Difference between revisions of "1823"

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|image_caption= The Great Powers gives [[France]] a mandate to invade [[Spain]] for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII as absolute monarch of the country.
 
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== Events ==
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===January–March===
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* January 22 – By secret treaty signed at the [[Congress of Verona#Spanish Question|Congress of Verona]], the [[Quintuple Alliance]] gives France a mandate to invade [[Spain]] for the purpose of restoring [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] (who has been captured by armed revolutionary liberals) as absolute monarch of the country.
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* January 23 – In Paviland Cave on the [[Gower Peninsula]] of Wales, [[William Buckland]] inspects the "[[Red Lady of Paviland]]", the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial.<ref>http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba61/feat3.shtml</ref>
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* February 11 – [[Carnival tragedy of 1823]]: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the [[Franciscan Church of St Mary of Jesus|Convent of the Minori Osservanti]] in [[Valletta]], [[Crown Colony of Malta|Malta]].
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* February 15 (approx.) –  The first officially recognised [[gold]] is found in [[Australia]], by surveyor James McBrien at [[Fish River (Oberon)|Fish River]], near [[Bathurst, New South Wales]], predating the [[Australian gold rushes]].
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* February 20 – Explorer [[James Weddell]]'s expedition to Antarctica reaches [[latitude]] 74°15'&nbsp;S and [[longitude]] 34°16'45"&nbsp;W: the [[Farthest South|southernmost position]] any ship has reached at this time, a record that will hold until 1841.
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* March 19 – Emperor [[Agustín de Iturbide]] of Mexico abdicates, thus ending the short-lived [[First Mexican Empire]].
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===April–June===
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* April 7 – French forces, the "[[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]", cross the Spanish border.
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* April 13 – [[Franz Liszt]], 11, gives a concert in Vienna, after which he is personally congratulated by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref>According to Gustav Schilling.</ref>
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* May 5 – Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] inaugurates [[Brazil]]'s first ''Assembleia Geral'', with 50 Senators and 102 Deputies.
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* May 7 – [[Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov]] in appointed as [[Governor-General]] of [[Novorossiya]] (New Russia), the portion of [[Russian Empire]] bordering the Black Sea (nowadays it constitutes southern regions of [[Ukraine]]).<ref>"Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica''  '''28''' (1910) p. 213.</ref>
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* May 9 – Russian author [[Alexander Pushkin]] begins work on his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''.
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* May 23 – The rebel Spanish government withdraws from [[Madrid]] to [[Seville]] following French attacks.
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* May 25 – The [[Catholic Association]] begins in Ireland at a meeting of 13 people at a bookseller's house on [[Capel Street]] in [[Dublin]].
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* June 5 – [[Raffles Institution]] is established (as the Singapore Institution) by the founder of [[Singapore]], Sir [[Stamford Raffles]].
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=== July–September ===
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* July 1 – The [[Federal Republic of Central America|Congress of Central America]] declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.
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* July – [[Robert Peel]] ensures the passage of five [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom]], effectively abolishing the [[death penalty]] for over one hundred offences; in particular, the [[Judgement of Death Act 1823|Judgement of Death Act]] allows judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or [[Penal transportation|transportation]].<ref>http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/timeline.html|</ref> The Transportation Act of July 4 allows convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works.
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* July 10 – The [[Gaols Act 1823|Gaols Act]] is passed by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], based on the prison reform campaign of [[Elizabeth Fry]].
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* August 1 – [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Pitt Amherst]] arrives in [[Calcutta]] with Lady Amherst, to become the new [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>''The Cambridge Modern History'', Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727</ref>
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* August 4 – [[Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop]], the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], allows [[Stephen F. Austin]] to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the [[Texas Ranger Division]].<ref>Robert M. Utley, ''Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers'' (Oxford University Press, 2002)</ref>
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* August 5 –  The [[Royal Hibernian Academy]] is founded in [[Dublin]].
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* August 16 – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nikolai]] to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin]]. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.<ref>Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, ''The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs'' (Routledge, 2015)</ref>
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* August 18 – [[Demerara rebellion of 1823]]: In British Guiana (South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.<ref>Gelien Matthews, ''Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement'' (LSU Press, 2006) p21</ref>
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* August 20 – [[Pope Pius VII]] dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as [[Emperor of France]].<ref>Charles A. Coulombe, ''Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes'' (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397</ref>
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* August 24 – [[Hugh Glass]] gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory.<ref>As featured in the 2002 novel ''[[The Revenant (novel)|The Revenant]]'' and 2015 [[The Revenant (2015 film)|film of the same title]].</ref>
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* August 31 – [[Battle of Trocadero]]: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on [[Cádiz]].
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* September 10 – [[Simón Bolívar]] is named President of [[Peru]].
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* September 22 – [[Joseph Smith]] first goes to the place near [[Manchester, New York]], where the [[golden plates]] are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).
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* September 23 – [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]: [[Burma|Burmese]] forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to [[Chittagong]].
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* September 28 – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected [[Pope Leo XII]].
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* September 30 – [[Cádiz]] surrenders to the French and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]].
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===October–December===
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* October 5 – Medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'' is founded by [[Thomas Wakley]] in London.
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* November 3 – An explosion at the Rainton Colliery Company's Plain Pit mine at [[Chilton Moor]] in the north of England, kills 57 coal miners.
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* November – According to tradition, [[William Webb Ellis]] invents the sport of [[rugby football]] at [[Rugby School]] in England.
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* December 2 – [[James Monroe]] first introduces the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in the [[State of the Union address]], declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.
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=== Undated ===
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* The [[Anglo-Ashanti wars#First Anglo-Ashanti War|first Anglo-Ashanti War]] begins.
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* ''[[Olbers' paradox]]'' is described by the German astronomer [[Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers]].
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* Work begins on the [[British Museum]] in London, designed by [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]], and the [[Altes Museum]] in Berlin, designed by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]].
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* The [[Oxford Union]] is founded as a student debating society in England.
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==References==
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Latest revision as of 09:39, 1 March 2021

1813 < 1814 < 1815 < 1816 < 1817 < 1818 < 1819 <1820 < 1821 < 1822 < 1823 > 1824 > 1825 > 1826 > 1827 > 1828 > 1829 > 1830 > 1831 > 1832 > 1833
Decade.png ( 1820s: )    Year.png 1823 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Episode of the French intervention in Spain 1823.PNG
The Great Powers gives France a mandate to invade Spain for the purpose of restoring Ferdinand VII as absolute monarch of the country.
year 1823

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Undated


 

Event

EventStartEnd
Pax Brittanica18151915

 

New Groups

GroupImageTypeDescription
University of London/BirkbeckBirkbeck, University of London crest.pngA constituent college of the University of London
Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool John Moores University Coat of Arms.jpgPublicPolytechnic university in Liverpool

 

A Birth

TitleBornPlace of birthDiedSummaryDescription
William Hunt12 June 1823Charleston
South Carolina
US		27 February 1884Lawyer
Soldier		Southern union-supporter who became United States Secretary of the Navy, Minister to the Russian Empire and a Judge of the Court of Claims.
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References

  1. ↑ http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba61/feat3.shtml
  2. ↑ According to Gustav Schilling.
  3. ↑ "Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov", in Encyclopædia Britannica 28 (1910) p. 213.
  4. ↑ http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/timeline.html%7C
  5. ↑ The Cambridge Modern History, Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727
  6. ↑ Robert M. Utley, Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers (Oxford University Press, 2002)
  7. ↑ Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs (Routledge, 2015)
  8. ↑ Gelien Matthews, Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement (LSU Press, 2006) p21
  9. ↑ Charles A. Coulombe, Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397
  10. ↑ As featured in the 2002 novel The Revenant and 2015 film of the same title.
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