Adnan Menderes
 Adnan Menderes    ( politician) | ||||||||||||||
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| Born | 1899 Koçarlı, Aydın Vilayet, Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||||
| Died | 17 September 1961 (Age 62) İmralı, Turkey | |||||||||||||
| Victim of |  execution | |||||||||||||
| Nationality | Turkish | |||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Ankara University/Law School | |||||||||||||
| Children | • Yüksel • Mutlu • Aydın | |||||||||||||
| Spouse | Berin Menderes | |||||||||||||
| Party | Liberal Republican Party, Republican People's Party, (CHP), Democrat Party, (DP) | |||||||||||||
Turkish PM for 10 years. In this role he attended 2 Bilderbergs in the 1950s. After trying to balance the United States against the Soviet Union by successfully getting a Soviet loan, he was toppled in the CIA-supported 1960 coup d'état, after which he he was executed.
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Ali Adnan Menderes was a Turkish politician who was Prime Minister of Turkey between 1950 and 1960. He was one of the founders of the Democrat Party (DP) in 1946, the fourth legal opposition party of Turkey. After trying to balance the United States against the Soviet Union by successfully getting a Soviet loan, he was toppled in the CIA-supported 1960 coup d'état. He was then tried and executed along with two other cabinet members, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan.
Contents
Early life and career
Adnan Menderes was born in 1899 in Koçarlı, Aydın Province, as a son of a wealthy landowner of Crimean Tatar origin.[1] After primary school, Menderes attended the American College in İzmir.[2] He fought against the invading Greek army during the Turkish War of Independence and was awarded a medal of honour.[3] He graduated from the Law School of Ankara University. In 1930, Adnan Menderes organized a branch of the short-lived Liberal Republican Party in Aydın.[4] After the party dissolved itself, he was invited by Atatürk himself to join the ruling Republican People's Party and was selected by the party leaders as a deputy of Aydın in 1931. In 1945, he was expelled from the party with two other colleagues due to inner-party opposition to the nationalization policies of İsmet İnönü.
In June 1945, Menderes, together with Celâl Bayar, Fuat Köprülü and Refik Koraltan demanded more political and democratic freedom in their Motion with four signatures].[5] The motion was not approved by any member of the Turkish parliament except for the four who brought the motion to parliament, and by September 1945,[5] Menderes, Köprülü and Koraltan were all stripped of their membership of the CHP[6] due to their opposition to the Turkish government. On 7 January 1946, the four formed the Democratic Party (DP)[7] and in the 1946 elections Menderes was elected deputy of the Democratic Party.[8]
Prime Minister
In the elections held on May 14, 1950, the DP received 52.7% of the vote and the CHP received 39.4%. During Adnan Menderes' 10-year term as prime minister, there have been major changes in Turkish domestic and foreign policy.
On June 6, 1950, the newly formed DP government sent 15 generals and 150 colonels, including the entire top command level, especially Chief of General Staff Nafiz Gürman, to retirement on the grounds that they were planning a military coup.[9][10]
In 1951, the Menderes government decided that Turkey should join the US in the Korean War with the Turkish Brigade, signing a decision that was much discussed by the CHP. This was actually a political maneuver by Turkey to show that it was taking part on the side of the Western Bloc in the Cold War. As a result, Turkey was admitted as a full member of NATO in 1952. In the same year, at the request of NATO, the Turkish branch of Gladio, Mobilization Inspection Board, later called the Special Warfare Department, was established to conduct an informal war against communism.
In 1953, the assets acquired by the CHP during the one-party rule were confiscated and transferred to the treasury.[11]
In the years 1950-1954, Turkey entered the period of development in the economy. During this period, the transition to a free market economy was accelerated. Foreigners were given permission to explore and extract oil. With the contribution of the Marshall Plan, new industrial facilities were established in the country. VakıfBank of Turkey was established in 1954. During this period, Turkey's gross national product grew by an average of 9% per year. In 1955, a bust had started in the economy. The external debts were increasing gradually, the balance of payment was deteriorating, the foreign exchange inflow was not sufficient. This situation began to cause various troubles in the country.
With the help of the American Ford Foundation, he founded the Middle East Technical University in Ankara and the Karadeniz Technical University in Trabzon.[12]
Soviet loan
Menderes, who made a trip to the United States in 1959 and asked for additional financial resources, was reminded that the Marshall Aid funds were about to run out and his requests were rejected. Menderes, who wanted to lay the foundations of facilities such as Iskenderun Iron and Steel Works, Seydisehir Aluminum, Keban Dam and Istanbul Bosphorus Bridge before the 1961 elections, sent his close friend and minister Dr. Lutfi Kirdar to the Soviet Union to see what was possible. After the Soviet Union took a positive approach to the issue, Menderes also went to Moscow in July 1960 and decided to sign loan agreements there.[13]
1960 military coup and execution
- Full article: 1960 Turkish coup d'état
- Full article: 1960 Turkish coup d'état
On May 27, 1960, at 4 o'clock in the morning, Staff Colonel Alparslan Türkeş stated on the radio that they had seized the administration, and announced the reasons for the military coup to the public with a radio statement. Menderes was detained. He was tried for embezzlement, and on February 2, 1961, it was decided that he was guilty. While the case was being discussed, the defense side claimed that the American secret service by financing the Turkish intelligence service dominated the organization enough to wiretap Menderes' phones. Menderes and the Undersecretary of the Prime Ministry Ahmet Salih Korur claimed that the culprit was Behçet Türkmen, the undersecretary of the National Intelligence Organization at that time.[14]
The Supreme Court of Justice, the court specially established by the junta that carried out the May 27 coup, decided to execute 14 people and sentence 31 people to life imprisonment, with some of the sentences later commuted.
Adnan Menderes, who was verbally and physically abused by some soldiers during his detention[15], was executed on 17 September 1961.
Family
Menderes married Berin Menderes in 1929 and had three children from this marriage. His eldest son Yüksel Menderes, after serving in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, entered politics and was elected deputy. On March 8, 1972, he ended his life by suicide[really?] at his home in Ankara. Mutlu Menderes, the middle son, was elected as a deputy from the Democratic Party for one term and from the EP for one term. On March 1, 1978, he lost his life in a traffic accident in Ankara.[16] His younger son Aydın Menderes was also interested in politics for many years. Aydın Menderes spent the last 15 years of his life as a paraplegic as a result of a traffic accident in 1996 before dying in 2011.[17]
Events Participated in
| Event | Start | End | Location(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilderberg/1957 February | 15 February 1957 | 17 February 1957 | US St Simons Island Georgia (State) | The earliest ever Bilderberg in the year, number 5, was also first one outside Europe. |
| Bilderberg/1959 | 18 September 1959 | 20 September 1959 | Turkey Yesilkoy | The 8th Bilderberg and the first in Turkey. 60 guests. |
References
- ↑ Aydemir, Şevket Süreyya. Menderes'in Dramı. Remzi Kitabevi, 1984, p. 18.
- ↑ http://cosohis.com/Makaleler/1020710731_6.pdf
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150913040539/http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=1480
- ↑ Erik Jan Zürcher, Turkey: a modern history, I.B.Tauris, 2004, ISBN|978-1-86064-958-5 p. 397
- ↑ Jump up to: a b Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (1991). Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey. I.B. Tauris. p. 120. ISBN 1850433003.
- ↑ Findley, Carter V. (21 September 2010). Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007. Yale University Press. p. 268.
- ↑ Heper, Metin; Landau, Jacob M. (1991), p. 119
- ↑ https://www.yenisafak.com/en/secim-1946/kutahya-ili-milletvekili-dagilimi
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141227170705/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=6056843&yazarid=218
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090601060826/http://www.taraf.com.tr/makale/5766.htm
- ↑ https://youtu.be/M02tBzpfgGY?t=1750
- ↑ https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/middle-east-technical-university
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100530053910/http://www.stargazete.com/gazete/yazar/mehmet-altan/kim-kimi-neden-asti-265254.htm
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121027080823/http://nealsak.kitapyurdu.com/kitap/79898/efendibeyazturklerinbuyuksirri.htm
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151221141202/http://www.ahaber.com.tr/tarih/2015/04/13/iste-adnan-menderese-iskencenin-belgeleri
- ↑ Milliyet, 2 Mart 1978
- ↑ http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/19532639.asp
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