1813

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( 1810s: )     1813
With British money and Russian troops, this year the coalition forces France to a strategic retreat, here from the battle of Leipzig.
year 1813

Events

• March 4 - James Madison is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States.
• March 17 – Napoleonic Wars: Prussia declares war on France, and introduces the Iron Cross military award (backdated to March 10).
• March 28 – 1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic spreads from Egypt.
• June 6 - Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeed in crossing the Blue Mountains (New South Wales) and return home, opening up the vast pastoral plains that will found Australia's fortune.
• July 13 - The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
• July 23 – Sir Thomas Maitland is appointed as the first Governor of Malta, transforming the island from a British protectorate to a de facto colony.
• October 14 – After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of El Libertador.
• October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.
• October 24 – November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.
• November 21 – An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.

Date unknown

• Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology.
• In freemasonry, the Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America is founded.

 

New Groups

Group	Image	Type	Description
Colby College		Military ranks Liberal arts	Private liberal arts college in Waterville, Maine.
Netherlands/Ministry of Defence		Military	Eager and successful partner of the US and NATO in War on Terror but can't control its own national war on drugs. Implicated in war crimes in Indonesia, Bosnia & Iraq.

 

A Birth

Title	Born	Died	Summary	Description
Richard Wagner	22 May 1813	13 February 1883	Songwriter	German composer, theater director, polemicist, and conductor, with large cultural influence

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