion to $20 billion to total defense spending annually."
  • "Exploit the 'revolution in military affairs' [transformation to high-tech, unmanned weaponry] to insure the long-term superiority of U.S. conventional forces."
  • "Need to develop a new family of nuclear weapons designed to address new sets of military requirements" complaining that the U.S. has "virtually ceased development of safer and more effective nuclear weapons."
  • "Facing up to the realities of multiple constabulary missions that will require a permanent allocation of U.S. forces."
  • "America must defend its homeland" by "reconfiguring its nuclear force" and by missile defense systems that "counteract the effects of the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction."
  • "Need for a larger U.S. security perimeter" and the U.S. "should seek to establish a network of 'deployment bases' or 'forward operating bases' to increase the reach of current and future forces," citing the need to move beyond Western Europe and Northeast Asia to increased permanent military presence in Southeast Asia and "other regions of East Asia." Necessary "to cope with the rise of China to great-power status."
  • Redirecting the U.S. Air Force to move "toward a global first-strike force."
  • End the Clinton administration's "devotion" to the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty.
  • "North Korea, Iran, Iraq, or similar states [should not be allowed] to undermine American leadership, intimidate American allies, or threaten the American homeland itself."
  • "Main military missions" necessary to "preserve Pax Americana" and a "unipolar 21st century" are the following: "secure and expand zones of democratic peace, deter rise of new great-power competitor, defend key regions (Europe, East Asia, Middle East), and exploit transformation of war."

A new Peal Harbor

According to the PNAC report, "The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time: even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself." To preserve this "American peace" through the 21st century, the PNAC report concludes that the global order "must have a secure foundation on unquestioned U.S. military preeminence." The report struck a prescient note when it observed that "the process of transformation is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event — like a new Pearl Harbor."

Many of PNAC's conclusions and recommendations are reflected in the White House's National Security Strategy document of September 2002, which reflects the "peace through strength" credo that shapes PNAC strategic thinking.

Personnel

Original 25 signatories

The original 25 signatories of the PNAC were:[15]

Original 25 signatories given positions in Bush Administration

Of the 25 original signatories of PNAC, 14 members were given positions in the Bush Administration.

  • Elliott Abrams - Appointed to National Security Council. He was first appointed as Chief Human Rights Officer then as Senior Director of North East and North African Affairs. In 2005, he became Bush's Deputy Assisstant and the deputy national security adviser for global democracy strategy. [16]
  • Dick Cheney – Vice President of the United States. He is also a former fellow of the AEI.[17]
  • Eliot Cohen – Member of Defense Policy Board. Counselor to Condoleezza Rice. In an article from 2005, Cohen continues to defend the decision to go to war in Iraq, however he criticises America’s ability to carry out the invasion successfully.[18].
  • Paula Dobriansky – Undersecretary of State for Democracy and Global affairs. Dobriansky was also a signatory of the letter to President Clinton urging him to take action in Iraq in 1998 [19].
  • Aaron Friedberg- Vice President Cheney’s Deputy National Security Advisor [20].
  • Francis Fukuyama- Former Member of Bush’s Council on Bioethics. Although a PNAC signatory who had campaigned for the invasion of Iraq, Fukuyama changed his opinion after it became clear that the invasion was turning into ‘an increasingly bloody counterinsurgency conflict’, noting the need for changes in American foreign policy. [21].
  • Fred Iklé - Member of Defense Policy Board. Iklé was also on the AEI's advisory council on foreign policy. He is also a member of the board of governers for the Smith Richardson Foundation- a foundation which funds the AEI. [22].
  • Zalmay Khalilzad – National Security Council (2001-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to the Free Iraqis (2002-2003) | Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan (2002-June 2005) | Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002-2005) | Ambassador to Iraq (2003-2005) | United Nations: US Nominated January 2007[23].
  • I.Lewis Libby - Former Chief of Staff to Vice President Cheney (2001-2005). Libby was "instrumental in shaping the foreign policy of the Bush administration in the wake of 9/11". [24].
  • Dan Quayle - Defense Board Member[25].
  • Peter Rodman - Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (2001-2007). Rodman was deputy assistant for national security affairs for both Reagan and George Bush senior. He was also a signatory of early PNAC letters urging President Clinton to take action in Iraq.[26].
  • Henry Rowen – Member of Defense Policy Board [27].
  • Donald Rumsfeld – Former Secretary of Defense. Rumsfeld was "one of the key architects and promoters of the war in Iraq", and is known for his misleading stories about Iraq before the invasion. [28].
  • Paul Wolfowitz – Deputy Secretary of Defense Department (2001-2005). Chair of International Security Advisory Board [29].

Other PNAC members (Updated 23 November 2005)

Non-overlapping signatories to a 28 January 2005 letter to Congress

Source: Letter to Congress on Increasing U.S. Ground Forces, PNAC, January 28, 2005.

See the Right Web Profile.

Funding

MediaTransparency.org has documented $600,000 in donations to PNAC from 1997-2004 from conservative foundations.[30] Funders listed include:

Affiliations with the American Enterprise Institute

The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy was founded in 1943 by Lewis H Brown. [31] According to their website, the AEI is ‘a private, nonpartisan, not-for-profit institution dedicated to research and education on issues of government, politics, economics, and social welfare.’ Their purpose claims to be ‘to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism--limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate.[32].

The American Enterprise Institute has close ties with both the Project for the New American Century and the Bush Administration.

Some of the key figures involved with the American Enterprise Institute have included Irving Kristol, Richard Perle, Paul Wolfowitz and John Bolton.

  • John Bolton, as well as being Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research for the AEI between 1997-2001, has also been involved with the Project for the New American Century and the Bush administration, taking on the roles of Undersecretary for the State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001-2005) and as a United States representative to the UN (2005-2006). [33]. Bolton was a key support of the invasion of Iraq, reportedly saying to council members that "You are not going to decide whether there is war in Iraq or not. That decision is ours, and we have already made it. It is already final. The only question now is whether the council will go along with it or not."[34]
  • Paul Wolfowitz, one of the founding signatories of the Project for the New American Century, is a Visiting Scholar of the American Enterprise Institute. He is chair of the International Security Advisory Board and was previously Deputy Secretary of the Defense Department. (2001-2005). Wolfowitz also worked as the President of the World Bank (2005-June 2007). Like Bolton, Wolfowitz was an avid campaigner for the war in Iraq, being described as "a drum that would not stop. He and his group of neoconservatives were rubbing their hands over the ideas [for invading Iraq]."[35]
  • Irving Kristol considers himself a conservative, although he is widely believed to be one of the founding fathers of the neoconservative movement.[36]. It has been said that 'Kristol also played an important role in shaping the neoconservative connection to the think tank and pressure group world.' [37]. Kristol became a fellow of the AEI in the 1980s. [38].
  • Richard Perle was one of the main campaigners for the invasion of Iraq and the "[War on Terror]" in the aftermath of 9/11.[39]. He has been described as a 'man of many hats:Pentagon policy adviser (resigned February 2004), former Likud policy adviser, media manager, international investor, op-ed writer, talk show guest, think tank expert, and ardent supporter of the war in Iraq.' [40]. Once named the 'Prince of Darkness' due to his anti-Soviet policies, Perle helped to shape foreign policies in the Bush Administration in the run up to the Iraq War. [41]

PNAC Documents


 

Quotes by Project for the New American Century

PageQuoteDateSource
"Disaster"“The process of transformation is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event”September 2000Rebuilding America's Defences: Strategies, Forces And Resources For A New Century
Genetic Extinction Technology“And advanced forms of biological warfare that can “target” specific genotypes may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool.”

 

Known members

44 of the 64 of the members already have pages here:

MemberDescription
Elliott AbramsA deep politician heavily involved in the Iran-Contra affair, given a pardon by George H. W. Bush
Gary Bauer
Jeff BergnerCercle attendee. Project for the New American Century. German Marshall Fund. Hudson Institute
John BoltonNeocon US deep state operative who was Trump's National Security Advisor until September 2019
Max BootDouble Bilderberg historian and editor eager for wars.
Jeb BushA Bush crime family member whom the cabal are trying to get elected.
Dick CheneyNeoconservative deep politician with close ties to the MICC. Vice President 2001-2009, under George W Bush.
Eliot CohenSpooky academic labelled "the most influential neocon in academe"
Ivo DaalderUSDSO who co-authored Protecting the American Homeland - A Preliminary Analysis, a book published in 2002 by the Brookings Institution about 9/11
Paula DobrianskySpookily connected US politician
Giselle DonnellyNeocon proponent of long-term U.S. military engagement abroad
Michèle FlournoyUS deep state actor
Steve ForbesBillionaire editor-in-chief of Forbes magazine.
Aaron Friedberg
Francis FukuyamaUS author of The End of History
Frank GaffneyDescribed as "one of America’s most notorious Islamophobes"
Reuel Marc Gerecht
Fred C. IkléUS deep state operative in the Reagan Administration, where he was proponent of psyops and supporting insurgencies. Attended Le Cercle RAND Corporation, Smith Richardson Foundation, National Endowment for Democracy , Center for Strategic and International Studies...
Bruce JacksonUS spook. His later career focused on accelerating the integration of the Western Balkan countries, Turkey, Ukraine and Georgia into the European Union and NATO. Member of the Henry Jackson Society.
Donald Kagan
Frederick Kagan
Robert KaganCo-founder of the Project for the New American Century
Craig Kennedypresident of the German Marshall Fund in the period 1996-2014
Zalmay KhalilzadUS deep state actor who has been central in shaping the US policy towards Afghanistan
David KramerUS academic with multiple deep state connections. Conduit for giving the Steele Dossier to Buzzfeed.
Bill KristolHawkish neonconservative
Scooter LibbyUS deep state actor. Indicted on five counts, convicted on four, 30 months in prison
Michael O'HanlonSuspected US deep state operative who co-authored Protecting the American Homeland - A Preliminary Analysis for Brookings
Richard Perle"widely considered a core representative of the neoconservative political faction"
Danielle PletkaHawkish neoconservative academic, champion for Ahmad Chalabi
Norman PodhoretzOne of the founding fathers of the neoconservative movement
Dan QuayleOne time Bilderberger and former US Vice President
Peter Rodman
Stephen P. Rosen
Henry RowenLeader of the RAND Corporation
Donald RumsfeldSenior member of the cabal, former US Defense Secretary, got aspartame approved
Randy ScheunemannUS neocon foreign policy advisor to presidential candidate John McCain.
Gary SchmittAn important neo-conservative intelligence theorist
William SchneiderAn advocate use of the first-strike use of nuclear weapons. Attendee of Le Cercle
Walter SlocombeOccupation of Iraq offical, then deep state Atlantic Council board
James SteinbergBilderberg, 7th floor group ...
Vin WeberAdviser to 2008 US presidential hopeful Mitt Romney
George Weigel
Paul WolfowitzAn "architect" of the invasion of Iraq, World Bank President

 

Sponsors

EventDescription
John M. Olin FoundationFormer (closed in 2005) "right-wing" grant-maker. CIA cut-out to select projects.
Scaife FoundationsGrant-making foundation overseen by the late right-wing billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife.

 

Related Document

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:This war on terrorism is bogusarticle6 September 2003Michael Meacher
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References

  1. ↑ About PNAC - PNAC website
  2. ↑ "File:RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf", Project for the New American Century, September 2000,
  3. ↑ About PNAC, PNAC website, accessed 21 July 2009
  4. ↑ Robert Kagan, PNAC website, accessed 21 July 2009
  5. ↑ Weekly Standard website, Weekly Standard, accessed 2 March 2008
  6. ↑ Right Web website, Jeb Bush Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
  7. ↑ The White House website, Dick Cheney Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
  8. ↑ John Hopkins University website, Fukuyama Biography, accessed 2 March 2008
  9. ↑ Dan Quayles website, Dan Quayles page, accessed 2 March 2008
  10. ↑ The White House website, Donald Rumsfeld Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
  11. ↑ Right Web website, Paul Wolfowitz Profile, accessed 2 March 2008
  12. ↑ Information Clearing House, The Project for The New American Century, accessed 20 March 2008
  13. ↑ Joint Vision 2020, Joint Vision 2020, accessed 20 March 2008
  14. ↑ Key conclusions of PNAC defenses strategy document
  15. ↑ Project for a New American Century (PNAC): A Complete List of PNAC Signatories and Contributing Writers, Rightweb, version placed in web archive 30 April 2004, accessed in web archive 28 July 2009
  16. ↑ Right Web website, Elliott Abrams Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  17. ↑ Right Web website, Dick Cheney Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  18. ↑ Right Web website, Eliot Cohen Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  19. ↑ Right Web website, Paula Dobriansky Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  20. ↑ Right Web website, Aaron Friedberg Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  21. ↑ Right Web website, Francis Fukuyama Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  22. ↑ Right Web website, Fred Iklé Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  23. ↑ Right Web website, Kalmay Zhalilzad Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  24. ↑ Right Web website, I.Lewis Libby Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  25. ↑ Right Web website, Dan Quayle Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  26. ↑ Right Web website, Peter Rodman Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  27. ↑ Right Web website, Henry Rowen Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  28. ↑ Right Web website, Donald Rumsfeld Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  29. ↑ Right Web website, Paul Wolfwitz Profile, accessed 3 March 2008
  30. ↑ New American Century, Media Transparency website, version placed in web archive 1 Oct 2006, accessed in web archive 26 July 2009
  31. ↑ Sourcewatch.org, [1], accessed 18 March 2008
  32. ↑ American Enterprise Institute Website, [2], accessed 18 March 2008
  33. ↑ Right Web Website, [3], accessed 18 March 2008
  34. ↑ AlterNet.org [4], accessed 18 March 2008
  35. ↑ Right Web Website [5], accessed 18 March 2008
  36. ↑ sourcewatch.org Irvin Kristol, accessed 24 March 2008
  37. ↑ Right Web Website [6] accessed 24 March 2008
  38. ↑ Right Web Website [7] accessed 24 March 2008
  39. ↑ Right Web Website [8], accessed 24 March 2008
  40. ↑ Sourcewatch.org [9], accessed 24 March 2008
  41. ↑ Right Web Website [10], accessed 24 March 2008
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