Difference between revisions of "Muammar Gaddafi"

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[[File:Gaddafi_Mandela.jpg|400px|right|thumb|'''[[Nelson Mandela]]''' and '''[[Muammar Gaddafi]]''' meet to discuss [[Lockerbie bombing|Lockerbie]] ]]
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{{person
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[[File:Megrahi_Carlsson.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''[[al-Megrahi]]''' convicted, '''[[Bernt Carlsson]]''' targeted on [[Pan Am Flight 103]] ]]
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|name=Muammar Gaddafi
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[[File:Gaddafi_Captured.jpg|400px|right|thumb|The storm drain in Sirte where [[Colonel Gaddafi]] was reportedly found]]
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|corbettreport=https://www.corbettreport.com/the-assassination-of-gaddafi-grtv-backgrounder/
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'''Colonel Muammar Gaddafi''' (7 June 1942—20 October 2011) was born in the town of Sirte, Libya into a peasant Bedouin family. Colonel Gaddafi was just 27 years old when in 1969 he became leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, following a bloodless coup in which King Idris I was deposed. Gaddafi proceeded to rule Libya for 42 years making him the longest serving ruler in the Arab world and in Africa.
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|constitutes=soldier, politician
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|image=the_family_album_of_muammar_gaddafi_640_12.jpg
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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gadaffi
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|birth_date=7 June 1942
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|death_date=20 October 2011
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|victim_of=assassination
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|spouses=Fatiha al-Nuri
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|nndb=https://www.nndb.com/people/641/000026563/
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|alma_mater=University of Libya, Benghazi Military University Academy
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|birth_name=Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
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|death_place=Sirte, Libya
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|religion=Sunni Islam
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|political_parties=Arab Socialist Union, Independent
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|children=Muhammad Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Al-Saadi Gaddafi, Mutassim Gaddafi, Hannibal Gaddafi, Saif al-Arab Gaddafi, Khamis Gaddafi, Milad Gaddafi, Ayesha Gaddafi, Hanna Gaddafi
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|birth_place=Sirte, Libya
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|historycommons=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=muammar_gaddafi_1
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|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Muammar_Gaddafi
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|wikiquote=http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi
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|employment={{job
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|title=Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya
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|start=1 September 1969
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|end=23 August 2011
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|description=A strikingly independent leader who rarely cowtowed to the Western establishment.
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}}{{job
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|title=Chairperson of the African Union
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|start=2 February 2009
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|end=31 January 2010
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}}{{job
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|title=Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya
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|start=1 September 1969
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|end=2 March 1977
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}}{{job
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|title=Secretary General of the General People's Congress
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|start=2 March 1977
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|end=2 March 1979
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}}{{job
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|title=Prime Minister of Libya
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|start=16 January 1970
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|end=16 July 1972
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}}
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}}'''Colonel Muammar Gaddafi''' (consistently referred to as "'''Colonel Gaddafi'''" by the Western {{ccm}}) was aged 27 in 1969 when he became the revolutionary leader of [[Libya]], following a bloodless [[coup]] that deposed King Idris who was out of the country for medical treatment. Gaddafi promptly expelled 5,000 [[USA|American]] airmen from the [[Wheelus Air Base]] near Tripoli and invited the [[Soviet Union]] to station its forces there.<ref>[http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/wheelus-air-base "Wheelus Air Base - 70 years of foreign military influence on the shores of Tripoli, Libya"]</ref>
  
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The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was in theory a "state of the masses," governed by the people through a system of local councils. In practice, though, it was a military dictatorship controlled by Gaddafi. His ''Green Book'' was "an attempt to explain the dialectic which exists between Marxism and Capitalism" and in it Gaddafi proposed his "Third Universal Theory" - claiming that there is a third way, beyond communism and capitalism, through which social harmony could be achieved. His ideas were allegedly based around democracy, equality, and communion with nature. However, Colonel Gaddafi supported terrorist organisations including the IRA in Ireland, and the Spanish Basque separatist movement ETA. He had also shown strong support - both moral and financial - for the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) and its leader [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/colonel-gadaffi.html "Colonel Gaddafi Biography"]</ref>
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He governed Libya for the next 42 years, making him the longest serving ruler in the Arab world and in Africa,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7588033.stm "Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'"]</ref> and was strikingly independent, refusing to let himself be deflected by dictates from foreign leaders.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVHzAinRH4g "The Rise and Fall of Muammar Gaddafi"]</ref> Gaddafi was lynched and assassinated on 20 October 2011 after [[NATO]]-led [[2011 Attacks on Libya|attacks upon Libya]]. In May 2011, [[RT]]'s [[Laura Emmett]] suggested that the main purpose of the attacks may have been [https://www.facebook.com/antixnwo/videos/1290872514276294/ "to prevent Gaddafi from burying the American buck".]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O8vM0-6EEE "RT: The real reason Gaddafi was killed"]</ref>
  
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In the early 1980s, Gaddafi was interviewed by Jana Wendt of Australian TV's ''60 Minutes'' series about Israel's invasion of Lebanon.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn05G0_I_YY "Muammar Gaddafi interviewed on Australian TV"]</ref> In 1984, following the murder of policewoman [[Yvonne Fletcher]] outside the Libyan Embassy in London, diplomatic relations between Britain and Libya were broken. Two years later, President [[Ronald Reagan]] ordered the bombing of targets in Tripoli and Benghazi having accused Libya of responsibility for bombing "La Belle Discotheque" in Berlin in which a number of off-duty American servicemen were killed.
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==Background==
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Muammar Gaddafi was born on 7 June 1942 in the [[Libya]]n town of Sirte into a peasant Bedouin family of the semi-nomadic al-Gadafa clan. He went to a traditional Qur'anic infants' school, before going on to the Sirte primary school at the age of 10. In 1956 he moved to the secondary school in Sebha, capital of the remote southern province of Fezzan.
  
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Two Libyans were accused of carrying out the [[Lockerbie bombing]] on 21 December 1988, and United Nations sanctions were imposed on Libya as a result. The UN sanctions were removed after one of the two accused, [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]], was convicted for the [[Lockerbie bombing]] in 2001, and Libya agreed to pay $2.7 billion compensation to the families of the [[Lockerbie Bombing|270 Lockerbie victims]]. In 2011, UN sanctions were reimposed when a UN Security Council Resolution was passed, authorising NATO to bomb Libya in support of Libyan rebels who wanted to depose Gaddafi.
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It was the year of the [[Suez Crisis]], the Anglo-French attack on [[Egypt]] that marked the emergence of the young [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who had overthrown King Farouk and his decadent dynasty four years before, as the Arab champion of modern times. With Nasser as his idol – he too later titled himself colonel – the 14-year-old Gaddafi was caught up in the surging pan-Arab emotions of the time, in the ideals of Arab renaissance, unity, strength and the "liberation" of [[Palestine]].
  
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In September 2013, the ''Daily Telegraph'' reported in an article entitled "Secret MI6 plot to help Colonel Gaddafi escape Libya revealed" that - during the 2011 NATO bombing campaign in Libya - [[Andrew Mitchell]], then Britain's International Development Secretary, was dispatched to build covert contacts with the controversial regime in Equatorial Guinea. The Cabinet Office and [[MI6]] had "prepared an exit strategy for Gaddafi in case it was necessary to strike a deal and to end the conflict," and Equatorial Guinea, "oil-rich but awesomely corrupt", was selected for Colonel Gaddafi "as a prospective retirement home." Although Britain has no bilateral links with Equatorial Guinea, contributing only small amounts in aid, [[Andrew Mitchell|Mr Mitchell]] "was able to assist the officials tasked with these delicate contingency plans, helping make the necessary contacts in the capital, Malabo, and elsewhere."
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Expelled from school for his political activities, Gaddafi continued his secondary education at Misrata, on the coast, and there, with some of his classmates, he decided to join the army as a means of overthrowing the monarchy. In 1963 he enrolled in the Benghazi military academy, where he cultivated his group of would-be revolutionaries with himself as their uncontested chief. After a brief training interval in Britain, Gaddafi was posted to Khar Yunis, near Benghazi, then seized from King Idris the absolute power which he managed to preserve until 2011.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/20/colonel-muammar-gaddafi "Colonel Muammar Gaddafi obituary"]</ref>
  
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Ultimately, Colonel Gaddafi was killed by rebels as he tried to flee Sirte on 20 October 2011. It was believed that he was heading for the border of Niger at the time of his death. His 50-car convoy was attacked by Nato airplanes before rebels attacked on the ground. Colonel Gaddafi was tortured before he was killed.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/14616037 "What's happening in Libya and who was Colonel Gaddafi?"]</ref> It has previously been reported that Colonel Gaddafi was being escorted by a group of South African mercenaries when he came under attack. One of the South Africans subsequently claimed that they believed the escape attempt was operating with tacit support from Western countries. However, the group drove into an ambush with sustained air strikes from French warplanes and ground attacks from rebel fighters.
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==Direct Democracy==
  
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Equatorial Guinea gained notoriety after an unsuccessful coup attempt in 2004, led by the old Etonian [[Simon Mann]] and involving [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s son Mark Thatcher. The "Wonga Coup" failed after a group of mercenaries were arrested in Zimbabwe shortly before launching an attack.
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The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was in said to be a "state of the masses," governed by the people through a system of local councils. In 2009, Mr. Gaddafi invited the New York Times to Libya to spend two weeks observing the nation’s direct democracy. The New York Times, which had otherwise consistently described Gaddafi's Libya as "military dictatorship", conceded that in Libya's political system, the intention was that “everyone is involved in every decision… Tens of thousands of people take part in local committee meetings to discuss issues and vote on everything from foreign treaties to building schools."<ref>[https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/01/12/gaddafis-libya-was-africas-most-prosperous-democracy/]</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211011045846/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/world/africa/20libya.html]</ref>
  
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Although the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for Colonel Gaddafi, Equatorial Guinea’s refusal to recognise the court’s authority would have kept Colonel Gaddafi outside its reach. It is believed that some of the mercenaries involved in the Equatorial Guinea coup were also involved in the attempt to extract Gaddafi.<ref>[http://linkis.com/www.telegraph.co.uk/C967 "Secret MI6 plot to help Col Gaddafi escape Libya revealed"]</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/In-It-Together-Coalition-Government/dp/0670919934 "In It Together: The Inside Story of the Coalition Government"]</ref>
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His ''Green Book'' was "an attempt to explain the dialectic which exists between Marxism and Capitalism" and in it Gaddafi proposed his "Third Universal Theory" - claiming that there is a third way, beyond communism and capitalism, through which social harmony could be achieved. His ideas were based around decentralized direct democracy, equality, and communion with nature.  
  
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==Lockerbie bombing==
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Under Gaddafi's leadership, Libyans enjoyed free electricity, healthcare and education, and interest-free loans. Libya was one of the poorest nations in the world when Gaddafi seized power, yet by the time he was assassinated, Libya had the highest GDP per capita and life expectancy in Africa and less people lived below the poverty line than in the Netherlands. The price of petrol was around $0.14 per liter and 40 loaves of bread cost just $0.15. Money from oil proceeds was deposited directly into every Libyan citizen’s bank account. Women enjoyed considerably more civil rights than in other arab countries, and homelessness was virtually non-existent, as housing was declared human right. Consequently, the UN designated Libya the 53rd highest in the world in human development.<ref>[https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/01/12/gaddafis-libya-was-africas-most-prosperous-democracy/]</ref> <ref>[https://www.globalresearch.ca/libya-ten-things-about-gaddafi-they-dont-want-you-to-know/5414289]</ref>
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==Terrorism connection==
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[[image:Gaddafi_Mandela.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px|Meeting [[Nelson Mandela]] to discuss the [[Pan Am Flight 103|Lockerbie bombing]] ]]
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Gaddafi bought a lot of weapons and about 20 tons of [[C-4]] plastic explosive from the USA in the [[Arms for Libya]] weapons deal. Some commentators have alleged that he supported terrorist organisations including the [[IRA]] in Ireland, and the Spanish Basque separatist movement ETA. He had also shown strong support - both moral and financial - for the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) and its leader [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/colonel-gadaffi.html "Colonel Gaddafi Biography"]</ref>
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In the early 1980s, Gaddafi was interviewed by Jana Wendt of Australian TV's ''60 Minutes'' series about Israel's invasion of Lebanon.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn05G0_I_YY "Muammar Gaddafi interviewed on Australian TV"]</ref> In 1984, following the murder of policewoman [[Yvonne Fletcher]] outside the Libyan Embassy in London, diplomatic relations between Britain and Libya were broken. Two years later, President [[Ronald Reagan]] ordered the bombing of targets in Tripoli and Benghazi having accused Libya of responsibility for the [[La Belle discotheque bombing]].
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===Lockerbie bombing===
 
[[File:Abdelbaset_al-Megrahi.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] pictured in 2009 shortly after his "compassionate release"]]
 
[[File:Abdelbaset_al-Megrahi.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] pictured in 2009 shortly after his "compassionate release"]]
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For many years, Colonel Gaddafi harboured the two Libyans alleged to have been responsible for the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over Lockerbie in Scotland, refusing to extradite them or accept responsibility and pay compensation for the [[Lockerbie bombing]]. For most of the 1990s, Libya endured economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation as a result of Gaddafi's refusal to allow the extradition of the two accused.
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For many years, Gaddafi harboured the two Libyans alleged to have been responsible for the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over Lockerbie in Scotland, refusing to extradite them or accept responsibility and pay compensation for the [[Lockerbie bombing]]. For most of the 1990s, Libya endured economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation as a result of Gaddafi's refusal to allow the extradition of the two accused.
  
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In August 2003, two years after [[Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi]]'s conviction in a Scottish court at a former US Air Force base at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands, Libya wrote to the United Nations formally accepting 'responsibility for the actions of its officials' in respect of the [[Lockerbie bombing]] and agreed to pay compensation of up to $2.7 billion to the families of the 270 victims. The same month, Britain and Bulgaria co-sponsored a UN resolution which removed the sanctions.
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In August 2003, two years after [[Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi]]'s conviction in a Scottish court at a former US Air Force base at Camp Zeist in the [[Netherlands]], Libya wrote to the United Nations formally accepting 'responsibility for the actions of its officials' in respect of the [[Lockerbie bombing]] and agreed to pay compensation of up to $2.7 billion to the families of the 270 victims.<ref>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2003/818 "Libya's letter of 15 August 2003 to UN Security Council"]</ref> The same month, Britain and Bulgaria co-sponsored a UN resolution which removed the sanctions.
  
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Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Gaddafi announced that his nation had an active weapons of mass destruction programme, but that he was willing to allow international inspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them. As a result, the United States announced that it would restore full diplomatic relations with Libya once Gaddafi declared he was abandoning Libya's WMD programme.
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Following the overthrow of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, Gaddafi announced that his nation had an active [[weapons of mass destruction]] programme, but that he was willing to allow international inspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them. As a result, the United States announced that it would restore full diplomatic relations with Libya.
  
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In March 2004, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] became one of the first western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi. The visit paved the way for greater cooperation between Libya and the UK as the countries pursued trade deals, and also helped to legitimise Gaddafi's rehabilitation in the West. The tour was followed by that of French president Nicolas Sarkozy in July 2007, who went to Libya and signed a number of bilateral and multilateral EU agreements. The changing tide also allowed Gaddafi to host US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in September 2008. Next came a historic cooperation treaty between Libya and Italy, which was signed in Benghazi by Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.
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==Increasing Western Contact==
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In March 2004, [[UK Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]] became one of the first western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi. The visit paved the way for greater cooperation between Libya and the UK as the countries pursued trade deals, and also helped to legitimise Gaddafi's rehabilitation in the West. The tour was followed by that of French president Nicolas Sarkozy in July 2007, who went to Libya and signed a number of bilateral and multilateral EU agreements. The changing tide also allowed Gaddafi to host [[US Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] in September 2008. Next came a historic cooperation treaty between Libya and Italy, which was signed in Benghazi by Gaddafi and [[Italian Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]].
 
[[File:Blair_Gaddafi.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Tony Blair]] lobbying for [[JPMorgan Chase]] in 2009]]
 
[[File:Blair_Gaddafi.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Tony Blair]] lobbying for [[JPMorgan Chase]] in 2009]]
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Following [[Tony Blair]]'s resignation as Prime Minister on 27 June 2007, he became a £2 million-a-year lobbyist for [[JPMorgan Chase]] and visited Libya on at least two occasions in the lead-up to [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]]'s compassionate release from prison in Scotland in August 2009. A senior executive with the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), the $70 billion fund used to invest the country's oil money abroad, said Mr Blair was one of three prominent western businessmen who regularly dealt with Gaddafi's son [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], who controlled the LIA's investment decisions. According to the unnamed executive:
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Following [[Tony Blair]]'s resignation as Prime Minister on 27 June 2007, he became a £2 million-a-year lobbyist for [[JPMorgan Chase]] and visited Libya on at least two occasions in the lead-up to [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]]'s compassionate release from prison in Scotland in August 2009. A senior executive with the 1Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), the $70 billion fund used to invest the country's oil money abroad, said Mr Blair was one of three prominent western businessmen who regularly dealt with Gaddafi's son [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], who controlled the LIA's investment decisions. According to the unnamed executive:
 
:"[[Tony Blair]]'s visits were purely lobby visits for banking deals with [[JP Morgan]]."
 
:"[[Tony Blair]]'s visits were purely lobby visits for banking deals with [[JP Morgan]]."
 
In relation to one of his visits, an aide to Mr Blair wrote a letter to the Libyan ambassador to Britain saying that the former prime minister was "delighted" that "The Leader" was likely to be able to see him, on notepaper headed "Office of the Quartet Representative", Blair's formal title as Middle East envoy. The Quartet he represents is made up of the European Union, the United Nations, Russia and the United States. A spokesman for [[Ban Ki-moon]], the UN Secretary-General, said: "It's up to him to explain why he did this."<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/8772418/Tony-Blair-visited-Libya-to-lobby-for-JP-Morgan.html "Tony Blair 'visited Libya to lobby for JP Morgan'"]</ref>
 
In relation to one of his visits, an aide to Mr Blair wrote a letter to the Libyan ambassador to Britain saying that the former prime minister was "delighted" that "The Leader" was likely to be able to see him, on notepaper headed "Office of the Quartet Representative", Blair's formal title as Middle East envoy. The Quartet he represents is made up of the European Union, the United Nations, Russia and the United States. A spokesman for [[Ban Ki-moon]], the UN Secretary-General, said: "It's up to him to explain why he did this."<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/8772418/Tony-Blair-visited-Libya-to-lobby-for-JP-Morgan.html "Tony Blair 'visited Libya to lobby for JP Morgan'"]</ref>
 
[[File:Gaddafi_Obama.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Controversial handshake in July 2009]]
 
[[File:Gaddafi_Obama.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Controversial handshake in July 2009]]
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In July 2009, Gaddafi attended the G8 summit in Italy in his role as president of the African Union, the latest step in a global reemergence of the North African country after years of isolation for its links to terrorism, including the downing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] in 1988. But Libya settled outstanding claims for billions of dollars, gave up its efforts to build weapons of mass destruction and now even has a seat on the UN Security Council. President [[Barack Obama]], taking the opportunity presented at the G8 summit, caused controversy by shaking hands with Gaddafi.
 
  
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The controversial handshake took place just when families of [[Pan Am 103]] victims were gathered at the British Embassy in Washington and the British consulate in New York, speaking via video conference with [[Kenny MacAskill]], the Scottish justice secretary, and pleading that the convicted Lockerbie bomber not be returned to Libya. Stephanie Bernstein of Bethesda, whose husband, Michael, was killed in the Pan Am bombing, said the video conference was a "wrenching" experience, as victims' families made heartfelt pleas that [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] not be returned to Libya even though he is said to be suffering from prostate cancer. She said that Attorney-General Eric Holder Jr has supported the families' position, but the reports of [[President Obama]]'s handshake was a blow:
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In July 2009, Gaddafi attended the G8 summit in Italy in his role as president of the [[African Union]]. President [[Barack Obama]], taking the opportunity presented at the G8 summit, caused controversy by shaking hands with Gaddafi. The controversial handshake took place just when families of Pan Am 103 victims were gathered at the British Embassy in Washington and the British consulate in New York, speaking via video conference with [[Kenny MacAskill]], the Scottish justice secretary, and pleading that the convicted Lockerbie bomber not be returned to Libya. Stephanie Bernstein of Bethesda, whose husband, Michael, was killed in the Pan Am bombing, said the video conference was a "wrenching" experience, as victims' families made heartfelt pleas that [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] not be returned to Libya even though he is said to be suffering from prostate cancer. She said that Attorney-General Eric Holder Jr has supported the families' position, but the reports of [[President Obama]]'s handshake was a blow:
 
:"I was shocked, absolutely dumbfounded. I think it sent the wrong signal. This has undermined our efforts to make sure [[Megrahi]] is never released."<ref>[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/07/09/obama_shakes_hands_with_gaddaf.html "Obama Shakes Hands with Gaddafi"]</ref>
 
:"I was shocked, absolutely dumbfounded. I think it sent the wrong signal. This has undermined our efforts to make sure [[Megrahi]] is never released."<ref>[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/07/09/obama_shakes_hands_with_gaddaf.html "Obama Shakes Hands with Gaddafi"]</ref>
  
 
==United Nations speech==
 
==United Nations speech==
 
[[File:UN_Gaddafi.jpg|400px|thumb|right|[[Muammar Gaddafi]] speaking to the UN General Assembly in 2009]]
 
[[File:UN_Gaddafi.jpg|400px|thumb|right|[[Muammar Gaddafi]] speaking to the UN General Assembly in 2009]]
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On 23 September 2009, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi famously addressed the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). In the course of his rambling 96-minute speech, Colonel Gaddafi demanded that the Libyan President of UNGA, Dr Ali Treki, should set in train a number of UN inquiries into:
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On 23 September 2009, Muammar Gaddafi famously addressed the [[United Nations General Assembly]] (UNGA). In the course of his rambling 96-minute speech, Gaddafi demanded that the Libyan President of UNGA, Dr [[Ali Treki]], should set in train a number of UN inquiries into:
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* the Korean war;
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* the [[Korean war]];
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* the Suez invasion;
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* the [[Suez invasion]];
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* the Vietnam war;
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* the [[Vietnam war]];
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* the Iraq invasion;
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* the [[Iraq invasion]];
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* the Afghan invasion;
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* the [[Afghan invasion]];
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* the assassination of Congolese Prime Minister [[Patrice Lumumba]];
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* the assassination of [[Congolese Prime Minister]] [[Patrice Lumumba]];
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* the assassination of UN Secretary-General [[Dag Hammarskjöld]];
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* the assassination of [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Dag Hammarskjöld]];
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* the assassination of President [[John F Kennedy]]; and,
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* the assassination of [[US President]] [[John F Kennedy]]; and,
 
* the assassination of [[Martin Luther King]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIRu-PhYlSM "Colonel Gaddafi's speech to the UN General Assembly"]</ref>
 
* the assassination of [[Martin Luther King]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIRu-PhYlSM "Colonel Gaddafi's speech to the UN General Assembly"]</ref>
  
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Surprisingly, though, Colonel Gaddafi failed to demand a UN inquiry into the assassination of UN Commissioner for Namibia, [[Bernt Carlsson]], the highest profile victim of the 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]]. Gaddafi did however make a point of attacking the UN Security Council (UNSC), calling it the "UN Terror Council". Within two years of that UNGA speech, the UNSC struck back and deposed Gaddafi after 42 years in power in Libya.<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2336637329595&l=a0a4f8dd4c "CIA Planned Gaddafi's Overthrow Thirty Years Ago"]</ref>
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Gaddafi failed to demand a UN inquiry into the assassination of UN Commissioner for Namibia, [[Bernt Carlsson]], the highest profile victim of the 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]]. Gaddafi did however make a point of attacking the UN Security Council (UNSC), calling it the "[[UN Terror Council]]". Within two years of that UNGA speech, Gaddafi had been forcibly deposed after 42 years in power in Libya.<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2336637329595&l=a0a4f8dd4c "CIA Planned Gaddafi's Overthrow Thirty Years Ago"]</ref>
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===Big pharma===
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''EyeGambia'' quoted a speech (in Arabic) by Gaddafi to the [[UN General Assembly]] in September 2009. He reportedly asserted that there are people who specialise in creating health problems just to make money, irrespective of the danger it poses to human existence:
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{{SMWQ
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|text=They will create the [[virus]]es themselves and sell you the antidotes. Thereafter, they will pretend to take time to find [[vaccines|the solution]] when they already have it.
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|source_URL=https://eyegambia.org/they-will-create-the-virus-pretend-and-sell-the-antidotes-muammar-gaddafi
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|authors=Muammar Gaddafi
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|subjects=COVID-19/Vaccine, COVID-19/Origins
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|date=September 2009
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|format=image_right
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|image=Gaddafi_Virus.jpg
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|image_width=356px
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}}
  
 
==Conspiracy by Reagan and Thatcher==
 
==Conspiracy by Reagan and Thatcher==
 
[[File:Reagan_Thatcher.jpg|400px|thumb|right|President [[Ronald Reagan]] and Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] "conspiring" in the White House library on 15 November 1988]]
 
[[File:Reagan_Thatcher.jpg|400px|thumb|right|President [[Ronald Reagan]] and Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] "conspiring" in the White House library on 15 November 1988]]
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On 2 December 2010, in a video conference link to staff and students at the London School of Economics, Colonel Gaddafi alleged that the case against [[Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi]] had 'been fabricated and created by' Britain's former Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and former US President [[Ronald Reagan]]. He suggested that US [[CIA]] officials had been behind the 21 December 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]] in which 270 people were killed.
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[[File:Thatcher_at_Lockerbie.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Margaret Thatcher|PM Thatcher]] visiting [[Pan Am Flight 103|the crash scene]] ]]
 +
On 2 December 2010, in a video conference link to staff and students at the [[London School of Economics]], Gaddafi alleged that the case against [[Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi]] had 'been fabricated and created by' Britain's former Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and former [[US President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]. He suggested that US [[CIA]] officials had been behind the 21 December 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]] in which 270 people were killed.
  
 
:"These are the people who created this conspiracy" said Gaddafi, referring to the alleged role of Thatcher and Reagan in [[Megrahi]]'s conviction and life sentence over the attack on [[Pan Am Flight 103]]. "The charges directed towards Libya were based on unfounded evidence in an attempt to weaken the Libyan Revolution and limit its resources and abilities".<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/scotland/8178090/Lockerbie-bombers-family-preparing-to-sue-Britain-for-false-imprisonment.html "Lockerbie bomber's family preparing to sue Britain for false imprisonment"]</ref>
 
:"These are the people who created this conspiracy" said Gaddafi, referring to the alleged role of Thatcher and Reagan in [[Megrahi]]'s conviction and life sentence over the attack on [[Pan Am Flight 103]]. "The charges directed towards Libya were based on unfounded evidence in an attempt to weaken the Libyan Revolution and limit its resources and abilities".<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/scotland/8178090/Lockerbie-bombers-family-preparing-to-sue-Britain-for-false-imprisonment.html "Lockerbie bomber's family preparing to sue Britain for false imprisonment"]</ref>
  
−
In making his allegation, Gaddafi did not include ex-President (and former CIA Director) George H W Bush in this conspiracy. This may suggest that if Thatcher and Reagan had indeed 'fabricated and created' the Lockerbie bombing case against Libya, they would have done so in the interregnum between the 8 November 1988 US presidential election and President Bush taking over from Reagan on 20 January 1989.
+
In making his allegation, Gaddafi did not include [[George H W Bush]] in this conspiracy. This may suggest that if Thatcher and Reagan had indeed 'fabricated and created' the Lockerbie bombing case against Libya, they would have done so in the interregnum between the 8 November 1988 US presidential election and President Bush taking over from Reagan on 20 January 1989.
  
−
Gaddafi's alleged Lockerbie conspiracy could well have been hatched on 15 November 1988 when President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher were photographed in the White House library and would undoubtedly have discussed Iran's threat to retaliate massively for the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by USS Vincennes on 3 July 1988 with the loss of 290 civilian lives. The two leaders might then have decided to open secret negotiations with Iran and seek to limit the revenge attack to just one US aircraft. The US and UK would not have wanted to antagonise the Iranians further by blaming Iran for the retaliation, so would have selected 'mad dog' Gaddafi to be their whipping boy.
+
Gaddafi's alleged Lockerbie conspiracy could well have been hatched on 15 November 1988 when President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher were photographed in the White House library and would undoubtedly have discussed Iran's threat to retaliate massively for the shooting down of [[Iran Air Flight 655]] by USS Vincennes on 3 July 1988 with the loss of 290 civilian lives. The two leaders might then have decided to open secret negotiations with Iran and seek to limit the revenge attack to just one US aircraft. The US and UK would not have wanted to antagonise the Iranians further by blaming Iran for the retaliation, so would have selected 'mad dog' Gaddafi to be their whipping boy.
  
−
Western Intelligence Agencies (including apartheid South Africa's [[National Intelligence Service (South Africa)|National Intelligence Service]]) would have been party to such negotiations and would have had a say in selecting the sacrificial aircraft. Thus on 22 December 1988 (the day after the [[Lockerbie bombing]]), President Reagan phoned Downing Street:<ref>[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/109435 "Reagan phone call to Thatcher at Downing Street"]</ref>
+
Western [[Intelligence Agencies]] (including apartheid South Africa's [[National Intelligence Service (South Africa)|National Intelligence Service]]) would have been party to such negotiations and would have had a say in selecting the sacrificial aircraft. Thus on 22 December 1988 (the day after the [[Lockerbie bombing]]), President Reagan phoned Downing Street:<ref>[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/109435 "Reagan phone call to Thatcher at Downing Street"]</ref>
  
 
:"[[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret]], I understand you have just returned from the site of the [[Pan Am Flight 103|Pan Am crash]]. I want to thank you for your expression of sorrow on the [[Pan Am 103]] tragedy. On behalf of the American people, I also want to thank the rescue workers who responded so quickly and courageously. Our thoughts and prayers are with the victims of this accident, both the passengers on the plane and the villagers in Scotland".
 
:"[[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret]], I understand you have just returned from the site of the [[Pan Am Flight 103|Pan Am crash]]. I want to thank you for your expression of sorrow on the [[Pan Am 103]] tragedy. On behalf of the American people, I also want to thank the rescue workers who responded so quickly and courageously. Our thoughts and prayers are with the victims of this accident, both the passengers on the plane and the villagers in Scotland".
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==UNSC authorised NATO bombing==
 
==UNSC authorised NATO bombing==
 
[[File:Muammar_Gaddafi.jpg|400px|thumb|right|[[Muammar Gaddafi]] deposed by "UN Terror Council"]]
 
[[File:Muammar_Gaddafi.jpg|400px|thumb|right|[[Muammar Gaddafi]] deposed by "UN Terror Council"]]
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Unwilling to be forced out of office like Egypt's Hosni Mubarak and Tunisia's Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Colonel Gaddafi allegedly ordered a violent crackdown after political protests began early in 2011. Gaddafi seemed to be losing control of the east of the country and responded by threatening military force against the rebels. Meanwhile US and European ruling circles were focused on taking over Libya's sovereign wealth funds (estimated to total $70 billion), and were greatly assisted in this task by the head of the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), Mohamed Layas. According to a cable published by [[WikiLeaks]], Mohamed Layas informed the US ambassador in Tripoli on 20 January 2011 that the LIA had deposited $32 billion in US banks. Five weeks later, on 28 February 2011, the US Treasury "froze" these accounts. According to official statements, this is "the largest sum ever blocked in the United States," which Washington held "in trust for the future of Libya." A few days later, the EU "froze" around €45 billion of LIA funds.<ref>[http://www.globalresearch.ca/financial-heist-of-the-century-confiscating-libya-s-sovereign-wealth-funds-swf/24479 "Financial Heist of the Century: Confiscating Libya’s Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF)"]</ref>
+
Unwilling to be forced out of office like [[Egypt]]'s [[Hosni Mubarak]] and [[Tunisia]]'s [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], Gaddafi allegedly ordered a violent crackdown after political protests began early in 2011. Gaddafi seemed to be losing control of the east of the country and responded by threatening military force against the rebels.<ref>''[https://www.greanvillepost.com/2020/04/07/british-parliament-confirms-libya-war-was-based-on-lies/ "British Parliament Confirms: Libya War was Based on Lies"]''</ref> Meanwhile US and European ruling circles were focused on taking over Libya's sovereign wealth funds (estimated to total $70 billion), and were greatly assisted in this task by the head of the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), Mohamed Layas. According to a cable published by [[WikiLeaks]], Mohamed Layas informed the US ambassador in Tripoli on 20 January 2011 that the LIA had deposited $32 billion in US banks. Five weeks later, on 28 February 2011, the US Treasury "froze" these accounts. According to official statements, this is "the largest sum ever blocked in the United States," which Washington held "in trust for the future of Libya." A few days later, the EU "froze" around €45 billion of LIA funds.<ref>[http://www.globalresearch.ca/financial-heist-of-the-century-confiscating-libya-s-sovereign-wealth-funds-swf/24479 "Financial Heist of the Century: Confiscating Libya’s Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF)"]</ref>
  
−
By March 2011 the UN Security Council had declared a no fly zone over the country, with NATO forces bombing military targets on the pretext of protecting civilians from Gaddafi's forces. On 5 April 2011, in an interview on BBC Radio 4's ''Today Programme'', Colonel Gaddafi's son [[Saif al-Islam]] said:<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9447000/9447076.stm "BBC Radio interview with Saif al-Islam"]</ref><blockquote>"The British and the Americans they know about Lockerbie. They know everything about Lockerbie. So there's no secret anymore about Lockerbie."</blockquote>
+
By March 2011 the UN Security Council had declared a no fly zone over the country, with NATO forces bombing military targets on the pretext of protecting civilians from Gaddafi's forces. On 5 April 2011, in an interview on BBC Radio 4's ''Today Programme'', Gaddafi's son [[Saif al-Islam]] said:<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9447000/9447076.stm "BBC Radio interview with Saif al-Islam"]</ref><blockquote>"The British and the Americans they know about Lockerbie. They know everything about Lockerbie. So there's no secret anymore about Lockerbie."</blockquote>
−
In June 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi, his son [[Saif al-Islam]] and intelligence chief [[Abdullah al-Senussi]] for alleged crimes against humanity.<ref>[http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/icc0111/related%20cases/icc01110111/Pages/icc01110111.aspx "The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (case against Muammar Gaddafi terminated on 22 November 2011, following his death)"]</ref> In August 2011, the NATO bombing of Libya intensified, with the rebel forces gaining control of the capital Tripoli. Gaddafi's compound was taken over and one of his sons detained by rebels. News footage showed rebels entering the city's main square and tearing down pictures of Gaddafi.
+
 
 +
On 16 May 2011, prosecutor [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]] filed a request to the [[International Criminal Court]], and on 27 June 2011 the [[ICC]] issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi, his son [[Saif al-Islam]] and intelligence chief [[Abdullah al-Senussi]] for alleged crimes against humanity.<ref>[http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/icc0111/related%20cases/icc01110111/Pages/icc01110111.aspx "The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (case against Muammar Gaddafi terminated on 22 November 2011, following his death)"]</ref> In August 2011, the NATO bombing of Libya intensified, with the rebel forces gaining control of the capital Tripoli. Gaddafi's compound was taken over and one of his sons detained by rebels. News footage showed rebels entering the city's main square and tearing down pictures of Gaddafi.
 +
 
 +
On 31 October 2011, [[Global Research]] TV's [[James Corbett]] released a film entitled "The Assassination of Gaddafi". Corbett explained:
 +
 
 +
The NATO campaign, known as “Operation Unified Protector”, was a continuation of the US-led "Operation Odyssey Dawn". It formally began on 23 March 2011 and was ostensibly an operation to enforce United Nations Security Council resolution 1973. From the outset, the NATO coalition partners insisted that the aim of the mission was not to assist a rebel insurgency in overthrowing the Gaddafi government, but to “protect civilians” in accordance with UN resolutions. The real intention of the operation was revealed shortly thereafter, however, in a joint op-ed in the pages of the ''International Herald Tribune'' penned by Obama, Cameron and Sarkozy:
 +
:“Our duty and our mandate under [[UN Security Council]] Resolution 1973 is to protect civilians, and we are doing that. It is not to remove Gaddafi by force,” they wrote in their editorial. “But it is impossible to imagine a future for Libya with Gaddafi in power.[…]It is unthinkable that someone who has tried to massacre his own people can play a part in their future government.”
 +
 
 +
Within a month, the true aim of the intervention to assassinate Gaddafi was confirmed when NATO forces bombed the personal residence of Saif Al-Arab Gaddafi, Muammar’s youngest son in an admitted attempt to kill the Libyan leader himself. While Gaddafi himself was not caught in the strike, his son and three of his grandchildren were killed in the bombing.
 +
 
 +
Now it is confirmed that the strike that resulted in the death of Gaddafi was initiated, organised, coordinated and led by NATO and SAS forces. The attack began when Gaddafi was fleeing Sirte in a convoy of 75 vehicles. Drone pilots at Creech Air Force base in Nevada launched a round of Hellfire missiles from a Predator drone aircraft, destroying the lead vehicle and prompting a French bomber to release two laser-guided 500 pound bombs into the centre of the convoy. British SAS troops, meanwhile, coordinated the ground forces that eventually captured Gaddafi.<ref>[https://www.corbettreport.com/the-assassination-of-gaddafi-grtv-backgrounder/ "The Assassination of Gaddafi – GRTV Backgrounder"]</ref>
  
 
==SA mercenaries "betrayed Gaddafi"==
 
==SA mercenaries "betrayed Gaddafi"==
−
According to a South African ''News24'' report published on 30 October 2011, Colonel Gaddafi sought help from the private security industry to get him out of his hometown of Sirte, where he was under siege by NATO and rebel forces, and "bring him to South Africa". The recruitment of South African mercenaries was done by Sarah Penfold, a well-known name in the industry based in Kenya, who apparently acted on behalf of a company in London. The SA mercenaries were led to believe that they would be rescuing Gaddafi and taking him to "live in a tent in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo_National_Park Karoo",] but they actually helped him from the frying pan into the fire.  
+
[[File:Gaddafi_Captured.jpg|400px|right|thumb|The storm drain in Sirte where Muammar Gaddafi was reportedly found]]
 +
According to a South African ''News24'' report published on 30 October 2011, Gaddafi sought help from the private security industry to get him out of his hometown of Sirte, where he was under siege by NATO and rebel forces, and "bring him to South Africa". The recruitment of South African mercenaries was done by Sarah Penfold, a well-known name in the industry based in Kenya, who apparently acted on behalf of a company in London. The SA mercenaries were led to believe that they would be rescuing Gaddafi and taking him to "live in a tent in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo_National_Park Karoo",] but they actually helped him from the frying pan into the fire.  
  
 
Speaking to one of the South African operators who was at Gaddafi’s side and a senior source in the intelligence world, ''City Press'' discovered the mercenaries were probably also misled into thinking they were helping Gaddafi. Their involvement was really only part of a larger plan to capture Gaddafi, it now appears. South Africa's State Security Agency is aware of Sarah Penfold's visit to Johannesburg on 17 August 2011, and she is being investigated.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2057157/Gaddafi-doomed-getaway-linked-Briton-Sarah-Penfold-son-Saif-hides-Sahara.html "Mystery of British woman linked to Gaddafi's doomed getaway as it emerges son Saif 'is hiding in Sahara'"]</ref>
 
Speaking to one of the South African operators who was at Gaddafi’s side and a senior source in the intelligence world, ''City Press'' discovered the mercenaries were probably also misled into thinking they were helping Gaddafi. Their involvement was really only part of a larger plan to capture Gaddafi, it now appears. South Africa's State Security Agency is aware of Sarah Penfold's visit to Johannesburg on 17 August 2011, and she is being investigated.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2057157/Gaddafi-doomed-getaway-linked-Briton-Sarah-Penfold-son-Saif-hides-Sahara.html "Mystery of British woman linked to Gaddafi's doomed getaway as it emerges son Saif 'is hiding in Sahara'"]</ref>
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===Abortive project===
 
===Abortive project===
−
Afterwards, the details and the incredible "coincidence" of the abortive project started unfolding. ''City Press'' has discovered there was no request to the South African authorities to bring Gaddafi, a fugitive from the International Criminal Court, here. It would never have been allowed, a reliable government source said. Intelligence sources believe there were agents among the mercenaries, or in some of the security companies, who were spying for the transitional government and reporting on the mercenaries’ movements. Nato launched its attack on Gaddafi with deadly precision, and Odendaal believes someone "sold them out". There is another group of South Africans in Libya, but ''City Press'' has learned they are not under arrest. They come and go as they like, and some live in hotels.
+
Afterwards, the details and the incredible "coincidence" of the abortive project started unfolding. ''[[City Press]]'' has discovered there was no request to the South African authorities to bring Gaddafi, a fugitive from the [[International Criminal Court]], here. It would never have been allowed, a reliable government source said. Intelligence sources believe there were agents among the mercenaries, or in some of the security companies, who were spying for the transitional government and reporting on the mercenaries’ movements. Nato launched its attack on Gaddafi with deadly precision, and Odendaal believes someone "sold them out". There is another group of South Africans in Libya, but ''City Press'' has learned they are not under arrest. They come and go as they like, and some live in hotels.
  
 
===No-one wants to comment===
 
===No-one wants to comment===
−
Former South African Police Commissioner George Fivaz said he received a call from a man in London last week who wanted to hire a 50-seat air ambulance to fetch people in Libya. Fivaz told him he couldn’t help him. ''City Press'' telephoned a security company in London for comment about allegations they had contracted the South Africans through Penfold. Initially, an employee immediately ended the call. Another employee, who only identified himself as "Harry", at first said they didn’t have any operations in Libya. Later he said "no-one will comment about this". Despite many telephone calls, Sarah Penfold couldn’t be reached for comment. The South African government doesn’t want to become involved, and it's not clear how the mercenaries will be taken out of Libya.
+
Former South African Police Commissioner [[George Fivaz]] said he received a call from a man in London last week{{when}} who wanted to hire a 50-seat air ambulance to fetch people in Libya. Fivaz told him he couldn’t help him. ''City Press'' telephoned a security company in London for comment about allegations they had contracted the South Africans through Penfold. Initially, an employee immediately ended the call. Another employee, who only identified himself as "Harry", at first said they didn’t have any operations in Libya. Later he said "no-one will comment about this". Despite many telephone calls, Sarah Penfold couldn’t be reached for comment. The South African government doesn’t want to become involved, and it's not clear how the mercenaries will be taken out of Libya. State Security Agency spokesperson [[Brian Dube]] said they didn’t wish to comment at this stage.{{when}}{{cn}}1
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State Security Agency spokesperson Brian Dube said they didn’t wish to comment at this stage.
 
  
 
===Retraction===
 
===Retraction===
 
On 30 October 2011, ''City Press'' published a report entitled "SA Mercenaries were misled". The report referred to allegations that the London based Hart Security had contracted South African mercenaries through an intermediary to render certain services in Libya. The reference to Hart Security in the report was published in error. ''City Press'' regrets the error and retracts the allegation.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Gaddafis-exit-plan-20111029-2 "SA Mercenaries were misled"]</ref>
 
On 30 October 2011, ''City Press'' published a report entitled "SA Mercenaries were misled". The report referred to allegations that the London based Hart Security had contracted South African mercenaries through an intermediary to render certain services in Libya. The reference to Hart Security in the report was published in error. ''City Press'' regrets the error and retracts the allegation.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Gaddafis-exit-plan-20111029-2 "SA Mercenaries were misled"]</ref>
  
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==Cameron's Lockerbie secret==
+
==Professor Francis Boyle==
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[[File:David_Cameron.jpg|400px|right|thumb|[[David Cameron]]'s [[Lockerbie bombing|Lockerbie]] secret]]
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[[File:Destroying_Libya_and_World_Order.jpg|300px|right|thumb|]]
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Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] has a secret about Lockerbie. It’s a secret that explains why the PM was desperate to have Colonel Gaddafi blamed personally for the sabotage of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] on 21 December 1988, and to have Gaddafi executed without a trial.
+
In 2013 Professor [[Francis Boyle]] described how the [[United States]] government — spanning and working assiduously over five different presidential administrations ([[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]], [[George H W Bush|Bush I]], [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]], [[George W Bush|Bush II]], and [[Barack Obama|Obama]]) — finally managed to overthrow and reverse the 1969 Gaddafi Revolution in order to resubjugate Libya, seize control over its [[oil]] fields, and dismantle its [[Jamahiriya]] system.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Destroying-Libya-World-Order-Three-Decade/dp/0985335378 "Destroying Libya and World Order: The Three-Decade U.S. Campaign to Terminate the Qaddafi Revolution"]</ref> In 2016, Boyle reported:
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+
:"When the US/NATO war began against Libya in March of 2011, Colonel Gaddafi immediately disappeared underground, fearing yet another Western attempt to murder him and his family, which later happened. I spent several months engaged in fruitless efforts to get into contact with Colonel Gaddafi to obtain his authorisation for filing lawsuits at the [[International Court of Justice]] in The Hague against the United States and the NATO states in order to stop their bombing campaign against Libya. All to no avail.
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Three months after the [[Lockerbie bombing]], the then Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and the rising star in Conservative Research Department, [[David Cameron]], visited apartheid South Africa.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/revealed-camerons-freebie-to-apartheid-south-africa-1674367.html "Cameron's freebie to apartheid South Africa"]</ref>
 
−
 
 
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The past and future British Prime Ministers made a point of visiting the [[Rössing Uranium Mine]] in Namibia (illegally occupied by apartheid South Africa in defiance of UN Security Council Resolution 435). In 1989, the Rössing mine was jointly owned by Rio Tinto Group and the Iranian Government, and was supplying uranium to develop Iran’s nuclear programme. Mrs Thatcher was so impressed with the [[Rössing Uranium Mine]] that she declared it made her "proud to be British", a sentiment echoed by Mr Cameron.<ref>[http://www.radiobridge.net/www/nam/rossing.html "Rössing Uranium Mine"]</ref>
 
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It has recently been reported that Margaret Thatcher and David Cameron concluded a secret nuclear deal with the apartheid regime during their visit in 1989.<ref>[http://www.paltelegraph.com/columnists/peter-eyre/4576-the-us-and-uk-lost-three-nuclear-weapons-each-part-3 "How the US and UK 'lost' three nuclear weapons"]</ref>
 
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[[File:Bernt_Carlsson_2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Bernt Carlsson]] laying down the law about Namibia]]
 
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On 21 December 1988, Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and UN Commissioner for Namibia, [[Bernt Carlsson]], was the most prominent of the 270 victims of the [[Lockerbie bombing]]. In the months leading up to his death, Carlsson had warned that he would start proceedings against the countries and firms which had been defying UN law over many years by stealing billions of pounds-worth of Namibia's natural resources. Among those facing huge UN compensation claims were Rio Tinto Group, the government of Iran, the diamond mining giant [[De Beers]] and the apartheid regime. Because the UN Commissioner for Namibia was killed at Lockerbie, none of those prosecutions ever took place.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHIDaGrIsmY "Bernt Carlsson and the Case of the Disappearing Diamonds"]</ref>
 
−
 
 
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The latest evidence suggests that Iran and apartheid South Africa targeted UN Commissioner for Namibia, [[Bernt Carlsson]], on [[Pan Am Flight 103]] and that Libya was not responsible for the [[Lockerbie bombing]].<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=118951448146734 "Lockerbie: Ayatollah’s Vengeance Exacted by Botha’s Regime"]</ref>
 
  
−
Which explains why Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] was desperate to have Colonel Gaddafi blamed personally for the sabotage of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] on 21 December 1988, and to have Gaddafi executed without a trial at the International Criminal Court.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/oct/02/david-cameron-libyan-war-analysis "David Cameron's Libyan war: why the PM felt Gaddafi had to be stopped"]</ref>
+
:"Colonel Gaddafi fought and died for Libya against the West just like his hero [[Omar Mukhtar]] had done. Indeed, on the basis of that precedent, I had predicted that Gaddafi would fight to the death for Libya and not flee his country in order to save his own life. Far exceeding my expectations, Colonel Gaddafi resisted the most powerful military alliance ever assembled in the history of the world for seven months. A real modern-day Hannibal."<ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/boyle290216.htm “'We Came! We Saw! He Died!': Reflections On Libya"]</ref>
  
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===Gaddafi should not have been killed===
+
==Andrew Mitchell==
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Published the day after Gaddafi's murder, [[Christopher Hitchens]] (1949-2011) a columnist for Vanity Fair and the author, most recently, of "Arguably", a collection of essays, wrote:
+
[[File:Andrew_Mitchell.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Andrew Mitchell]] dispatched to prepare an exit strategy for Colonel Gaddafi]]
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:Surrendering to a feeling of deep impotence and slight absurdity, I borrowed an iPad on Thursday afternoon and used it to send my first-ever message by this means. It was addressed to one of those distinguished Frenchmen who have been at the fore in pressing the outside world to remove Muammar Gaddafi from the obscene toadlike posture in which, for more than four decades, he has squatted on the lives of the Libyan people. Please, I wrote, intercede with your friends on the National Transitional Council, plus any other revolutionary tribunal however constituted, in order to stop the killing of the Gaddafi family and to ensure smooth passage to the dock at The Hague for those who have already been indicted for crimes against humanity.
+
In September 2013, the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' reported in an article entitled "Secret MI6 plot to help Gaddafi escape Libya revealed" that - during the 2011 NATO bombing campaign in Libya - [[Andrew Mitchell]], then Britain's International Development Secretary, was dispatched to build covert contacts with the controversial regime in Equatorial Guinea. The Cabinet Office and [[MI6]] had "prepared an exit strategy for Gaddafi in case it was necessary to strike a deal and to end the conflict," and Equatorial Guinea, "oil-rich but awesomely corrupt", was selected for Gaddafi "as a prospective retirement home." Although Britain has no bilateral links with Equatorial Guinea, contributing only small amounts in aid, [[Andrew Mitchell|Mr Mitchell]] "was able to assist the officials tasked with these delicate contingency plans, helping make the necessary contacts in the capital, Malabo, and elsewhere."
  
−
:Simple enough? It is some time since the International Criminal Court in The Hague has announced itself ready and open for business in the matter of Libya. But now Muammar Gaddafi is dead, as reportedly is one of his sons, Mutassim, and not a word has been heard about the legality or propriety of the business. No Libyan spokesman even alluded to the court in their announcements of the dictator’s ugly demise. The president of the United States spoke as if the option of an arraignment had never even come up. In this, he was seconded by his secretary of state, who was fresh from a visit to Libya but confined herself to various breezy remarks, one of them to the effect that it would aid the transition if Gaddafi was to be killed. British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]], who did find time to mention the international victims of Gaddafi’s years of terror, likewise omitted to mention the option of a trial.
+
Ultimately, Gaddafi was killed by rebels as he tried to flee Sirte on 20 October 2011. It was believed that he was heading for the border of Niger at the time of his death. His 50-car convoy was attacked by NATO airplanes before rebels attacked on the ground. Gaddafi was tortured before he was killed.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/14616037 "What's happening in Libya and who was Colonel Gaddafi?"]</ref> It has previously been reported that Gaddafi was being escorted by a group of South African mercenaries when he came under attack. One of the South Africans subsequently claimed that they believed the escape attempt was operating with tacit support from Western countries. However, the group drove into an ambush with sustained air strikes from French warplanes and ground attacks from rebel fighters.
  
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:Among other things, this tacit agreement persuades me that no general instruction was ever issued to the forces closing in on Gaddafi in his hometown of Sirte. Nothing to the effect of: Kill him if you absolutely must, but try and put him under arrest and have him (and others named, whether family or otherwise) transferred to the Netherlands. At any rate, it seems certain that even if any such order was promulgated, it was not very forcefully.
+
Although the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for Gaddafi, [[Equatorial Guinea]]’s refusal to recognise the court’s authority would have kept Gaddafi outside its reach. It is believed that some of the mercenaries involved in the [[2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt]] were also involved in the attempt to extract Gaddafi.<ref>[http://linkis.com/www.telegraph.co.uk/C967 "Secret MI6 plot to help Col Gaddafi escape Libya revealed"]</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/In-It-Together-Coalition-Government/dp/0670919934 "In It Together: The Inside Story of the Coalition Government"]</ref>
  
−
:At the close of an obscene regime, especially one that has shown it would rather destroy society and the state than surrender power, it is natural for people to hope for something like an exorcism. It is satisfying to see the cadaver of the monster and be sure that he can’t come back. It is also reassuring to know that there is no hateful figurehead on whom some kind of "werewolf" resistance could converge in order to prolong the misery and atrocity. But Gaddafi at the time of his death was wounded and out of action and at the head of a small group of terrified riff-raff. He was unable to offer any further resistance. And all the positive results that I cited above could have been achieved by the simple expedient of taking him first to a hospital, then to a jail, and thence to the airport. Indeed, a spell in the dock would probably hugely enhance the positive impact, since those poor lost souls who still put their trust in the man could scarcely have their illusions survive the exposure to even a few hours of the madman’s gibberings in court.
+
==Christopher Hitchens==
 +
On the day after Gaddafi's murder, [[Christopher Hitchens]] wrote criticising it, concluding that "it will be a shame if the killing of the [[Gaddafi]]s continues and an insult if the summons to The Hague continues to be ignored".<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2011/10/muammar_qaddafi_should_not_have_been_killed_but_sent_to_stand_tr.html "The New Libya’s First Mistake"] By Christopher Hitchens</ref>
  
−
:And so the new Libya begins, but it begins with a squalid lynching. News correspondents have been quite warm and vocal lately, about the general forbearance shown by the rebels to the persons and property of the Gaddafi loyalists. That makes it even more regrettable that the principle could not be honored in its main instance. At the time of writing, [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], one of Muammar’s sons, is said to be still at large. It will be quite a disgrace if he is also killed out of hand, or if at the very least the NTC and the international community do not remind their fighters that he needs to be taken into lawful custody.
 
−
 
−
:This is not to display any undue sympathy for Saif, or others on the wanted list. But he in particular is the repository of an enormous amount of potentially useful information, about the nature of the dead regime and perhaps even of the whereabouts of strategic material—to say nothing of vast illegal holdings of money that are the rightful property of the Libyan people. In more senses than one, it would be a crime to be party to this destruction of evidence. As for the usefulness of Gaddafi senior in the still-underdeveloped field of the study of megalomania, I should have said it was beyond price. And yet his numberless victims have to take such satisfaction as they can from seeing a blood-streaked and incoherent figure, handled roughly and in a panic and then put out of his misery by a shot that added exactly nothing to the security of the country.
 
−
 
−
:I was in Romania on the day that Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu were hastily done away with, and I was in Mosul on the day before Uday and Qusay Hussein were surrounded and submitted to lethal shot and shell in a house from which there was no escape. In both cases, the relief felt by the general population was palpable. There can be no doubt that the proven elimination of the old symbols of torture and fear has an emancipating effect, at least in the short term. But I would say that this effect is subject to rapidly diminishing returns, which became evident in Iraq when Moqtada al-Sadr’s unpolished acolytes got the job of conducting the execution of Saddam Hussein. There are sectarian scars still remaining from that botched and sordid episode, and I shall be very surprised if similar resentments were not created among many Libyans on Thursday. Too late to repair that now. But it will be a shame if the killing of the [[Gaddafi]]s continues and an insult if the summons to The Hague continues to be ignored.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2011/10/muammar_qaddafi_should_not_have_been_killed_but_sent_to_stand_tr.html "The New Libya’s First Mistake"] By Christopher Hitchens</ref>
 
−
 
−
===Gaddafi 'did not kill protesters'===
 
 
[[File:Cameron_-_Jalil.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[David Cameron]] and Abdul Jalil in May 2011 at Downing Street]]
 
[[File:Cameron_-_Jalil.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[David Cameron]] and Abdul Jalil in May 2011 at Downing Street]]
−
In May 2014, ''BSNews'' reported under the headline "Head of False Libyan Revolution Admits [[Colonel Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] did not Kill Protesters" that Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Head of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi in 2011, had admitted:
+
In May 2014, ''[[BSNews]]'' reported under the headline "Head of False Libyan Revolution Admits [[ Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] did not Kill Protesters" that Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Head of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi in 2011, had admitted:
 
:[[Colonel Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] did not order the shooting that started the false revolution in Libya. Now after the destruction of Libya, Jalil admits to the world on Libyan Channel One that the protesters that were killed in Benghazi that caused the UN and NATO to attack Libya were killed by a group of spies and mercenaries who were not Libyan. He admits that he knew the truth at the time but it was done to take down the Libyan government and break the state. He admits that he was briefed in advance that this was going to happen and that the people of Libya did not recognise the dead protesters because they wore civilian clothes and there was no one who came to their funerals as they had no relatives or friends in Libya.
 
:[[Colonel Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] did not order the shooting that started the false revolution in Libya. Now after the destruction of Libya, Jalil admits to the world on Libyan Channel One that the protesters that were killed in Benghazi that caused the UN and NATO to attack Libya were killed by a group of spies and mercenaries who were not Libyan. He admits that he knew the truth at the time but it was done to take down the Libyan government and break the state. He admits that he was briefed in advance that this was going to happen and that the people of Libya did not recognise the dead protesters because they wore civilian clothes and there was no one who came to their funerals as they had no relatives or friends in Libya.
  
−
As we have been saying since February 2011, the so called revolution in Libya was a false flag. The Libyan people by large majority were happy and "safe". Islamic extremist groups were illegal in Libya. Now Libya is controlled by Islamic extremists groups (Al Qaeda, Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), The Muslim Brotherhood, Ansar Al Sharia and others). The country is broken, there is no security, thousands have been imprisoned illegally and hundreds tortured to death. There is no government, there are no oil sales, 2 million are still in exile, psychopaths have taken the country and it is now considered a "grey state" – no borders and no government.
+
:As we have been saying since February 2011, the so called revolution in Libya was a [[false flag]]. The Libyan people by large majority were happy and "safe". Islamic extremist groups were illegal in Libya. Now Libya is controlled by Islamic extremists [sic.] groups ([[Al Qaeda]], [[Libyan Islamic Fighting Group]] (LIFG), [[The Muslim Brotherhood]], [[Ansar Al Sharia]] and others). The country is broken, there is no security, thousands have been imprisoned illegally and hundreds [[torture]]d to death. There is no government, there are no oil sales, 2 million are still in exile, [[psychopath]]s have taken the country and it is now considered a "grey state" – no borders and no government.<ref>[http://bsnews.info/head-false-libyan-revolution-admits-ghadafi-kill-protesters/ "Head of False Libyan Revolution Admits Gaddafi did not Kill Protesters"]</ref>
  
−
So, thank you [[Barack Obama]], [[CIA]], [[David Cameron]], NATO and the UN for NOT protecting the innocent civilians in Libya.<ref>[http://bsnews.info/head-false-libyan-revolution-admits-ghadafi-kill-protesters/ "Head of False Libyan Revolution Admits Gaddafi did not Kill Protesters"]</ref>
+
On 19 October 2014, [[Sri Lanka]]'s ''The Nation'' newspaper reported that thanks to [[Britain's Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] and France's former President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] "Libya is more dangerous than ever".<ref>[http://www.nation.lk/edition/lens/item/34334-libya-is-more-dangerous-than-ever.html "Libya is more dangerous than ever"]</ref>
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Lockerbie Official Narrative]]
 
−
* [[Cameron's Report on Lockerbie Forensic Evidence]]
 
−
* [[Document:The Framing of al-Megrahi#The Framing of al-Megrahi|The Framing of al-Megrahi]]
 
−
* [[The How, Why and Who of Pan Am Flight 103]]
 
−
* [[The Case of the Disappearing Diamonds]]
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/sirga/ARboyd273.pdf "A Medal of Good Hope: Mandela, Gaddafi and the Lockerbie Negotiations"]
+
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/sirga/ARboyd273.pdf "A Medal of Good Hope: Mandela, Gaddafi and the Lockerbie Negotiations"]
−
*[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Destroying-Libya-World-Order-THree-Decade/dp/0985335378/ "Destroying Libya and World Order: The Three-Decade U.S. Campaign to Terminate the Qaddafi Revolution"]
+
* [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Destroying-Libya-World-Order-THree-Decade/dp/0985335378/ "Destroying Libya and World Order: The Three-Decade U.S. Campaign to Terminate the Qaddafi Revolution"]
−
* [http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1972212699207&l=09e4b17aef "Lockerbie: CIA 'fitted up' Gaddafi at the UN Security Council"]
+
* [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/gaddafi-interview "The Gaddafi Interview", 21 February 2010] with George Negus, ''Dateline'' (Australia)
−
* [http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2314552737494&l=243dbe7ece "Lockerbie: CIA made State Department attorney 'lie' to UN Security Council"]
+
{{SMWDocs}}
−
* [http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2314552737494&l=243dbe7ece "Lockerbie: Pik 'n' Miss"]
 
−
 
 
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
−
 
−
 
−
[[Category:Libya]]
 
−
[[Category:Lockerbie]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:37, 20 September 2024

Person.png Muammar Gaddafi   Corbett Report NNDB Sourcewatch WikiquoteRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(soldier, politician)
The family album of muammar gaddafi 640 12.jpg
BornMuammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
7 June 1942
Sirte, Libya
Died20 October 2011 (Age 69)
Sirte, Libya
Alma materUniversity of Libya, Benghazi Military University Academy
ReligionSunni Islam
Children • Muhammad Gaddafi
• Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
• Al-Saadi Gaddafi
• Mutassim Gaddafi
• Hannibal Gaddafi
• Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
• Khamis Gaddafi
• Milad Gaddafi
• Ayesha Gaddafi
• Hanna Gaddafi
SpouseFatiha al-Nuri
Victim ofassassination
Supposed perpetrator of1981 Libyan hit squad scare
PartyArab Socialist Union, Independent

Employment.png Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya

In office
1 September 1969 - 23 August 2011
A strikingly independent leader who rarely cowtowed to the Western establishment.

Employment.png Chairperson of the African Union

In office
2 February 2009 - 31 January 2010

Employment.png Prime Minister of Libya

In office
16 January 1970 - 16 July 1972

Colonel Muammar Gaddafi (consistently referred to as "Colonel Gaddafi" by the Western commercially-controlled media) was aged 27 in 1969 when he became the revolutionary leader of Libya, following a bloodless coup that deposed King Idris who was out of the country for medical treatment. Gaddafi promptly expelled 5,000 American airmen from the Wheelus Air Base near Tripoli and invited the Soviet Union to station its forces there.[1]

He governed Libya for the next 42 years, making him the longest serving ruler in the Arab world and in Africa,[2] and was strikingly independent, refusing to let himself be deflected by dictates from foreign leaders.[3] Gaddafi was lynched and assassinated on 20 October 2011 after NATO-led attacks upon Libya. In May 2011, RT's Laura Emmett suggested that the main purpose of the attacks may have been "to prevent Gaddafi from burying the American buck".[4]

Background

Muammar Gaddafi was born on 7 June 1942 in the Libyan town of Sirte into a peasant Bedouin family of the semi-nomadic al-Gadafa clan. He went to a traditional Qur'anic infants' school, before going on to the Sirte primary school at the age of 10. In 1956 he moved to the secondary school in Sebha, capital of the remote southern province of Fezzan.

It was the year of the Suez Crisis, the Anglo-French attack on Egypt that marked the emergence of the young Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had overthrown King Farouk and his decadent dynasty four years before, as the Arab champion of modern times. With Nasser as his idol – he too later titled himself colonel – the 14-year-old Gaddafi was caught up in the surging pan-Arab emotions of the time, in the ideals of Arab renaissance, unity, strength and the "liberation" of Palestine.

Expelled from school for his political activities, Gaddafi continued his secondary education at Misrata, on the coast, and there, with some of his classmates, he decided to join the army as a means of overthrowing the monarchy. In 1963 he enrolled in the Benghazi military academy, where he cultivated his group of would-be revolutionaries with himself as their uncontested chief. After a brief training interval in Britain, Gaddafi was posted to Khar Yunis, near Benghazi, then seized from King Idris the absolute power which he managed to preserve until 2011.[5]

Direct Democracy

The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was in said to be a "state of the masses," governed by the people through a system of local councils. In 2009, Mr. Gaddafi invited the New York Times to Libya to spend two weeks observing the nation’s direct democracy. The New York Times, which had otherwise consistently described Gaddafi's Libya as "military dictatorship", conceded that in Libya's political system, the intention was that “everyone is involved in every decision… Tens of thousands of people take part in local committee meetings to discuss issues and vote on everything from foreign treaties to building schools."[6] [7]

His Green Book was "an attempt to explain the dialectic which exists between Marxism and Capitalism" and in it Gaddafi proposed his "Third Universal Theory" - claiming that there is a third way, beyond communism and capitalism, through which social harmony could be achieved. His ideas were based around decentralized direct democracy, equality, and communion with nature.

Under Gaddafi's leadership, Libyans enjoyed free electricity, healthcare and education, and interest-free loans. Libya was one of the poorest nations in the world when Gaddafi seized power, yet by the time he was assassinated, Libya had the highest GDP per capita and life expectancy in Africa and less people lived below the poverty line than in the Netherlands. The price of petrol was around $0.14 per liter and 40 loaves of bread cost just $0.15. Money from oil proceeds was deposited directly into every Libyan citizen’s bank account. Women enjoyed considerably more civil rights than in other arab countries, and homelessness was virtually non-existent, as housing was declared human right. Consequently, the UN designated Libya the 53rd highest in the world in human development.[8] [9]

Terrorism connection

Meeting Nelson Mandela to discuss the Lockerbie bombing

Gaddafi bought a lot of weapons and about 20 tons of C-4 plastic explosive from the USA in the Arms for Libya weapons deal. Some commentators have alleged that he supported terrorist organisations including the IRA in Ireland, and the Spanish Basque separatist movement ETA. He had also shown strong support - both moral and financial - for the African National Congress (ANC) and its leader Nelson Mandela.[10]

In the early 1980s, Gaddafi was interviewed by Jana Wendt of Australian TV's 60 Minutes series about Israel's invasion of Lebanon.[11] In 1984, following the murder of policewoman Yvonne Fletcher outside the Libyan Embassy in London, diplomatic relations between Britain and Libya were broken. Two years later, President Ronald Reagan ordered the bombing of targets in Tripoli and Benghazi having accused Libya of responsibility for the La Belle discotheque bombing.

Lockerbie bombing

Abdelbaset al-Megrahi pictured in 2009 shortly after his "compassionate release"

For many years, Gaddafi harboured the two Libyans alleged to have been responsible for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie in Scotland, refusing to extradite them or accept responsibility and pay compensation for the Lockerbie bombing. For most of the 1990s, Libya endured economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation as a result of Gaddafi's refusal to allow the extradition of the two accused.

In August 2003, two years after Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi's conviction in a Scottish court at a former US Air Force base at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands, Libya wrote to the United Nations formally accepting 'responsibility for the actions of its officials' in respect of the Lockerbie bombing and agreed to pay compensation of up to $2.7 billion to the families of the 270 victims.[12] The same month, Britain and Bulgaria co-sponsored a UN resolution which removed the sanctions.

Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Gaddafi announced that his nation had an active weapons of mass destruction programme, but that he was willing to allow international inspectors into his country to observe and dismantle them. As a result, the United States announced that it would restore full diplomatic relations with Libya.

Increasing Western Contact

In March 2004, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair became one of the first western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet Gaddafi. The visit paved the way for greater cooperation between Libya and the UK as the countries pursued trade deals, and also helped to legitimise Gaddafi's rehabilitation in the West. The tour was followed by that of French president Nicolas Sarkozy in July 2007, who went to Libya and signed a number of bilateral and multilateral EU agreements. The changing tide also allowed Gaddafi to host US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in September 2008. Next came a historic cooperation treaty between Libya and Italy, which was signed in Benghazi by Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.

Tony Blair lobbying for JPMorgan Chase in 2009

Following Tony Blair's resignation as Prime Minister on 27 June 2007, he became a £2 million-a-year lobbyist for JPMorgan Chase and visited Libya on at least two occasions in the lead-up to Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's compassionate release from prison in Scotland in August 2009. A senior executive with the 1Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), the $70 billion fund used to invest the country's oil money abroad, said Mr Blair was one of three prominent western businessmen who regularly dealt with Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who controlled the LIA's investment decisions. According to the unnamed executive:

"Tony Blair's visits were purely lobby visits for banking deals with JP Morgan."

In relation to one of his visits, an aide to Mr Blair wrote a letter to the Libyan ambassador to Britain saying that the former prime minister was "delighted" that "The Leader" was likely to be able to see him, on notepaper headed "Office of the Quartet Representative", Blair's formal title as Middle East envoy. The Quartet he represents is made up of the European Union, the United Nations, Russia and the United States. A spokesman for Ban Ki-moon, the UN Secretary-General, said: "It's up to him to explain why he did this."[13]

Controversial handshake in July 2009

In July 2009, Gaddafi attended the G8 summit in Italy in his role as president of the African Union. President Barack Obama, taking the opportunity presented at the G8 summit, caused controversy by shaking hands with Gaddafi. The controversial handshake took place just when families of Pan Am 103 victims were gathered at the British Embassy in Washington and the British consulate in New York, speaking via video conference with Kenny MacAskill, the Scottish justice secretary, and pleading that the convicted Lockerbie bomber not be returned to Libya. Stephanie Bernstein of Bethesda, whose husband, Michael, was killed in the Pan Am bombing, said the video conference was a "wrenching" experience, as victims' families made heartfelt pleas that Abdelbaset al-Megrahi not be returned to Libya even though he is said to be suffering from prostate cancer. She said that Attorney-General Eric Holder Jr has supported the families' position, but the reports of President Obama's handshake was a blow:

"I was shocked, absolutely dumbfounded. I think it sent the wrong signal. This has undermined our efforts to make sure Megrahi is never released."[14]

United Nations speech

Muammar Gaddafi speaking to the UN General Assembly in 2009

On 23 September 2009, Muammar Gaddafi famously addressed the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). In the course of his rambling 96-minute speech, Gaddafi demanded that the Libyan President of UNGA, Dr Ali Treki, should set in train a number of UN inquiries into:

Gaddafi failed to demand a UN inquiry into the assassination of UN Commissioner for Namibia, Bernt Carlsson, the highest profile victim of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. Gaddafi did however make a point of attacking the UN Security Council (UNSC), calling it the "UN Terror Council". Within two years of that UNGA speech, Gaddafi had been forcibly deposed after 42 years in power in Libya.[16]

Big pharma

EyeGambia quoted a speech (in Arabic) by Gaddafi to the UN General Assembly in September 2009. He reportedly asserted that there are people who specialise in creating health problems just to make money, irrespective of the danger it poses to human existence:

Gaddafi Virus.jpg

[17]

Conspiracy by Reagan and Thatcher

President Ronald Reagan and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher "conspiring" in the White House library on 15 November 1988
PM Thatcher visiting the crash scene

On 2 December 2010, in a video conference link to staff and students at the London School of Economics, Gaddafi alleged that the case against Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi had 'been fabricated and created by' Britain's former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and former US President Ronald Reagan. He suggested that US CIA officials had been behind the 21 December 1988 Lockerbie bombing in which 270 people were killed.

"These are the people who created this conspiracy" said Gaddafi, referring to the alleged role of Thatcher and Reagan in Megrahi's conviction and life sentence over the attack on Pan Am Flight 103. "The charges directed towards Libya were based on unfounded evidence in an attempt to weaken the Libyan Revolution and limit its resources and abilities".[18]

In making his allegation, Gaddafi did not include George H W Bush in this conspiracy. This may suggest that if Thatcher and Reagan had indeed 'fabricated and created' the Lockerbie bombing case against Libya, they would have done so in the interregnum between the 8 November 1988 US presidential election and President Bush taking over from Reagan on 20 January 1989.

Gaddafi's alleged Lockerbie conspiracy could well have been hatched on 15 November 1988 when President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher were photographed in the White House library and would undoubtedly have discussed Iran's threat to retaliate massively for the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by USS Vincennes on 3 July 1988 with the loss of 290 civilian lives. The two leaders might then have decided to open secret negotiations with Iran and seek to limit the revenge attack to just one US aircraft. The US and UK would not have wanted to antagonise the Iranians further by blaming Iran for the retaliation, so would have selected 'mad dog' Gaddafi to be their whipping boy.

Western Intelligence Agencies (including apartheid South Africa's National Intelligence Service) would have been party to such negotiations and would have had a say in selecting the sacrificial aircraft. Thus on 22 December 1988 (the day after the Lockerbie bombing), President Reagan phoned Downing Street:[19]

"Margaret, I understand you have just returned from the site of the Pan Am crash. I want to thank you for your expression of sorrow on the Pan Am 103 tragedy. On behalf of the American people, I also want to thank the rescue workers who responded so quickly and courageously. Our thoughts and prayers are with the victims of this accident, both the passengers on the plane and the villagers in Scotland".

On 28 December 1988, seven days after the Lockerbie bombing, when there was as yet no evidence ostensibly pointing to Libyan culpability, Ronald Reagan in one of the last acts of his Presidency, extended sanctions against Libya and threatened renewed bombing raids.[20]

Sure enough, the joint US/UK investigation into the bombing soon found 'evidence' pointing towards Libya for the sabotage of Pan Am Flight 103. According to author and journalist, Ian Ferguson, it was a case of 'reverse engineering' whereby Libya had been fitted up for the crime and the inculpatory evidence followed (see the 2009 documentary film Lockerbie Revisited).[21]

UNSC authorised NATO bombing

Muammar Gaddafi deposed by "UN Terror Council"

Unwilling to be forced out of office like Egypt's Hosni Mubarak and Tunisia's Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Gaddafi allegedly ordered a violent crackdown after political protests began early in 2011. Gaddafi seemed to be losing control of the east of the country and responded by threatening military force against the rebels.[22] Meanwhile US and European ruling circles were focused on taking over Libya's sovereign wealth funds (estimated to total $70 billion), and were greatly assisted in this task by the head of the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA), Mohamed Layas. According to a cable published by WikiLeaks, Mohamed Layas informed the US ambassador in Tripoli on 20 January 2011 that the LIA had deposited $32 billion in US banks. Five weeks later, on 28 February 2011, the US Treasury "froze" these accounts. According to official statements, this is "the largest sum ever blocked in the United States," which Washington held "in trust for the future of Libya." A few days later, the EU "froze" around €45 billion of LIA funds.[23]

By March 2011 the UN Security Council had declared a no fly zone over the country, with NATO forces bombing military targets on the pretext of protecting civilians from Gaddafi's forces. On 5 April 2011, in an interview on BBC Radio 4's Today Programme, Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam said:[24]

"The British and the Americans they know about Lockerbie. They know everything about Lockerbie. So there's no secret anymore about Lockerbie."

On 16 May 2011, prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo filed a request to the International Criminal Court, and on 27 June 2011 the ICC issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam and intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi for alleged crimes against humanity.[25] In August 2011, the NATO bombing of Libya intensified, with the rebel forces gaining control of the capital Tripoli. Gaddafi's compound was taken over and one of his sons detained by rebels. News footage showed rebels entering the city's main square and tearing down pictures of Gaddafi.

On 31 October 2011, Global Research TV's James Corbett released a film entitled "The Assassination of Gaddafi". Corbett explained:

The NATO campaign, known as “Operation Unified Protector”, was a continuation of the US-led "Operation Odyssey Dawn". It formally began on 23 March 2011 and was ostensibly an operation to enforce United Nations Security Council resolution 1973. From the outset, the NATO coalition partners insisted that the aim of the mission was not to assist a rebel insurgency in overthrowing the Gaddafi government, but to “protect civilians” in accordance with UN resolutions. The real intention of the operation was revealed shortly thereafter, however, in a joint op-ed in the pages of the International Herald Tribune penned by Obama, Cameron and Sarkozy:

“Our duty and our mandate under UN Security Council Resolution 1973 is to protect civilians, and we are doing that. It is not to remove Gaddafi by force,” they wrote in their editorial. “But it is impossible to imagine a future for Libya with Gaddafi in power.[…]It is unthinkable that someone who has tried to massacre his own people can play a part in their future government.”

Within a month, the true aim of the intervention to assassinate Gaddafi was confirmed when NATO forces bombed the personal residence of Saif Al-Arab Gaddafi, Muammar’s youngest son in an admitted attempt to kill the Libyan leader himself. While Gaddafi himself was not caught in the strike, his son and three of his grandchildren were killed in the bombing.

Now it is confirmed that the strike that resulted in the death of Gaddafi was initiated, organised, coordinated and led by NATO and SAS forces. The attack began when Gaddafi was fleeing Sirte in a convoy of 75 vehicles. Drone pilots at Creech Air Force base in Nevada launched a round of Hellfire missiles from a Predator drone aircraft, destroying the lead vehicle and prompting a French bomber to release two laser-guided 500 pound bombs into the centre of the convoy. British SAS troops, meanwhile, coordinated the ground forces that eventually captured Gaddafi.[26]

SA mercenaries "betrayed Gaddafi"

The storm drain in Sirte where Muammar Gaddafi was reportedly found

According to a South African News24 report published on 30 October 2011, Gaddafi sought help from the private security industry to get him out of his hometown of Sirte, where he was under siege by NATO and rebel forces, and "bring him to South Africa". The recruitment of South African mercenaries was done by Sarah Penfold, a well-known name in the industry based in Kenya, who apparently acted on behalf of a company in London. The SA mercenaries were led to believe that they would be rescuing Gaddafi and taking him to "live in a tent in the Karoo", but they actually helped him from the frying pan into the fire.

Speaking to one of the South African operators who was at Gaddafi’s side and a senior source in the intelligence world, City Press discovered the mercenaries were probably also misled into thinking they were helping Gaddafi. Their involvement was really only part of a larger plan to capture Gaddafi, it now appears. South Africa's State Security Agency is aware of Sarah Penfold's visit to Johannesburg on 17 August 2011, and she is being investigated.[27]

Gaddafi's demands

Muammar Gaddafi himself apparently requested assistance from the private security industry. Subsequently, negotiations were held in which he allegedly made demands concerning his planned stay in South Africa. One of the operators, Danie Odendaal, told City Press that in his correspondence Gaddafi insisted he be accommodated in a tent in a hot region – preferably desert-like. He said they speculated that the only suitable place in South Africa would be the Karoo.

After being issued with false passports, three groups of South Africans flew to Dubai and Cairo, from where they hurriedly flew to Libya to assist Gaddafi. But things turned into a "disgusting, disgusting orgy" when Nato forces fired on Gaddafi’s convoy before transitional government soldiers captured and executed him on 20 October 2011.[28]

Abortive project

Afterwards, the details and the incredible "coincidence" of the abortive project started unfolding. City Press has discovered there was no request to the South African authorities to bring Gaddafi, a fugitive from the International Criminal Court, here. It would never have been allowed, a reliable government source said. Intelligence sources believe there were agents among the mercenaries, or in some of the security companies, who were spying for the transitional government and reporting on the mercenaries’ movements. Nato launched its attack on Gaddafi with deadly precision, and Odendaal believes someone "sold them out". There is another group of South Africans in Libya, but City Press has learned they are not under arrest. They come and go as they like, and some live in hotels.

No-one wants to comment

Former South African Police Commissioner George Fivaz said he received a call from a man in London last week[When?] who wanted to hire a 50-seat air ambulance to fetch people in Libya. Fivaz told him he couldn’t help him. City Press telephoned a security company in London for comment about allegations they had contracted the South Africans through Penfold. Initially, an employee immediately ended the call. Another employee, who only identified himself as "Harry", at first said they didn’t have any operations in Libya. Later he said "no-one will comment about this". Despite many telephone calls, Sarah Penfold couldn’t be reached for comment. The South African government doesn’t want to become involved, and it's not clear how the mercenaries will be taken out of Libya. State Security Agency spokesperson Brian Dube said they didn’t wish to comment at this stage.[When?][citation needed]1

Retraction

On 30 October 2011, City Press published a report entitled "SA Mercenaries were misled". The report referred to allegations that the London based Hart Security had contracted South African mercenaries through an intermediary to render certain services in Libya. The reference to Hart Security in the report was published in error. City Press regrets the error and retracts the allegation.[29]

Professor Francis Boyle

Destroying Libya and World Order.jpg

In 2013 Professor Francis Boyle described how the United States government — spanning and working assiduously over five different presidential administrations (Reagan, Bush I, Clinton, Bush II, and Obama) — finally managed to overthrow and reverse the 1969 Gaddafi Revolution in order to resubjugate Libya, seize control over its oil fields, and dismantle its Jamahiriya system.[30] In 2016, Boyle reported:

"When the US/NATO war began against Libya in March of 2011, Colonel Gaddafi immediately disappeared underground, fearing yet another Western attempt to murder him and his family, which later happened. I spent several months engaged in fruitless efforts to get into contact with Colonel Gaddafi to obtain his authorisation for filing lawsuits at the International Court of Justice in The Hague against the United States and the NATO states in order to stop their bombing campaign against Libya. All to no avail.
"Colonel Gaddafi fought and died for Libya against the West just like his hero Omar Mukhtar had done. Indeed, on the basis of that precedent, I had predicted that Gaddafi would fight to the death for Libya and not flee his country in order to save his own life. Far exceeding my expectations, Colonel Gaddafi resisted the most powerful military alliance ever assembled in the history of the world for seven months. A real modern-day Hannibal."[31]

Andrew Mitchell

Andrew Mitchell dispatched to prepare an exit strategy for Colonel Gaddafi

In September 2013, the Daily Telegraph reported in an article entitled "Secret MI6 plot to help Gaddafi escape Libya revealed" that - during the 2011 NATO bombing campaign in Libya - Andrew Mitchell, then Britain's International Development Secretary, was dispatched to build covert contacts with the controversial regime in Equatorial Guinea. The Cabinet Office and MI6 had "prepared an exit strategy for Gaddafi in case it was necessary to strike a deal and to end the conflict," and Equatorial Guinea, "oil-rich but awesomely corrupt", was selected for Gaddafi "as a prospective retirement home." Although Britain has no bilateral links with Equatorial Guinea, contributing only small amounts in aid, Mr Mitchell "was able to assist the officials tasked with these delicate contingency plans, helping make the necessary contacts in the capital, Malabo, and elsewhere."

Ultimately, Gaddafi was killed by rebels as he tried to flee Sirte on 20 October 2011. It was believed that he was heading for the border of Niger at the time of his death. His 50-car convoy was attacked by NATO airplanes before rebels attacked on the ground. Gaddafi was tortured before he was killed.[32] It has previously been reported that Gaddafi was being escorted by a group of South African mercenaries when he came under attack. One of the South Africans subsequently claimed that they believed the escape attempt was operating with tacit support from Western countries. However, the group drove into an ambush with sustained air strikes from French warplanes and ground attacks from rebel fighters.

Although the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for Gaddafi, Equatorial Guinea’s refusal to recognise the court’s authority would have kept Gaddafi outside its reach. It is believed that some of the mercenaries involved in the 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt were also involved in the attempt to extract Gaddafi.[33][34]

Christopher Hitchens

On the day after Gaddafi's murder, Christopher Hitchens wrote criticising it, concluding that "it will be a shame if the killing of the Gaddafis continues and an insult if the summons to The Hague continues to be ignored".[35]

David Cameron and Abdul Jalil in May 2011 at Downing Street

In May 2014, BSNews reported under the headline "Head of False Libyan Revolution Admits Gaddafi did not Kill Protesters" that Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Head of the National Transitional Council in Benghazi in 2011, had admitted:

Gaddafi did not order the shooting that started the false revolution in Libya. Now after the destruction of Libya, Jalil admits to the world on Libyan Channel One that the protesters that were killed in Benghazi that caused the UN and NATO to attack Libya were killed by a group of spies and mercenaries who were not Libyan. He admits that he knew the truth at the time but it was done to take down the Libyan government and break the state. He admits that he was briefed in advance that this was going to happen and that the people of Libya did not recognise the dead protesters because they wore civilian clothes and there was no one who came to their funerals as they had no relatives or friends in Libya.
As we have been saying since February 2011, the so called revolution in Libya was a false flag. The Libyan people by large majority were happy and "safe". Islamic extremist groups were illegal in Libya. Now Libya is controlled by Islamic extremists [sic.] groups (Al Qaeda, Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), The Muslim Brotherhood, Ansar Al Sharia and others). The country is broken, there is no security, thousands have been imprisoned illegally and hundreds tortured to death. There is no government, there are no oil sales, 2 million are still in exile, psychopaths have taken the country and it is now considered a "grey state" – no borders and no government.[36]

On 19 October 2014, Sri Lanka's The Nation newspaper reported that thanks to Britain's Prime Minister David Cameron and France's former President Nicolas Sarkozy "Libya is more dangerous than ever".[37]

External links

 

Documents by Muammar Gaddafi

TitleDocument typePublication dateSubject(s)Description
Document:Gaddafi's 2009 speech: "Let's call it the UN Terror Council"Speech23 September 2009NATO
European Union
United Nations General Assembly
2003 Iraq War
African Union
UN/SC
Afghanistan/2001 Invasion
ASEAN
Isratine		No one is above the UN General Assembly. All nations should be and should be seen to be on an equal footing. At present, the UN Security Council is security feudalism, political feudalism for those with permanent seats, protected by them and used against us. It should be called, not the UN Security Council, but the UN Terror Council.
Document:The White Book And The Isratine ProposalBook8 May 2003Israel
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Palestine
Isratine
Two-state solution
October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict		The White Book's Fundamental Historical Solution: “Isratine” – a single-state solution for Jews and Palestinians to live in peace. Call it the Federal Republic of the Holy Land.
Document:Gaddafi - We will live free or diespeech29 April 20112011 Attacks on Libya

 

Related Quotation

PageQuoteAuthorDate
Mario Borghezio“Gaddafi was a great leader, a true revolutionary who should not be confused with the new Libyan leadership swept into power by NATO's bayonets and by oil multinationals”Mario Borghezio2011

 

Related Documents

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:Justice for Megrahi - Black's lies matterLetter18 April 2021Patrick HaseldineDon't let Suppressor Black mess up again at the UK/Supreme Court: much better to employ an English lawyer such as Gareth Peirce with a proven track record of success (Guildford Four, Birmingham Six etc.)
Document:Libya: Fine, but why Britainarticle20 March 2011Brian BarderDavid Cameron seemingly Gung Ho on toppling the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, while Barack Obama takes a back seat
Document:Rebranded revolutionaries: Mandela, Gaddafi and CorbynArticle4 September 2016Dewi AsianabThis article is not about Mandela. It is not about Gaddafi, nor is it even really about Corbyn. It is about ideology. That of self determination, the idea that imperialist forces must be repelled and fought at every corner. It is about international solidarity with those who seek refuge from oppressors. It is about three men who share a vast amount in common.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>
File:Bloody Vengeance in Sirte.pdfreportOctober 2012A harrowing report on the final days of Muammar Gaddafi, notable less for its background analysis of the 2011 NATO sponsored Libyan conflict, or its recommendations which are standard fare but pointedly fail to even mention Foreign/NATO culpability which is assumed to have been legitimate, but rather for an authoritative account of just one small instance of the raw barbarity which NATO played such a major part in enabling - under the banner of 'Humanitarian Intervention'.
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References

  1. ↑ "Wheelus Air Base - 70 years of foreign military influence on the shores of Tripoli, Libya"
  2. ↑ "Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'"
  3. ↑ "The Rise and Fall of Muammar Gaddafi"
  4. ↑ "RT: The real reason Gaddafi was killed"
  5. ↑ "Colonel Muammar Gaddafi obituary"
  6. ↑ [1]
  7. ↑ [2]
  8. ↑ [3]
  9. ↑ [4]
  10. ↑ "Colonel Gaddafi Biography"
  11. ↑ "Muammar Gaddafi interviewed on Australian TV"
  12. ↑ "Libya's letter of 15 August 2003 to UN Security Council"
  13. ↑ "Tony Blair 'visited Libya to lobby for JP Morgan'"
  14. ↑ "Obama Shakes Hands with Gaddafi"
  15. ↑ "Colonel Gaddafi's speech to the UN General Assembly"
  16. ↑ "CIA Planned Gaddafi's Overthrow Thirty Years Ago"
  17. ↑ https://eyegambia.org/they-will-create-the-virus-pretend-and-sell-the-antidotes-muammar-gaddafi , September 2009
  18. ↑ "Lockerbie bomber's family preparing to sue Britain for false imprisonment"
  19. ↑ "Reagan phone call to Thatcher at Downing Street"
  20. ↑ "Exploding Lockerbie – Part 2"
  21. ↑ "Lockerbie conspiracy by Thatcher and Reagan"
  22. ↑ "British Parliament Confirms: Libya War was Based on Lies"
  23. ↑ "Financial Heist of the Century: Confiscating Libya’s Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF)"
  24. ↑ "BBC Radio interview with Saif al-Islam"
  25. ↑ "The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (case against Muammar Gaddafi terminated on 22 November 2011, following his death)"
  26. ↑ "The Assassination of Gaddafi – GRTV Backgrounder"
  27. ↑ "Mystery of British woman linked to Gaddafi's doomed getaway as it emerges son Saif 'is hiding in Sahara'"
  28. ↑ "Muammar Gaddafi: How he died"
  29. ↑ "SA Mercenaries were misled"
  30. ↑ "Destroying Libya and World Order: The Three-Decade U.S. Campaign to Terminate the Qaddafi Revolution"
  31. ↑ “'We Came! We Saw! He Died!': Reflections On Libya"
  32. ↑ "What's happening in Libya and who was Colonel Gaddafi?"
  33. ↑ "Secret MI6 plot to help Col Gaddafi escape Libya revealed"
  34. ↑ "In It Together: The Inside Story of the Coalition Government"
  35. ↑ "The New Libya’s First Mistake" By Christopher Hitchens
  36. ↑ "Head of False Libyan Revolution Admits Gaddafi did not Kill Protesters"
  37. ↑ "Libya is more dangerous than ever"
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