Difference between revisions of "Jo Johnson"

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(Job data addition: Minister of State for Transport (end), Minister for London (end). Extra Job: Member of Parliamentfor Orpington. Added: parents.)
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{{person
 
{{person
 +
|name=Lord Johnson of Marylebone
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Johnson
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Johnson
 
|image=Jo_Johnson.jpg
 
|image=Jo_Johnson.jpg
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|birth_date=1971-12-23
 
|birth_date=1971-12-23
 
|death_date=
 
|death_date=
|constitutes=politician
+
|description=Younger brother of Boris Johnson, [[Bullingdon]] and other deep state connections
 +
|constitutes=politician, deep state functionary?
 
|powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Jo_Johnson
 
|powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Jo_Johnson
 
|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jo_Johnson
 
|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jo_Johnson
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|political_parties=Conservative
 
|political_parties=Conservative
 
|children=2
 
|children=2
|parents=Stanley Johnson, (father), Charlotte Johnson Wahl, (mother)
+
|parents=Stanley Johnson,Charlotte Fawcett
 
|employment={{job
 
|employment={{job
|title=Minister of State for Universities and Science
+
|title=Minister of State for Universities Science Research and Innovation
|start=11 May 2015
+
|start=24 July 2019
|end=
+
|end=5 September 2019
 
}}{{job
 
}}{{job
|title=Minister of State for the Cabinet Office
+
|title=UK/Minister of State for Transport
|start=15 July 2014
 
|end=11 May 2015
 
}}{{job
 
|title=Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit
 
|start=25 April 2013
 
|end=21 May 2015
 
}}{{job
 
|title=Member of Parliament for Orpington
 
|start=6 May 2010
 
|end=
 
}}{{job
 
|title=Minister of State for Transport
 
 
|start=9 January 2018
 
|start=9 January 2018
 
|end=9 November 2018
 
|end=9 November 2018
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|end=9 January 2018
 
|end=9 January 2018
 
}}{{job
 
}}{{job
|title=Universities and Science (2015-16)
+
|title=Minister of State for the Cabinet Office
|start=11 May 2015
+
|start=15 July 2014
|end=9 January 2018
+
|end=11 May 2015
 +
}}{{job
 +
|title=Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit
 +
|start=25 April 2013
 +
|end=21 May 2015
 
}}{{job
 
}}{{job
|title=Member of Parliamentfor Orpington
+
|title=Member of Parliament for Orpington
 
|start=6 May 2010
 
|start=6 May 2010
|end=
+
|end=6 November 2019
 
}}
 
}}
 
}}
 
}}
'''Joseph 'Jo' Johnson''' (born 23 December 1971) is a British [[Conservative Party]] politician, who has been the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for Orpington since the 2010 United Kingdom General Election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/d46.stm |title=Election 2010: Orpington |work=BBC News|accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref>  
+
'''Joseph Edmund Johnson, Baron Johnson of Marylebone''' (born 23 December 1971) is a British [[Conservative Party]] politician, who was the [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for Orpington from 2010 to 2019<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/d46.stm</ref>  
  
 
The younger brother of [[Boris Johnson]], Jo Johnson resigned from [[Theresa May]]'s government on 9 November 2018, citing the failure of the [[Brexit]] negotiations to achieve what had been promised during the [[EU Referendum]] and his wish to campaign for a new [[People's Vote]].<ref>''[https://medium.com/@JoJohnsonUK/why-i-cannot-support-the-governments-proposed-brexit-deal-3d289f95f2bc "Why I cannot support the Government’s proposed Brexit deal"]''</ref>
 
The younger brother of [[Boris Johnson]], Jo Johnson resigned from [[Theresa May]]'s government on 9 November 2018, citing the failure of the [[Brexit]] negotiations to achieve what had been promised during the [[EU Referendum]] and his wish to campaign for a new [[People's Vote]].<ref>''[https://medium.com/@JoJohnsonUK/why-i-cannot-support-the-governments-proposed-brexit-deal-3d289f95f2bc "Why I cannot support the Government’s proposed Brexit deal"]''</ref>
  
In 2013 [[David Cameron]] made Johnson Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit, and in 2014 [[Minister of State for the Cabinet Office]]. Johnson served as Minister for Universities and Science from the [[2015 General Election]] to 2018,<ref>Jonathan Amos ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32698484 "Jo Johnson is new science minister"]'', BBC News, 11 May 2015</ref> and [[Minister for Transport]] and [[Minister for London]] from the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle to his resignation in November 2018.
+
On 24 July 2019, [[Boris Johnson]] appointed Jo Johnson Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation meaning he would be attending the meetings of the cabinet, and was appointed to the privy council the next day. On 5 September 2019, Jo Johnson resigned from the government and announced he would stand down as MP, describing his position as "torn between family and national interest". He stood down at the [[UK/2019 General Election]] rather than resigning, therefore minimising any potential political embarrassment for his brother, the prime minister.<ref>''[https://twitter.com/JoJohnsonUK/status/1169555292918571008 "Time for others to take on my roles as MP & Minister. #overandout"]''</ref>
 +
 
 +
On 31 July 2020, the announcement was made of Johnson's elevation to the [[House of Lords]] as part of the 2019 Dissolution Honours and he was created Baron Johnson of Marylebone in the City of Westminster on 12 October 2020.<ref>''[https://members.parliament.uk/member/4039/contact "Lord Johnson of Marylebone"]''</ref>
  
 
==Connections==
 
==Connections==
Jo Johnson attended Balliol College, Oxford where he was a member of the [[Bullingdon Club]] together with [[Harry Mount]], [[Nat Rothschild]] and [[George Osborne]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2180095/Georges-bully-boys-Oozing-entitlement-young-Osborne-poses-Oxfords-infamous-Bullingdon-Club-newly-discovered-photo-But-they.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=George's bully boys: Oozing entitlement, a young Osborne poses with Oxford's infamous Bullingdon Club in a newly discovered photo. But who were they?}}</ref> with whom he remains a close friend.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2173628/George-Osborne-Chancellor-high-society-Bullingdon-Club-Oxford-Year-Two--things-looking-.html?ito=feeds-newsxml | location=London | work=Daily Mail | title=Osborne and the Bullingdon Club, Take 2: New picture of the Chancellor in Oxford high society club emerges as student reveals 'George's friends locked me in Portaloo'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blog/george-osborne-gdp-jo-johnson/|title=Good news for the chancellor|first=Jay|last=Elwes|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2013-04-25/jo-johnson-is-his-own-man-who-is-very-different-to-boris/|title=Jo Johnson is his own man who is very different to Boris|publisher=}}</ref>
+
Jo Johnson attended [[Balliol College, Oxford]] where he was a member of the [[Bullingdon Club]] together with [[Harry Mount]], [[Nat Rothschild]] and [[George Osborne]],<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2180095/Georges-bully-boys-Oozing-entitlement-young-Osborne-poses-Oxfords-infamous-Bullingdon-Club-newly-discovered-photo-But-they.html</ref> with whom he remains a close friend.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2173628/George-Osborne-Chancellor-high-society-Bullingdon-Club-Oxford-Year-Two--things-looking-.html?ito=feeds-newsxml</ref><ref>http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blog/george-osborne-gdp-jo-johnson/</ref><ref>http://www.itv.com/news/2013-04-25/jo-johnson-is-his-own-man-who-is-very-different-to-boris/</ref>
  
 
==Parliamentary career==
 
==Parliamentary career==
In 2010, Jo Johnson was selected as the [[Conservative Party]] parliamentary candidate for the safe seat of Orpington in the London Borough of Bromley from a shortlist of six contenders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/2009/12/jo-johnson-selected-for-orpington-after-six-ballots-including-a-tie.html |title=Jo Johnson selected for Orpington after six ballots including a tie |publisher=ConservativeHome}}</ref> He retained the seat, tripling the Conservative majority of his predecessor [[John Horam]] to over 17,000 at the 2010 General Election. His majority increased again in the 2015 General Election to 19,979.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/bromley/8152708.VOTE_2010__Jo_Johnson_wins_Orpington/?ref=mr|title=VOTE 2010: Jo Johnson wins Orpington|work=News Shopper|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref>
+
In 2010, Jo Johnson was selected as the [[Conservative Party]] parliamentary candidate for the safe seat of Orpington in the London Borough of Bromley from a shortlist of six contenders.<ref>http://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/2009/12/jo-johnson-selected-for-orpington-after-six-ballots-including-a-tie.html</ref> He retained the seat, tripling the Conservative majority of his predecessor [[John Horam]] to over 17,000 at the 2010 General Election. His majority increased again in the 2015 General Election to 19,979.<ref>http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/bromley/8152708.VOTE_2010__Jo_Johnson_wins_Orpington/?ref=mr</ref>
  
Against the national trend, he increased the Conservative share of the vote in the constituency by 5.5% points to 62.9% at the 2017 General Election, although his majority declined to 19,453. By numerical vote share, Johnson's seat of Orpington is the safest Conservative seat in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000872|title=Orpington|work=BBC News|date=9 June 2017|accessdate=8 January 2018}}</ref>  
+
Against the national trend, he increased the Conservative share of the vote in the constituency by 5.5% points to 62.9% at the 2017 General Election, although his majority declined to 19,453. By numerical vote share, Johnson's seat of Orpington is the safest Conservative seat in London.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000872</ref>  
  
 
===Downing Street Policy Unit ===
 
===Downing Street Policy Unit ===
On 25 April 2013, he was appointed Head of the Number 10 Policy Unit by [[David Cameron]] to help develop the 2015 Conservative manifesto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/jo-johnson-to-head-downing-street-policy-unit/|title=Jo Johnson to head Downing Street Policy Unit - GOV.UK|website=www.number10.gov.uk}}</ref>
+
On 25 April 2013, he was appointed Head of the Number 10 Policy Unit by [[David Cameron]] to help develop the 2015 Conservative manifesto.<ref>http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/jo-johnson-to-head-downing-street-policy-unit/</ref>
  
As a junior Cabinet Office minister, he chaired a newly created Conservative Parliamentary advisory board, known as the Prime Minister's Policy Board, consisting of Tory MPs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watt|first1=Nicholas|title=Jo Johnson: a left-field choice to be David Cameron's policy chief|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/25/jo-johnson-left-field-choice|accessdate=26 March 2015|work=The Guardian|date=25 April 2013}}</ref>
+
As a junior Cabinet Office minister, he chaired a newly created Conservative Parliamentary advisory board, known as the Prime Minister's Policy Board, consisting of Tory MPs.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/25/jo-johnson-left-field-choice</ref>
  
 
===Minister for Universities and Science===
 
===Minister for Universities and Science===
On 11 May 2015, it was announced that Johnson had been appointed Minister for Universities and Science at the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS).<ref>{{cite web | title= Election 2015: Who's Who in David Cameron's new cabinet|url=  https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32658697| author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date= 11 May 2015 | website= BBC News | accessdate= 11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Minister of State for Universities, Science: Jo Johnson |url=  https://www.gov.uk/government/people/jo-johnson| author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|website= Gov.uk | accessdate= 11 May 2015}}</ref> Writing about Johnson’s appointment for ''Times Higher Education'', John Morgan noted:
+
On 11 May 2015, it was announced that Johnson had been appointed Minister for Universities and Science at the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS).<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32658697</ref><ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/people/jo-johnson</ref> Writing about Johnson’s appointment for ''Times Higher Education'', John Morgan noted:
:"Mr Johnson’s reputation as a pro-European is likely to please vice-chancellors, many of whom are concerned by the Tories’ pledge to hold an [[EU Referendum|in-out referendum on EU membership]] by 2017. Universities UK pointed out that British higher education institutions benefit from around £1.2 billion in European Research Council funding each year."<ref>{{cite web | title= Jo Johnson is new minister covering higher education |url=  http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/jo-johnson-is-new-minister-covering-higher-education/2020168.article| last= Morgan| first= John| date= 11 May 2015 | work= Times Higher Education | accessdate= 11 May 2015}}</ref>
+
:"Mr Johnson’s reputation as a pro-European is likely to please vice-chancellors, many of whom are concerned by the Tories’ pledge to hold an [[EU Referendum|in-out referendum on EU membership]] by 2017. Universities UK pointed out that British higher education institutions benefit from around £1.2 billion in European Research Council funding each year."<ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/jo-johnson-is-new-minister-covering-higher-education/2020168.article|</ref>
  
In this role, Johnson introduced the [[Higher Education and Research Act 2017]], which the ''Times Higher Education'' described as the most significant legislation in 25 years. This overhauled the regulatory framework for English universities, replaced the [[Higher Education Funding Council for England]] with a new regulator, the [[Office for Students]], and established mechanisms to hold universities more accountable for the quality of teaching and student outcomes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/higher-education-and-research-bill-passed-uk-parliament|title=Higher Education and Research Bill passed by UK parliament|date=27 April 2017|publisher=}}</ref> The Act also created a new single national strategic research body, [[UK Research and Innovation]], bringing together the UK's fragmented research funding bodies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukri.org/news/science-minister-announces-new-chief-finance-officer-of-uk-research-and-innovation/|title=Science Minister announces new Chief Finance Officer of UK Research and Innovation - UK Research and Innovation|website=www.ukri.org|language=en|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>
+
In this role, Johnson introduced the [[Higher Education and Research Act 2017]], which the ''Times Higher Education'' described as the most significant legislation in 25 years. This overhauled the regulatory framework for English universities, replaced the [[Higher Education Funding Council for England]] with a new regulator, the [[Office for Students]], and established mechanisms to hold universities more accountable for the quality of teaching and student outcomes.<ref>https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/higher-education-and-research-bill-passed-uk-parliament</ref> The Act also created a new single national strategic research body, [[UK Research and Innovation]], bringing together the UK's fragmented research funding bodies.<ref>https://www.ukri.org/news/science-minister-announces-new-chief-finance-officer-of-uk-research-and-innovation/</ref>
  
 
=== Minister of Transport ===
 
=== Minister of Transport ===
On 9 January 2018, Jo Johnson left his role as Minister for Universities and accepted a new position as [[Minister of Transport]] and [[Minister for London]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Amesbury|first1=Mike|title=Jo Johnson's new jobs show northern transport again taking backseat|url=https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2018/jan/12/jo-johnson-minister-transport-london-north|work=the Guardian|date=12 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>
+
On 9 January 2018, Jo Johnson left his role as Minister for Universities and accepted a new position as [[Minister of State for Transport]] and [[Minister for London]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2018/jan/12/jo-johnson-minister-transport-london-north</ref>
  
On 9 November 2018, Johnson resigned his position, citing disillusionment with the government’s [[Brexit]] strategy and called for a fresh vote on Brexit with an option to remain. Johnson argued that Britain was "on the brink of the greatest crisis" since [[World War II]] and claimed that what was on offer was not "anything like what was promised".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46155403|title=Minister Jo Johnson quits over Brexit|date=9 November 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=9 November 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>
+
On 9 November 2018, Johnson resigned his position, citing disillusionment with the government’s [[Brexit]] strategy and called for a fresh vote on Brexit with an option to remain. Johnson argued that Britain was "on the brink of the greatest crisis" since [[World War II]] and claimed that what was on offer was not "anything like what was promised".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46155403</ref>
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 +
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 17:36, 19 August 2022

Person.png Lord Johnson of Marylebone   Powerbase Sourcewatch WebsiteRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(politician, deep state functionary?)
Jo Johnson.jpg
BornJoseph Edmund Johnson
1971-12-23
London, England
Alma materOxford University/Balliol College, INSEAD, Université Libre de Bruxelles
ReligionAnglicanism
Parents • Stanley Johnson
• Charlotte Fawcett
Children2
SpouseAmelia Gentleman
Member ofBullingdon Club, Ditchley/Governors, Ditchley/UK, European Council on Foreign Relations, Franco-British Colloque, Königswinter
PartyConservative
Younger brother of Boris Johnson, Bullingdon and other deep state connections

Employment.png UK/Minister of State for Transport

In office
9 January 2018 - 9 November 2018

Employment.png Minister for London

In office
9 January 2018 - 9 November 2018

Employment.png Minister of State for the Cabinet Office

In office
15 July 2014 - 11 May 2015

Employment.png Director of the Number 10 Policy Unit

In office
25 April 2013 - 21 May 2015

Employment.png Member of Parliament for Orpington

In office
6 May 2010 - 6 November 2019

Joseph Edmund Johnson, Baron Johnson of Marylebone (born 23 December 1971) is a British Conservative Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Orpington from 2010 to 2019[1]

The younger brother of Boris Johnson, Jo Johnson resigned from Theresa May's government on 9 November 2018, citing the failure of the Brexit negotiations to achieve what had been promised during the EU Referendum and his wish to campaign for a new People's Vote.[2]

On 24 July 2019, Boris Johnson appointed Jo Johnson Minister of State for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation meaning he would be attending the meetings of the cabinet, and was appointed to the privy council the next day. On 5 September 2019, Jo Johnson resigned from the government and announced he would stand down as MP, describing his position as "torn between family and national interest". He stood down at the UK/2019 General Election rather than resigning, therefore minimising any potential political embarrassment for his brother, the prime minister.[3]

On 31 July 2020, the announcement was made of Johnson's elevation to the House of Lords as part of the 2019 Dissolution Honours and he was created Baron Johnson of Marylebone in the City of Westminster on 12 October 2020.[4]

Connections

Jo Johnson attended Balliol College, Oxford where he was a member of the Bullingdon Club together with Harry Mount, Nat Rothschild and George Osborne,[5] with whom he remains a close friend.[6][7][8]

Parliamentary career

In 2010, Jo Johnson was selected as the Conservative Party parliamentary candidate for the safe seat of Orpington in the London Borough of Bromley from a shortlist of six contenders.[9] He retained the seat, tripling the Conservative majority of his predecessor John Horam to over 17,000 at the 2010 General Election. His majority increased again in the 2015 General Election to 19,979.[10]

Against the national trend, he increased the Conservative share of the vote in the constituency by 5.5% points to 62.9% at the 2017 General Election, although his majority declined to 19,453. By numerical vote share, Johnson's seat of Orpington is the safest Conservative seat in London.[11]

Downing Street Policy Unit

On 25 April 2013, he was appointed Head of the Number 10 Policy Unit by David Cameron to help develop the 2015 Conservative manifesto.[12]

As a junior Cabinet Office minister, he chaired a newly created Conservative Parliamentary advisory board, known as the Prime Minister's Policy Board, consisting of Tory MPs.[13]

Minister for Universities and Science

On 11 May 2015, it was announced that Johnson had been appointed Minister for Universities and Science at the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS).[14][15] Writing about Johnson’s appointment for Times Higher Education, John Morgan noted:

"Mr Johnson’s reputation as a pro-European is likely to please vice-chancellors, many of whom are concerned by the Tories’ pledge to hold an in-out referendum on EU membership by 2017. Universities UK pointed out that British higher education institutions benefit from around £1.2 billion in European Research Council funding each year."[16]

In this role, Johnson introduced the Higher Education and Research Act 2017, which the Times Higher Education described as the most significant legislation in 25 years. This overhauled the regulatory framework for English universities, replaced the Higher Education Funding Council for England with a new regulator, the Office for Students, and established mechanisms to hold universities more accountable for the quality of teaching and student outcomes.[17] The Act also created a new single national strategic research body, UK Research and Innovation, bringing together the UK's fragmented research funding bodies.[18]

Minister of Transport

On 9 January 2018, Jo Johnson left his role as Minister for Universities and accepted a new position as Minister of State for Transport and Minister for London.[19]

On 9 November 2018, Johnson resigned his position, citing disillusionment with the government’s Brexit strategy and called for a fresh vote on Brexit with an option to remain. Johnson argued that Britain was "on the brink of the greatest crisis" since World War II and claimed that what was on offer was not "anything like what was promised".[20]

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References

  1. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/constituency/d46.stm
  2. "Why I cannot support the Government’s proposed Brexit deal"
  3. "Time for others to take on my roles as MP & Minister. #overandout"
  4. "Lord Johnson of Marylebone"
  5. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2180095/Georges-bully-boys-Oozing-entitlement-young-Osborne-poses-Oxfords-infamous-Bullingdon-Club-newly-discovered-photo-But-they.html
  6. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2173628/George-Osborne-Chancellor-high-society-Bullingdon-Club-Oxford-Year-Two--things-looking-.html?ito=feeds-newsxml
  7. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blog/george-osborne-gdp-jo-johnson/
  8. http://www.itv.com/news/2013-04-25/jo-johnson-is-his-own-man-who-is-very-different-to-boris/
  9. http://conservativehome.blogs.com/goldlist/2009/12/jo-johnson-selected-for-orpington-after-six-ballots-including-a-tie.html
  10. http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/bromley/8152708.VOTE_2010__Jo_Johnson_wins_Orpington/?ref=mr
  11. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000872
  12. http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/jo-johnson-to-head-downing-street-policy-unit/
  13. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/25/jo-johnson-left-field-choice
  14. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32658697
  15. https://www.gov.uk/government/people/jo-johnson
  16. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/jo-johnson-is-new-minister-covering-higher-education/2020168.article%7C
  17. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/higher-education-and-research-bill-passed-uk-parliament
  18. https://www.ukri.org/news/science-minister-announces-new-chief-finance-officer-of-uk-research-and-innovation/
  19. https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2018/jan/12/jo-johnson-minister-transport-london-north
  20. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46155403
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