1870

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( 1870s: )     1870
year 1870

Events

January–March

• January 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil.
• February 9 – The U.S. Army Weather Bureau is created within the Army Signal Corps.
• February 12 – Women's suffrage: Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory.
• February 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends, and it is readmitted to the Union.
• February 26 – In New York City, the first pneumatic subway is opened, Beach Pneumatic Transit.
• February 26 – The German Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg.
• February 27 – The circle of the sun flag of Japan is adopted as the national flag for Japanese merchant ships, by proclamation of the Daijō-kan.
• March – The Mitsubishi Company is established in Japan as a shipping firm, by Iwasaki Yatarō with Thomas Blake Glover.
• March 1 – Battle of Cerro Corá, Paraguay: Marshal Francisco Solano López's last troops are cornered by those of the Triple Alliance. López refuses to surrender and is killed, ending the Paraguayan War.
• March 4 – Red River Rebellion: Thomas Scott is executed by Louis Riel's provisional government, in modern-day Manitoba, Canada.
• March 10 – The Deutsche Bank is founded in Berlin.
• March 18 – Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870, passed in British India.

April–June

• May 20 – Charles Craufurd Hay becomes acting Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.
• June 8 – The final splice on the first telegraph submarine cable between Great Britain and India is made.
• June 23 The first message by electric telegraph using the Great Britain to India submarine cable is sent from London.
• June 28 – American President Ulysses S. Grant signs an act making the United States Independence Day Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's Day federal holidays in the United States.

July–September

• July 14 – The Ems Dispatch is published, serving as casus belli for a war between Prussia and France.
• July 15 - Reconstruction Era: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union.
• July 18 – Pastor aeternus: Pope Pius IX declares papal infallibility, in matters of faith and morals.
• July 19 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.
• July 30 – The 'Diggers' Republic' is proclaimed at Klipdrift in South Africa by diamond miners, with Stafford Parker as president.
• August 8 – The Republic of Ploiești, an uprising against Domnitor Carol of Romania, fails.
• August 24 – The Red River Rebellion in Canada ends with the arrival of the Wolseley Expedition and the flight of Louis Riel.
• September 2 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan – Prussian forces defeat the French armies, and take Emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan.
• September 4 – Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed, and the Third Republic is declared. Empress Eugénie flees to England with her children.
• September 19 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Paris begins.
• September 20 – With Bersaglieri soldiers entering Rome at Porta Pia, the unification of Italy is completed, ending the last remnant of the Papal States and Papal temporal power.

October–December

• October 2 – A plebiscite held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.
• October 6 – Rome becomes the capital of Italy.
• October 8 – Léon Gambetta escapes besieged Paris in a hot-air balloon.
• October 20 – The First Vatican Council adjourns.
• October 26 – The Chinese leaders of June's Tianjin Massacre of foreigners are executed by the China's Imperial government.
• October 27 – Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Metz – Marshal François Achille Bazaine, commanding the French left wing, is forced by starvation to surrender the fortifications of Metz.
• November 12 – Dresdner Bank is founded in Germany.
• November 16 – The Spanish Cortes Generales proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King Amadeus I of Spain.
• December 28 – Juan Prim, prime minister of Spain, is shot by unknown assassins on leaving the Cortes, dying two days later.
• December 31
  • Sir Henry Barkly is appointed Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.
  • The 12.8 km (8.0 mi) Fréjus Rail Tunnel through the Alps is completed.

Date unknown

• Japanese yen currency is introduced to supersede the mon.
• Just one of the 916 members of the Indian Civil Service is Indian.

 

Event

Event
Pax Brittanica

 

New Groups

Group	Image	Type	Description
University of Akron		Research Public	State university in Akron, Ohio
Stevens Institute of Technology
Georgetown University/Law Center		Military ranks
Syracuse University		Private research university
German Federal Foreign Office			The German Foreign Ministry
Ohio State University		PublicLand grantSea grantSpace grant	With nearly 50,000 undergraduate students and nearly 15,000 graduate students, Ohio State is one of the largest American universities.
US/DOJ		Law	As a former associate editor of the Wall Street Journal summarised "Justice is something that exists outside the borders of the United States. Never expect to find justice within the United States."

 

==A Quotation== 

Births

Title	Born	Place of birth	Died	Summary	Description
Vladimir Lenin	22 April 1870	Russian Empire Simbirsk	21 January 1924	Politician Lawyer Revolutionary	Russian communist revolutionary, a big contributor to later communist ideologies, founded the Soviet Union. Started the "red terror" - a mass campaign of political repression and executing 100.000 to 200.000 political dissidents in 1918.
Homer Stille Cummings	30 April 1870	Chicago Illinois U.S.	10 September 1956	Lawyer
Pierre Jay	4 May 1870		24 November 1949	Banker	First chairman of the New York Federal Reserve in 1913
Jan Smuts	24 May 1870	Cape Colony Bovenplaats	11 September 1950	Soldier Politician Deep state operative	UK Deep state operative and twice Prime Minister of South Africa
Reginald Hall	28 June 1870	Britford Wiltshire	22 October 1943	Spook Mariner
Bernard Baruch	19 August 1870	Camden South Carolina	20 June 1965
Patrick Duncan	21 December 1870		17 July 1943	Deep state operative

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