Difference between revisions of "Pedro Pablo Kuczynski"

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{{person
 
{{person
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski
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|spartacus=
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|nationality=Peruvian
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|twitter=
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|image=Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.jpg
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|image=
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|birth_date=3 October 1938
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|birth_date=
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|birth_place=Lima, Peru
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|birth_place=
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|description=Bankster who attended the [[1988 Bilderberg]] as an ex Peruvian Minister of Energy and Mines. Later [[President of Peru]]. Resigned after certain videos were released.
 
|death_date=
 
|death_date=
 
|death_place=
 
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|constitutes=economist, politician
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|constitutes=bankster, politician, deep state operative?
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|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski
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|spouses=Jane Casey
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|alma_mater= Markham College,Rossall School,Exeter College (Oxford), Princeton University
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|website=http://ppk.pe
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|birth_name=Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard
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|children=Alex Kuczynski
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|relatives=Miguel Jorge Kuczynski Godard,Jean-Luc Godard,Harold Varmus
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|religion=Roman Catholic
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|political_parties=Independent, Peruvians for Change
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|children=Carolina, Alex, John Suzanne
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|employment={{job
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|title=President of Peru
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|start=28 July 2016
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|end=23 March 2018
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}}{{job
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|title=Prime Minister of Peru
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|start=16 August 2005
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|end=27 July 2006
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}}{{job
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|title=Peru/Minister of Economy and Finance
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|start=16 February 2004
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|end=16 August 2005
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}}{{job
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|title=Peru/Minister of Economy and Finance
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|start=28 July 2001
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|end=11 July 2002
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}}{{job
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|title=Co-chairman
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|start=1983
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|end=1992
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|employer=First Boston
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}}{{job
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|title=Peru/Minister of Energy and Mines
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|start=28 July 1980
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|end=3 August 1982
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}}{{job
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|title=Partner
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|start=1973
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|end=1975
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|employer=Kuhn Loeb & Co
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}}{{job
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|title=Regional economist
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|start=1961
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|end=1967
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|employer=World Bank
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Pedro Pablo Kuczynski''' introduced the session on ''How To Handle A World Awash With Public And Private Debt?'' at the [[1988 Bilderberg]].<ref name=bb1988report>[[File:Bilderberg-Conference-Report-1988.pdf]]</ref>
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}}
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'''Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard''' is a Peruvian economist, politician and [[public administrator]] who was [[President of Peru]] from 2016 to 2018, when he resigned because of corruption charges.
 +
 
 +
Having spent his early career in the [[World Bank]] and international finance with ties to the [[Rockefellers]], he returned to Peru to give sweet deals to international mining and oil companies as manager of the central bank and as mining minister.
 +
 
 +
As co-chairman of the bank [[First Boston]], Kuczynski attended the [[1988 Bilderberg conference]], where he introduced the session on ''How To Handle A World Awash With Public And Private Debt?''<ref name=bb1988report>[[File:Bilderberg-Conference-Report-1988.pdf]]</ref>, a debt trap he had actively helped create in his banking career.
 +
 
 +
He later became [[Prime Minister of Peru]]  and [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)|Minister of Economy and Finance]] during the presidency of [[Alejandro Toledo]]. Kuczynski resigned from the presidency on 23 March 2018, following a successful impeachment vote and days before a probable conviction vote.<ref>https://peru21.pe/politica/crisis-toco-fondo-ppk-renuncia-vacancia-analisis-400367</ref> Since 10 April 2019 he has been in [[Remand (detention)|pretrial detention]], due to an ongoing investigation on corruption, money laundering, and connections to [[Odebrecht]], a public works company accused of paying bribes.<ref>https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2019/04/19/aprueban-36-meses-de-prision-preventiva-para-pedro-pablo-kuczynski/</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Family and personal life==
 +
His father, [[Maxime Hans Kuczynski]], was born in [[Berlin]],<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8ydCgAAQBAJ&q=Max+Kuczynski+berlin+1890&pg=PA208</ref> then part of the [[German Empire]]. He was a bacteriologist who served in the [[German Army]] during [[World War I]] on the [[Balkans Campaign (World War I)|Balkan front]]. He was a renowned pathologist and tropical disease specialist, in particular expert on ''[[Verruga peruana]]'' or Carrion's disease. He trained at the [[University of Rostock|Universities of Rostock]] and [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Berlin]], where he was professor of pathology.<ref>http://www.timesofisrael.com/peru-leading-presidential-contender-is-son-of-polish-jews-who-fled-nazis/</ref>
 +
 
 +
An officer in the German Army on the Eastern and Turkish fronts in the First World War, he traveled widely in Russia, China, West Africa, and Brazil. Leaving Germany in 1933 due to his Jewish roots, he was invited to Peru in 1936 by President [[Óscar R. Benavides]] to set up the public health service in the interior of the country. Maxime Hans Kuczynski reformed the San Pablo leprosarium on the Amazon at the Brazilian frontier, set up a public health colony on the Perene river, and was later professor of tropical medicine at [[National University of San Marcos]] in Lima.<ref name="Máxime">Bartholomew Dean 2004 “El Dr. Máxime Kuczynski-Godard y la medicina social en la Amazonía peruana” Introduction in La Vida en la Amazonía Peruana: Observaciones de un medico. by Máxime Kuczynski-Godard. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Serie Clásicos Sanmarquinos) (Compilation and introductory essay of second edition, originally published in 1944)</ref><ref>http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibVirtual/Libros/Medicina/vida_amazon/ficha.htm</ref>
 +
 
 +
Kuczynski has been married twice, first to Jane Dudley Casey, the daughter of [[Joseph E. Casey]], a former member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] for the 3rd district of Massachusetts. Their children are businesswoman Carolina Madeleine Kuczynski, the New York Times journalist [[Alex Kuczynski]],<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/style/weddings-celebrations-alex-kuczynski-charles-stevenson-jr.html</ref> and John-Michael Kuczynski. Kuczynski and Casey divorced in 1995. Kuczynski's second wife is [[Nancy Lange]], an American and the [[First Lady of Peru]] until Kuczynski's resignation in 2018.=
 +
 
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==Education==
 +
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski received his early education at [[Markham College]] in Lima, and the [[Rossall School]] ([[Lancashire, England]]), where he was a pupil in the Maltese Cross House between 1953 and 1956. He won a foundation scholarship to study at [[Exeter College, Oxford]], and graduated with a degree in [[politics, philosophy and economics]] in 1960. Later, he received the John Parker Compton fellowship to study public affairs at [[Princeton University]] in the United States, where he received a [[master's degree]] in 1961.
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==Career==
 +
He began his career at the [[World Bank]] in 1961 as a regional economist for six countries in [[Central America]], [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name="profile">http://perureports.com/pedro-pablo-kuczynski/</ref>
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 +
In 1967, Kuczynski returned to Peru to work at the country's central bank during the presidency of [[Fernando Belaúnde]]. Kuczynski went into exile in the [[United States]] in 1969 due to political persecution after Belaunde's government fell to the military dictatorship of General [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] in a [[coup d'état]]. The newly installed government accused Kuczynski of funnelling about $18 million (equivalent to $115 million in 2016) to [[Nelson Rockefeller]]’s International Petroleum Company. He joined the [[World Bank]] as the chief economist managing the northern countries of [[Latin America]], moving on to become Chief of Policy Planning.<ref>https://archivesholdings.worldbank.org/individual-staff-members-kuczynski-pedro-pablo</ref>
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From 1973 to 1975, he was a partner of [[Kuhn, Loeb & Co.]],<ref>https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/fil-d-actualite/36785-perou-les-grandes-dates-de-pedro-pablo-kuczynski.html</ref> the international [[investment bank]] headquartered in [[New York City]]. In 1975, he returned to [[Washington, D.C.]] to become chief economist for the [[International Finance Corporation]], the private finance arm of the World Bank. Subsequently, he was appointed President of [[Halco Mining]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], an [[Consortium|international consortium]] mining company with operations in [[West Africa]].<ref>https://doi.org/10.2307%2F165541</ref>
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 +
From 1983 to 1992, he was co-chairman of [[First Boston]] in New York City, an international investment bank. In 1992, he founded, with six other partners, the Latin American Enterprise Fund (LAEF) in Miami, Florida, a [[private equity firm]] that focused on investments in [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. The institutional investors in LAEF included more than 15 of the world's largest university endowments, foundations, and pension funds. in 1983, he was a founding member of the [[Inter-American Dialogue]] and remained a member until 1997.<ref>http://www.amchamchile.cl/UserFiles/File/C.V.PPK%20English%20may%202007.pdf</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Career==
 +
In 1980, following the election of [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] as president, Kuczynski was invited to return to Peru to be [[Cabinet of Peru|Minister of Energy and Mines]]. In this position, he sponsored law 23231 which, through [[tax exemption]]s and other incentives, promoted oil and gas exploration and exploitation after a period of relative neglect. Kuczynski resigned in 1982 and returned to the private sector in the United States. During the second round of the [[2016 Peruvian general election|2016 presidential campaign]], he claimed that he had left Peru due to the threats and attacks from the [[Shining Path]] insurgent group: "Let's remember that the terrorists not only hung my [[effigy]] on the ''zanjón'' (a local denomination for Paseo de La República avenue in Lima) and in [[Plaza San Martín (Lima)|San Martín square]], but they attacked my apartment. Just as 3 million Peruvians, I left the country". This was in response to an attack by election opponent [[Keiko Fujimori]] (daughter of then-imprisoned former president [[Alberto Fujimori]] and main rival of PPK in the second round of elections) who claimed that Kuczynski did not "have moral authority to [[internal conflict in Peru|speak of terrorism]]".<ref>http://peru21.pe/politica/ppk-keiko-fujimori-me-fui-peru-amenazas-sendero-luminoso-2246416</ref>
 +
 
 +
During the rest of the 1980s and 1990s, Kuczynski was mainly involved in the private-equity fund-management business in the United States. He made small personal donations to the presidential campaigns of [[George H. W. Bush]] and of [[George W. Bush]] and to the state-senator campaign of his wife's cousin in [[Wisconsin]]. He additionally made donations to [[United States Senate|New York Senator]] [[Chuck Schumer]] and [[New Jersey]] [[Senate|Senator]] [[Bill Bradley 2000 presidential campaign|Bill Bradley]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110325064014/http://diario16.com.pe/noticia/2689-las-donaciones-a-los-bush</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Corruption==
 +
Kuczynski resigned the presidency on 21 March 2018 following the release of videos showing acts of [[vote buying]].<ref name=REPresign>http://larepublica.pe/politica/1214846-ppk-presento-su-renuncia-a-la-presidencia-del-peru-tras-keikovideos</ref><ref name=GESTresign>https://gestion.pe/peru/pedro-pablo-kuczynski-renuncia-presidencia-peru-229887</ref> He was succeeded as President by his First Vice President [[Martín Vizcarra]].
 +
 
 +
=== Lava Jato Case ===
 +
On April 10, 2019, he was arrested along with his secretary Gloria Kisic Wagner and his ex-driver José Luis Bernaola for an alleged crime of money laundering in the Odebrecht case.<ref>https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/03/24/actualidad/1521919329_268256.html</ref> In turn, he authorized the Prosecutor's Office to search for 48 hours the homes linked to their surroundings in search of documents related to that case.
 +
 
 +
On April 19, 2019, Judge Jorge Chávez issued three years of preventive detention against Kuczynski, who received the news at a clinic in Lima where he was hospitalized for a cardiac intervention derived from a hypertension crisis. For Gloria Kisic Wagner and José Luis Bernaola, the judge rejected preventive detention and ordered that both serve a restricted appearance.
 +
 
 +
On May 2, 2019, he left the clinic where he was hospitalized and was transferred to his home where he is currently serving 36 months of house arrest.<ref>https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/05/03/pedro-pablo-kuczynski-abandono-la-clinica-donde-estaba-internado-y-cumplira-arresto-domiciliario-en-lima/</ref>
 +
 
 +
=== Pandora Papers ===
 +
In the Pandora Papers leak of 3 October 2021, Kuczynski was named in the revealed documents.<ref name=":2">https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-10-03/pandora-papers-in-latin-america-three-active-heads-of-state-and-11-former-presidents-operated-in-tax-havens.html</ref><ref name=":0">https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/pandora-papers-pedro-pablo-kuczynski-sebastian-pinera-y-otros-lideres-latinoamericanos-mencionados-en-investigacion-del-icij-ppk-noticia</ref> The leak showed that when Kuczynski was Minister of the Economy in July 2004, he created Dorado Asset Management LTD with the help of OMC Group in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=":0" />
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{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
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|date=08.08.2022
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|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski
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Latest revision as of 08:34, 10 August 2022

Person.png Pedro Pablo Kuczynski   Sourcewatch WebsiteRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(bankster, politician, deep state operative?)
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.jpg
BornPedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard
3 October 1938
Lima, Peru
NationalityPeruvian
Alma materMarkham College, Rossall School, Exeter College (Oxford), Princeton University
ReligionRoman Catholic
Children • Carolina
• Alex
• John Suzanne
SpouseJane Casey
PartyIndependent, Peruvians for Change
Relatives • Miguel Jorge Kuczynski Godard
• Jean-Luc Godard
• Harold Varmus
Bankster who attended the 1988 Bilderberg as an ex Peruvian Minister of Energy and Mines. Later President of Peru. Resigned after certain videos were released.

Employment.png President of Peru

In office
28 July 2016 - 23 March 2018
Succeeded byMartín Vizcarra

Employment.png Prime Minister of Peru

In office
16 August 2005 - 27 July 2006

Employment.png Peru/Minister of Economy and Finance

In office
16 February 2004 - 16 August 2005

Employment.png Peru/Minister of Economy and Finance

In office
28 July 2001 - 11 July 2002

Employment.png Co-chairman

In office
1983 - 1992
EmployerFirst Boston

Employment.png Peru/Minister of Energy and Mines

In office
28 July 1980 - 3 August 1982

Employment.png Partner

In office
1973 - 1975
EmployerKuhn Loeb & Co

Employment.png Regional economist

In office
1961 - 1967
EmployerWorld Bank

Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard is a Peruvian economist, politician and public administrator who was President of Peru from 2016 to 2018, when he resigned because of corruption charges.

Having spent his early career in the World Bank and international finance with ties to the Rockefellers, he returned to Peru to give sweet deals to international mining and oil companies as manager of the central bank and as mining minister.

As co-chairman of the bank First Boston, Kuczynski attended the 1988 Bilderberg conference, where he introduced the session on How To Handle A World Awash With Public And Private Debt?[1], a debt trap he had actively helped create in his banking career.

He later became Prime Minister of Peru and Minister of Economy and Finance during the presidency of Alejandro Toledo. Kuczynski resigned from the presidency on 23 March 2018, following a successful impeachment vote and days before a probable conviction vote.[2] Since 10 April 2019 he has been in pretrial detention, due to an ongoing investigation on corruption, money laundering, and connections to Odebrecht, a public works company accused of paying bribes.[3]

Family and personal life

His father, Maxime Hans Kuczynski, was born in Berlin,[4] then part of the German Empire. He was a bacteriologist who served in the German Army during World War I on the Balkan front. He was a renowned pathologist and tropical disease specialist, in particular expert on Verruga peruana or Carrion's disease. He trained at the Universities of Rostock and Berlin, where he was professor of pathology.[5]

An officer in the German Army on the Eastern and Turkish fronts in the First World War, he traveled widely in Russia, China, West Africa, and Brazil. Leaving Germany in 1933 due to his Jewish roots, he was invited to Peru in 1936 by President Óscar R. Benavides to set up the public health service in the interior of the country. Maxime Hans Kuczynski reformed the San Pablo leprosarium on the Amazon at the Brazilian frontier, set up a public health colony on the Perene river, and was later professor of tropical medicine at National University of San Marcos in Lima.[6][7]

Kuczynski has been married twice, first to Jane Dudley Casey, the daughter of Joseph E. Casey, a former member of the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd district of Massachusetts. Their children are businesswoman Carolina Madeleine Kuczynski, the New York Times journalist Alex Kuczynski,[8] and John-Michael Kuczynski. Kuczynski and Casey divorced in 1995. Kuczynski's second wife is Nancy Lange, an American and the First Lady of Peru until Kuczynski's resignation in 2018.=

Education

Pedro Pablo Kuczynski received his early education at Markham College in Lima, and the Rossall School (Lancashire, England), where he was a pupil in the Maltese Cross House between 1953 and 1956. He won a foundation scholarship to study at Exeter College, Oxford, and graduated with a degree in politics, philosophy and economics in 1960. Later, he received the John Parker Compton fellowship to study public affairs at Princeton University in the United States, where he received a master's degree in 1961.

Career

He began his career at the World Bank in 1961 as a regional economist for six countries in Central America, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[9]

In 1967, Kuczynski returned to Peru to work at the country's central bank during the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde. Kuczynski went into exile in the United States in 1969 due to political persecution after Belaunde's government fell to the military dictatorship of General Juan Velasco Alvarado in a coup d'état. The newly installed government accused Kuczynski of funnelling about $18 million (equivalent to $115 million in 2016) to Nelson Rockefeller’s International Petroleum Company. He joined the World Bank as the chief economist managing the northern countries of Latin America, moving on to become Chief of Policy Planning.[10]

From 1973 to 1975, he was a partner of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.,[11] the international investment bank headquartered in New York City. In 1975, he returned to Washington, D.C. to become chief economist for the International Finance Corporation, the private finance arm of the World Bank. Subsequently, he was appointed President of Halco Mining in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, an international consortium mining company with operations in West Africa.[12]

From 1983 to 1992, he was co-chairman of First Boston in New York City, an international investment bank. In 1992, he founded, with six other partners, the Latin American Enterprise Fund (LAEF) in Miami, Florida, a private equity firm that focused on investments in Mexico, Central and South America. The institutional investors in LAEF included more than 15 of the world's largest university endowments, foundations, and pension funds. in 1983, he was a founding member of the Inter-American Dialogue and remained a member until 1997.[13]

Career

In 1980, following the election of Fernando Belaúnde Terry as president, Kuczynski was invited to return to Peru to be Minister of Energy and Mines. In this position, he sponsored law 23231 which, through tax exemptions and other incentives, promoted oil and gas exploration and exploitation after a period of relative neglect. Kuczynski resigned in 1982 and returned to the private sector in the United States. During the second round of the 2016 presidential campaign, he claimed that he had left Peru due to the threats and attacks from the Shining Path insurgent group: "Let's remember that the terrorists not only hung my effigy on the zanjón (a local denomination for Paseo de La República avenue in Lima) and in San Martín square, but they attacked my apartment. Just as 3 million Peruvians, I left the country". This was in response to an attack by election opponent Keiko Fujimori (daughter of then-imprisoned former president Alberto Fujimori and main rival of PPK in the second round of elections) who claimed that Kuczynski did not "have moral authority to speak of terrorism".[14]

During the rest of the 1980s and 1990s, Kuczynski was mainly involved in the private-equity fund-management business in the United States. He made small personal donations to the presidential campaigns of George H. W. Bush and of George W. Bush and to the state-senator campaign of his wife's cousin in Wisconsin. He additionally made donations to New York Senator Chuck Schumer and New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley[15]

Corruption

Kuczynski resigned the presidency on 21 March 2018 following the release of videos showing acts of vote buying.[16][17] He was succeeded as President by his First Vice President Martín Vizcarra.

Lava Jato Case

On April 10, 2019, he was arrested along with his secretary Gloria Kisic Wagner and his ex-driver José Luis Bernaola for an alleged crime of money laundering in the Odebrecht case.[18] In turn, he authorized the Prosecutor's Office to search for 48 hours the homes linked to their surroundings in search of documents related to that case.

On April 19, 2019, Judge Jorge Chávez issued three years of preventive detention against Kuczynski, who received the news at a clinic in Lima where he was hospitalized for a cardiac intervention derived from a hypertension crisis. For Gloria Kisic Wagner and José Luis Bernaola, the judge rejected preventive detention and ordered that both serve a restricted appearance.

On May 2, 2019, he left the clinic where he was hospitalized and was transferred to his home where he is currently serving 36 months of house arrest.[19]

Pandora Papers

In the Pandora Papers leak of 3 October 2021, Kuczynski was named in the revealed documents.[20][21] The leak showed that when Kuczynski was Minister of the Economy in July 2004, he created Dorado Asset Management LTD with the help of OMC Group in the British Virgin Islands.[21]


 

Event Participated in

EventStartEndLocation(s)Description
Bilderberg/19883 June 19885 June 1988Austria
Interalpen-Hotel
Telfs-Buchen		The 36th meeting, 114 participants
Many thanks to our Patrons who cover ~2/3 of our hosting bill. Please join them if you can.


References

  1. ↑ File:Bilderberg-Conference-Report-1988.pdf
  2. ↑ https://peru21.pe/politica/crisis-toco-fondo-ppk-renuncia-vacancia-analisis-400367
  3. ↑ https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2019/04/19/aprueban-36-meses-de-prision-preventiva-para-pedro-pablo-kuczynski/
  4. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8ydCgAAQBAJ&q=Max+Kuczynski+berlin+1890&pg=PA208
  5. ↑ http://www.timesofisrael.com/peru-leading-presidential-contender-is-son-of-polish-jews-who-fled-nazis/
  6. ↑ Bartholomew Dean 2004 “El Dr. Máxime Kuczynski-Godard y la medicina social en la Amazonía peruana” Introduction in La Vida en la Amazonía Peruana: Observaciones de un medico. by Máxime Kuczynski-Godard. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Serie Clásicos Sanmarquinos) (Compilation and introductory essay of second edition, originally published in 1944)
  7. ↑ http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibVirtual/Libros/Medicina/vida_amazon/ficha.htm
  8. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/style/weddings-celebrations-alex-kuczynski-charles-stevenson-jr.html
  9. ↑ http://perureports.com/pedro-pablo-kuczynski/
  10. ↑ https://archivesholdings.worldbank.org/individual-staff-members-kuczynski-pedro-pablo
  11. ↑ https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/fil-d-actualite/36785-perou-les-grandes-dates-de-pedro-pablo-kuczynski.html
  12. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2307%2F165541
  13. ↑ http://www.amchamchile.cl/UserFiles/File/C.V.PPK%20English%20may%202007.pdf
  14. ↑ http://peru21.pe/politica/ppk-keiko-fujimori-me-fui-peru-amenazas-sendero-luminoso-2246416
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110325064014/http://diario16.com.pe/noticia/2689-las-donaciones-a-los-bush
  16. ↑ http://larepublica.pe/politica/1214846-ppk-presento-su-renuncia-a-la-presidencia-del-peru-tras-keikovideos
  17. ↑ https://gestion.pe/peru/pedro-pablo-kuczynski-renuncia-presidencia-peru-229887
  18. ↑ https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/03/24/actualidad/1521919329_268256.html
  19. ↑ https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/05/03/pedro-pablo-kuczynski-abandono-la-clinica-donde-estaba-internado-y-cumplira-arresto-domiciliario-en-lima/
  20. ↑ https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-10-03/pandora-papers-in-latin-america-three-active-heads-of-state-and-11-former-presidents-operated-in-tax-havens.html
  21. ↑ a b https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/pandora-papers-pedro-pablo-kuczynski-sebastian-pinera-y-otros-lideres-latinoamericanos-mencionados-en-investigacion-del-icij-ppk-noticia
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