Difference between revisions of "Boston College"

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'''Boston College''' ('''BC''') is a [[private university|private]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[research university]] in [[Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts]], founded in 1863. Although Boston College is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] as an [[Research I university|R1 research university]], it still uses the word "college" in its name to reflect its historical position as a small liberal arts college.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190401084754/https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/about/mission.html |archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=164924 |title=Carnegie Classifications - Institution Profile|publisher=Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research|access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students. Its [[Boston College Main Campus Historic District|main campus is a historic district]] and features some of the earliest examples of [[collegiate gothic]] architecture in [[North America]].
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Boston College offers [[bachelor's degrees]], [[master's degrees]], and [[doctoral degrees]] through its eight colleges and schools: [[Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences]], [[Carroll School of Management]], [[Lynch School of Education|Lynch School of Education and Human Development]], [[Connell School of Nursing]], [[Boston College Graduate School of Social Work|Graduate School of Social Work]], [[Boston College Law School]], [[Boston College School of Theology and Ministry]], [[Woods College of Advancing Studies]].
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[[List of Boston College people|Alumni and affiliates]] of the university include governors, ambassadors, members of Congress, scholars, writers, medical researchers, Hollywood actors, and professional athletes.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190501150726/https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/about/notable-alumni.html |archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status= live}}</ref> Boston College has graduated several [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes]], [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]], and [[Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship|Goldwater]] scholars.<ref>https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/campus-community/honors/rhodes-scholar-2019.html |title=Boston College Alumna Isabelle Stone Selected for Rhodes Scholarship|website=www.bc.edu|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/campus-community/honors/2019-fulbright-winners.html |title=Thirteen from Boston College Win Fulbright Awards|website=www.bc.edu|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180723043310/http://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/campus-community/honors/goldwater-scholars.html |archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Other notable alumni include a [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|U.S. Speaker of the House]], a [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]], and chief executives of [[Fortune 500]] companies.
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==History==
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[[File:fenwick.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Benedict Joseph Fenwick]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]]]
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===Early history===
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In 1825, [[Benedict Joseph Fenwick]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]], a Jesuit from [[Maryland]], became the second [[Bishop]] of Boston. He was the first to articulate a vision for a "College in the City of Boston" that would raise a new generation of leaders to serve both the civic and spiritual needs of his fledgling diocese. In 1827, Bishop Fenwick opened a school in the basement of his [[cathedral]] and took to the personal instruction of the city's youth. His efforts to attract other Jesuits to the faculty were hampered both by Boston's distance from the center of Jesuit activity in Maryland and by suspicion on the part of the city's [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|Protestant elite]]. Relations with Boston's civic leaders worsened such that, when a Jesuit faculty was finally secured in 1843, Fenwick decided to leave the Boston school and instead opened the [[College of the Holy Cross]] {{convert|45|mi|km}} west of the city in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] where he felt the Jesuits could operate with greater autonomy. Meanwhile, the vision for a college in Boston was sustained by [[John McElroy (Jesuit)|John McElroy, S.J.]], who saw an even greater need for such an institution in light of Boston's growing Irish Catholic immigrant population. With the approval of his Jesuit superiors, McElroy went about raising funds and in 1857 purchased land for "The Boston College" on Harrison Avenue in the Hudson neighborhood of [[South End, Boston, Massachusetts]]. With little fanfare, the college's two buildings—a schoolhouse and a [[Church (building)|church]]—welcomed their first class of scholastics in 1859. Two years later, with as little fanfare, BC closed again. Its short-lived second incarnation was plagued by the outbreak of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and disagreement within the Society over the college's governance and finances. BC's inability to obtain a charter from the anti-Catholic Massachusetts legislature only compounded its troubles.
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On {{Start date|1863|3|31}}, more than three decades after its initial inception, Boston College's charter was formally approved by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. BC became the second [[Jesuit]] institution of higher learning in [[Massachusetts]] and the first located in the [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] area. [[Johannes Bapst]], S.J., a Swiss Jesuit from French-speaking [[Fribourg]], was selected as BC's first president and immediately reopened the original college buildings on Harrison Avenue. For most of the 19th century, BC offered a singular 7-year program corresponding to both high school and college. Its entering class in the fall of 1864 included 22 students, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years.<ref name="history">https://web.archive.org/web/20070103122335/http://www.bc.edu/about/history.html |archive-date=January 3, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The curriculum was based on the Jesuit ''[[Ratio Studiorum]]'', emphasizing [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[philosophy]], and [[theology]].
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[[File:Gasson Tower.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Gasson Hall|Gasson Tower]]]]
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===Move to Chestnut Hill===
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Boston College's enrollment reached nearly 500 by the turn of the 20th century. In 1907, newly installed President [[Thomas I. Gasson]], S.J., determined that BC's cramped, urban quarters in Boston's South End were inadequate and unsuited for significant expansion. He re-imagined Boston College as world-renowned university and a beacon of [[Jesuit]] scholarship. Less than a year after taking office, he purchased [[Amos Adams Lawrence]]'s farm on Chestnut Hill, six&nbsp;miles (10&nbsp;km) west of downtown. He organized an international competition for the design of a [[campus]] master plan and set about raising funds for the construction of the "new" university. Construction began in 1909.<ref name="history"/>
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By 1913, construction costs had surpassed available funds, and as a result [[Gasson Hall]], "New BC's" main building, stood alone on Chestnut Hill for its first three years. Buildings of the former Lawrence farm, including a barn and gatehouse, were temporarily adapted for college use while a massive fundraising effort was underway. By the 1920s BC began to fill out the dimensions of its university charter, establishing the Boston College Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, the [[Boston College Law School]], and the [[Woods College of Advancing Studies]], followed successively by the [[Boston College Graduate School of Social Work]], the [[Carroll School of Management]], the [[Connell School of Nursing]], and the [[Lynch School of Education|Lynch School of Education and Human Development]]. In 1926, Boston College conferred its first degrees on women (though it did not become fully coeducational until 1970).
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On April 20, 1963, an address by President [[John F. Kennedy]], the nation's first Catholic president who had received an honorary degree in 1956, was the highlight of a week-long centennial celebration.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174808/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1963/Month%2004/Day%2020/JFKWHP-1963-04-20-D |archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> With the rising prominence of its graduates, Boston College and its powerful Alumni Association had established themselves among the city's leading institutions. At the city, state and federal levels, BC graduates dominated Massachusetts politics for much of the 20th century. However, cultural changes in American society and in the church following the [[Second Vatican Council]] forced the university to question its purpose and mission. Meanwhile, poor financial management lead to deteriorating facilities and resources, and rising tuition costs. Student outrage, combined with growing protests over [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and the [[Operation Menu|bombings in Cambodia]], culminated in student strikes, including demonstrations at [[Gasson Hall]] in April 1970.
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===The Monan Era===
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By the time [[J. Donald Monan]], S.J. began his presidency on September 5, 1972, BC was approximately $30 million in debt, its endowment totaled just under $6 million, and faculty and staff salaries had been frozen during the previous year. Rumors about the university's future were rampant, including speculation that BC would be acquired by [[Harvard University]]. After Monan's appointment, the Boston College Board of Trustees was reconfigured.  The board was broadened beyond its historic membership of members of the [[Society of Jesus]], as lay alumni and business leaders were brought in, bringing new business models and an ability to raise funds. A similar restructuring had been accomplished first at the [[University of Notre Dame]] in 1967 by Fr. [[Theodore Hesburgh]], [[Congregation of the Holy Cross|CSC]], and Edmund Stephan,<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/us/edmund-stephan-86-lawyer-who-reorganized-notre-dame.html |title=Edmund Stephan, 86, Lawyer Who Reorganized Notre Dame|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|date=1998-01-25|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813105624/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/us/edmund-stephan-86-lawyer-who-reorganized-notre-dame.html |archive-date=August 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> with many other Catholic colleges following suit in the ensuing years.
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===Recent history===
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[[File:BC Campus Green.jpg|thumb|right|Gasson Quadrangle]]
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Since assuming the Boston College presidency, Leahy's tenure has been marked with an acceleration of the growth and development initiated by his predecessor, as well as by what some critics see as abandonment of the college's initial mission to provide a college education for residents of Boston.  It has expanded by almost {{convert|150|acres|m2}}, while dramatically reducing the greenery of its middle campus, although portions of the college's legendary "Dustbowl" were removed to accommodate additional expansion of its buildings. During this period, undergraduate applications have surpassed 31,000. At the same time, BC students, faculty and athletic teams have seen indicators of success—winning record numbers of [[Fulbright Award|Fulbrights]], [[Rhodes scholarship|Rhodes]], and other academic awards; setting new marks for research grants; and winning conference and national titles. In 2002, Leahy initiated the Church in the 21st Century program to examine issues facing the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] in light of the [[Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal|clergy sexual abuse scandal]]. His effort brought BC worldwide praise and recognition for "leading the way on Church reform."<ref>https://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/stories2/061902_lehigh.htm |access-date=April 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216041906/http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/stories2/061902_lehigh.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent plans to merge with the [[Weston Jesuit School of Theology]] were followed by an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' claiming "such a merger would further Boston College's quest to become the nation's Catholic intellectual powerhouse" and that, once approved by the [[Roman Curia|Vatican]] and Jesuit authorities in [[Rome]], BC "would become ''the'' center for the study of Roman Catholic theology in the United States."<ref>https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F16FB35550C718DDDAB0994DC404482 |access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520003117/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F16FB35550C718DDDAB0994DC404482 |archive-date=May 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 16, 2006, the merger was authorized by the [[Jesuit Conference]].<ref>http://www.wjst.edu/File/BC_Weston_Press_Release.pdf</ref>
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[[File:Boston College Campus Green.jpg|thumb|right|Campus Green]]
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==References==
 
==References==
 
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Latest revision as of 02:47, 11 July 2023

Group.png Boston College  
(University) WebsiteRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Boston College Seal.svg
MottoΑἰέν ἀριστεύειν
Formation1863
HeadquartersBoston, Massachusetts
Type Private NonprofitResearch Coeducational
Other nameEagles
Jesuit Catholic university.At the city, state and federal levels, BC graduates dominated Massachusetts politics for much of the 20th century.

Boston College (BC) is a private Jesuit research university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, founded in 1863. Although Boston College is classified as an R1 research university, it still uses the word "college" in its name to reflect its historical position as a small liberal arts college.[1][2] The university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students. Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America.

Boston College offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its eight colleges and schools: Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences, Carroll School of Management, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Connell School of Nursing, Graduate School of Social Work, Boston College Law School, Boston College School of Theology and Ministry, Woods College of Advancing Studies.

Alumni and affiliates of the university include governors, ambassadors, members of Congress, scholars, writers, medical researchers, Hollywood actors, and professional athletes.[3] Boston College has graduated several Rhodes, Fulbright, and Goldwater scholars.[4][5][6] Other notable alumni include a U.S. Speaker of the House, a U.S. Secretary of State, and chief executives of Fortune 500 companies.

History

Benedict Joseph Fenwick, S.J.

Early history

In 1825, Benedict Joseph Fenwick, S.J., a Jesuit from Maryland, became the second Bishop of Boston. He was the first to articulate a vision for a "College in the City of Boston" that would raise a new generation of leaders to serve both the civic and spiritual needs of his fledgling diocese. In 1827, Bishop Fenwick opened a school in the basement of his cathedral and took to the personal instruction of the city's youth. His efforts to attract other Jesuits to the faculty were hampered both by Boston's distance from the center of Jesuit activity in Maryland and by suspicion on the part of the city's Protestant elite. Relations with Boston's civic leaders worsened such that, when a Jesuit faculty was finally secured in 1843, Fenwick decided to leave the Boston school and instead opened the College of the Holy Cross 45 miles (72 km) west of the city in Worcester, Massachusetts where he felt the Jesuits could operate with greater autonomy. Meanwhile, the vision for a college in Boston was sustained by John McElroy, S.J., who saw an even greater need for such an institution in light of Boston's growing Irish Catholic immigrant population. With the approval of his Jesuit superiors, McElroy went about raising funds and in 1857 purchased land for "The Boston College" on Harrison Avenue in the Hudson neighborhood of South End, Boston, Massachusetts. With little fanfare, the college's two buildings—a schoolhouse and a church—welcomed their first class of scholastics in 1859. Two years later, with as little fanfare, BC closed again. Its short-lived second incarnation was plagued by the outbreak of Civil War and disagreement within the Society over the college's governance and finances. BC's inability to obtain a charter from the anti-Catholic Massachusetts legislature only compounded its troubles.

On March 31, 1863 (1863-03-31), more than three decades after its initial inception, Boston College's charter was formally approved by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. BC became the second Jesuit institution of higher learning in Massachusetts and the first located in the Boston area. Johannes Bapst, S.J., a Swiss Jesuit from French-speaking Fribourg, was selected as BC's first president and immediately reopened the original college buildings on Harrison Avenue. For most of the 19th century, BC offered a singular 7-year program corresponding to both high school and college. Its entering class in the fall of 1864 included 22 students, ranging in age from 11 to 16 years.[7] The curriculum was based on the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum, emphasizing Latin, Greek, philosophy, and theology.

Gasson Tower

Move to Chestnut Hill

Boston College's enrollment reached nearly 500 by the turn of the 20th century. In 1907, newly installed President Thomas I. Gasson, S.J., determined that BC's cramped, urban quarters in Boston's South End were inadequate and unsuited for significant expansion. He re-imagined Boston College as world-renowned university and a beacon of Jesuit scholarship. Less than a year after taking office, he purchased Amos Adams Lawrence's farm on Chestnut Hill, six miles (10 km) west of downtown. He organized an international competition for the design of a campus master plan and set about raising funds for the construction of the "new" university. Construction began in 1909.[7]

By 1913, construction costs had surpassed available funds, and as a result Gasson Hall, "New BC's" main building, stood alone on Chestnut Hill for its first three years. Buildings of the former Lawrence farm, including a barn and gatehouse, were temporarily adapted for college use while a massive fundraising effort was underway. By the 1920s BC began to fill out the dimensions of its university charter, establishing the Boston College Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, the Boston College Law School, and the Woods College of Advancing Studies, followed successively by the Boston College Graduate School of Social Work, the Carroll School of Management, the Connell School of Nursing, and the Lynch School of Education and Human Development. In 1926, Boston College conferred its first degrees on women (though it did not become fully coeducational until 1970).

On April 20, 1963, an address by President John F. Kennedy, the nation's first Catholic president who had received an honorary degree in 1956, was the highlight of a week-long centennial celebration.[8] With the rising prominence of its graduates, Boston College and its powerful Alumni Association had established themselves among the city's leading institutions. At the city, state and federal levels, BC graduates dominated Massachusetts politics for much of the 20th century. However, cultural changes in American society and in the church following the Second Vatican Council forced the university to question its purpose and mission. Meanwhile, poor financial management lead to deteriorating facilities and resources, and rising tuition costs. Student outrage, combined with growing protests over Vietnam and the bombings in Cambodia, culminated in student strikes, including demonstrations at Gasson Hall in April 1970.

The Monan Era

By the time J. Donald Monan, S.J. began his presidency on September 5, 1972, BC was approximately $30 million in debt, its endowment totaled just under $6 million, and faculty and staff salaries had been frozen during the previous year. Rumors about the university's future were rampant, including speculation that BC would be acquired by Harvard University. After Monan's appointment, the Boston College Board of Trustees was reconfigured. The board was broadened beyond its historic membership of members of the Society of Jesus, as lay alumni and business leaders were brought in, bringing new business models and an ability to raise funds. A similar restructuring had been accomplished first at the University of Notre Dame in 1967 by Fr. Theodore Hesburgh, CSC, and Edmund Stephan,[9] with many other Catholic colleges following suit in the ensuing years.

Recent history

Gasson Quadrangle

Since assuming the Boston College presidency, Leahy's tenure has been marked with an acceleration of the growth and development initiated by his predecessor, as well as by what some critics see as abandonment of the college's initial mission to provide a college education for residents of Boston. It has expanded by almost 150 acres (610,000 m2), while dramatically reducing the greenery of its middle campus, although portions of the college's legendary "Dustbowl" were removed to accommodate additional expansion of its buildings. During this period, undergraduate applications have surpassed 31,000. At the same time, BC students, faculty and athletic teams have seen indicators of success—winning record numbers of Fulbrights, Rhodes, and other academic awards; setting new marks for research grants; and winning conference and national titles. In 2002, Leahy initiated the Church in the 21st Century program to examine issues facing the Catholic Church in light of the clergy sexual abuse scandal. His effort brought BC worldwide praise and recognition for "leading the way on Church reform."[10] Recent plans to merge with the Weston Jesuit School of Theology were followed by an article in The New York Times claiming "such a merger would further Boston College's quest to become the nation's Catholic intellectual powerhouse" and that, once approved by the Vatican and Jesuit authorities in Rome, BC "would become the center for the study of Roman Catholic theology in the United States."[11] On February 16, 2006, the merger was authorized by the Jesuit Conference.[12]

Campus Green


 

Related Quotations

PageQuoteAuthorDate
Victor Marchetti“To the Clandestine Services the universities represented fertile territory for recruiting espionage agents. Most large American colleges enrolled substantial numbers of foreign students, and many of these, especially those from the Third World, were (and are) destined to hold high positions in their home countries in a relatively few years. They were much easier to recruit at American schools — when they might have a need for money, where they could be easily compromised, and where foreign security services could not interfere — than they would be when they returned home. To spot and evaluate these students, the Clandestine Services maintained a contractual relationship with key professors on numerous campuses. When a professor had picked out a likely candidate, he notified his contact at the CIA and, on occasion, participated in the actual recruitment attempt. Some professors performed these services without being on a formal retainer. Others actively participated in agency covert operations by serving as "cut-outs," or intermediaries, and even by carrying out secret missions during foreign journeys.”Victor Marchetti1974
Victor Marchetti“Helms asked his staff to find out just how many university personnel were under secret contract to the CIA. After a few days of investigation, senior CIA officers reported back that they could not find the answer. Helms immediately ordered a full study of the situation, and after more than a month of searching records all over the agency, a report was handed in to Helms listing hundreds of professors and administrators on over a hundred campuses. But the staff officers who compiled the report knew that their work was incomplete . Within weeks, another campus connection was exposed in the press. The contact was not on the list that had been compiled for the Director.”Victor Marchetti1974

 

Alumni on Wikispooks

PersonBornDiedNationalitySummaryDescription
Wayne Budd18 November 1941USLawyerAppointed by George H. W. Bush to serve as Associate Attorney General.
R. Nicholas Burns28 January 1956Deep state operativeUS Ambassador to NATO 2001-2005, plenty of other deep state connected roles
Vincent Cannistraro21 May 2019Spook
Ken Hackett1947DiplomatUnited States Ambassador to the Vatican 2013-2017.
Sean Joyce1961USPolice officerDeputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 2011-2013
John Kerry11 December 1943USDeep state operativeUS Skull and Bones DSO, in Jeffrey Epstein's Black book ...
John Loftus12 February 1950USAuthor
Spook
Ernest Moniz22 December 1944USPhysicist
Deep state operative		US deep state operative who took place in multiple WEF "pandemic exercises", US Secretary of Energy 2013-17
Denis O'Brien19 April 1958EireBillionaire
Businessperson		Billionaire single Bilderberger
Warren Rudman18 May 193019 November 2012Politician
Lawyer		A Rockefeller Republican Senator and possible deep state functionality
Marty Walsh10 April 1967Politician
Union organizer		Joe Biden's Labour Secretary
Ferit Şahenk1964TurkeyBillionaire
Businessperson		Single Bilderberger. WEF/Young Global Leaders 2005. Richest person in Turkey
Many thanks to our Patrons who cover ~2/3 of our hosting bill. Please join them if you can.


References

  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190401084754/https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/about/mission.html |archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}
  2. ↑ https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=164924 |title=Carnegie Classifications - Institution Profile|publisher=Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research|access-date=March 30, 2020}}
  3. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190501150726/https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/about/notable-alumni.html |archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status= live}}
  4. ↑ https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/campus-community/honors/rhodes-scholar-2019.html |title=Boston College Alumna Isabelle Stone Selected for Rhodes Scholarship|website=www.bc.edu|access-date=2019-10-20}}
  5. ↑ https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/campus-community/honors/2019-fulbright-winners.html |title=Thirteen from Boston College Win Fulbright Awards|website=www.bc.edu|access-date=2019-10-20}}
  6. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20180723043310/http://www.bc.edu/bc-web/bcnews/campus-community/honors/goldwater-scholars.html |archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=live}}
  7. ↑ a b https://web.archive.org/web/20070103122335/http://www.bc.edu/about/history.html |archive-date=January 3, 2007 |url-status=live }}
  8. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174808/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1963/Month%2004/Day%2020/JFKWHP-1963-04-20-D |archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live}}
  9. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/us/edmund-stephan-86-lawyer-who-reorganized-notre-dame.html |title=Edmund Stephan, 86, Lawyer Who Reorganized Notre Dame|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|date=1998-01-25|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813105624/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/25/us/edmund-stephan-86-lawyer-who-reorganized-notre-dame.html |archive-date=August 13, 2017|url-status=live}}
  10. ↑ https://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/stories2/061902_lehigh.htm |access-date=April 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216041906/http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/stories2/061902_lehigh.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2007|url-status=live}}
  11. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F16FB35550C718DDDAB0994DC404482 |access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520003117/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F16FB35550C718DDDAB0994DC404482 |archive-date=May 20, 2014|url-status=live}}
  12. ↑ http://www.wjst.edu/File/BC_Weston_Press_Release.pdf
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