Difference between revisions of "Alparslan Türkeş"

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He attained fame as the spokesman of the [[1960 Turkish military coup|27 May 1960 coup d'état]] against the government of Prime Minister [[Adnan Menderes]], who was later executed after a trial. However Türkeş, together with 13 other members of the junta, declared he was against it that the military would give the power back to civilians and there for was expelled by an internal coup within the junta ([[National Unity Committee]]), and was sent into exile to the Turkish embassy in New Delhi.<ref>Kerslake, Celia (25 February 2010). Turkey's Engagement with Modernity: Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 97. </ref> He returned in February 1963<ref> Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 207</ref> and together with others of the fourteen, he later joined the [[Republican Villagers Nation Party|Republican Villager Nation Party]], CKMP).<ref> Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 208</ref> Türkeş was elected as its chairman on 1 August 1965. In 1969 the CKMP was renamed the [[Nationalist Movement Party]].<ref>[[Ümit Hassan]], [[Halil Berktay]], ''Türkiye tarihi: Çağdaş Türkiye, 1908–1980'', Cilt 4, Cem Yayınevi, 1987, p. 224.</ref> As leader of the MHP he was also the de facto leader of the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]].  
 
He attained fame as the spokesman of the [[1960 Turkish military coup|27 May 1960 coup d'état]] against the government of Prime Minister [[Adnan Menderes]], who was later executed after a trial. However Türkeş, together with 13 other members of the junta, declared he was against it that the military would give the power back to civilians and there for was expelled by an internal coup within the junta ([[National Unity Committee]]), and was sent into exile to the Turkish embassy in New Delhi.<ref>Kerslake, Celia (25 February 2010). Turkey's Engagement with Modernity: Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 97. </ref> He returned in February 1963<ref> Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 207</ref> and together with others of the fourteen, he later joined the [[Republican Villagers Nation Party|Republican Villager Nation Party]], CKMP).<ref> Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 208</ref> Türkeş was elected as its chairman on 1 August 1965. In 1969 the CKMP was renamed the [[Nationalist Movement Party]].<ref>[[Ümit Hassan]], [[Halil Berktay]], ''Türkiye tarihi: Çağdaş Türkiye, 1908–1980'', Cilt 4, Cem Yayınevi, 1987, p. 224.</ref> As leader of the MHP he was also the de facto leader of the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]].  
  
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Türkeş served as [[Deputy Prime Minister]] in right-wing National Front cabinets in the 1970s.<ref>Barış Yetkin, ''Kırılma Noktası / 1 Mayıs 1977 Olayı'', Yeniden Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2000, {{ISBN|978-9944-5966-8-8}}, p. 19.</ref>After the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|Military coup of 1980]], he was imprisoned for more than four years and the Government demanded the death sentence for him as well as other Turkish nationalists. But in a turn of events he was released on the 9 April 1985. He rejoined the political arena within the [[Nationalist Workers Party]] (MÇP) in 1987 and was elected to parliament representing the province of [[Yozgat Province|Yozgat]] on a ticket of the [[Welfare Party]] (RP) in 1991.<ref>https://www.yenisafak.com/secim-1991/yozgat-ili-secim-sonuclari</ref> In 1992 the name Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) was relaunched in exchange of the name of the MÇP and the party logo of the three crescents was presented to the public.
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Türkeş was [[Deputy Prime Minister]] in right-wing National Front cabinets in the 1970s.<ref>Barış Yetkin, ''Kırılma Noktası / 1 Mayıs 1977 Olayı'', Yeniden Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2000, {{ISBN|978-9944-5966-8-8}}, p. 19.</ref>After the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|Military coup of 1980]], he was imprisoned for more than four years and the Government demanded the death sentence for him as well as other Turkish nationalists. But in a turn of events he was released on the 9 April 1985. He rejoined the political arena within the [[Nationalist Workers Party]] (MÇP) in 1987 and was elected to parliament representing the province of [[Yozgat Province|Yozgat]] on a ticket of the [[Welfare Party]] (RP) in 1991.<ref>https://www.yenisafak.com/secim-1991/yozgat-ili-secim-sonuclari</ref> In 1992 the name Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) was relaunched in exchange of the name of the MÇP and the party logo of the three crescents was presented to the public.
  
 
== Ideology ==
 
== Ideology ==

Latest revision as of 22:19, 2 August 2022

Person.png Alparslan Türkeş  Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(politician, deep state functionary, officer)
Alparslan Türkeş.jpg
Born25 November 1917
Nicosia, Cyprus
Died4 April 1997 (Age 79)
Ankara, Turkey
NationalityTurkish
Alma materKuleli Military High School
Interest of1960 Turkish coup d'état
PartyRepublican Villagers Nation Party, Nationalist Movement Party
Founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish Gladio

Employment.png Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Wikipedia-icon.png

In office
21 July 1977 - 5 January 1978
BossSüleyman Demirel

Employment.png Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Wikipedia-icon.png

In office
31 March 1975 - 21 June 1977
BossSüleyman Demirel

Employment.png Leader of the Nationalist Movement Party

In office
8 February 1969 - 5 April 1997

Employment.png Turkey/Member of the Grand National Assembly Wikipedia-icon.png

In office
10 October 1991 - 24 December 1995
Succeeded byIlhan Kesici

Employment.png Turkey/Member of the Grand National Assembly Wikipedia-icon.png

In office
10 October 1965 - 12 September 1980

Alparslan Türkeş was a Turkish politician, who was the founder and president of the Nationalist Movement Party.[1][2][3] He represented the far-right of the Turkish political spectrum. He was and still is called Başbuğ ("Leader") by his devotees.[4] Although his ideology was on the far-right, he is respected by fellow thinkers in most of the major political parties.

Türkeş was a key figure in shaping Turkish nationalism and reviving Pan-Turkism from the 1940s onwards. Türkeş led the vanguard of anti-communism in Turkey; he was a founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish Gladio,[5] and (not unconnected), one of the leaders of the 1960 military coup.

Early life

Türkeş was born in Nicosia, British Cyprus, to a Turkish Cypriot family in 1917.[6][7][8] His birth name is disputed, some claim that it is Hüseyin Feyzullah,[9] while MHP claims it is Ali Arslan.[10] His paternal great-grandfather had emigrated to Cyprus from Kayseri, Ottoman Empire, in the 1860s.[11] His father, Ahmet Hamdi Bey, was from Tuzla, near Famagusta, and his mother, Fatma Zehra Hanım, was from Larnaca.[12] However, in an interview with the scholar Fatma Müge Göçek the journalist Hrant Dink claimed that Türkeş was of Armenian descent, an orphan originally from Sivas who was later adopted by a Muslim couple from Cyprus.[13]

In 1932 Türkeş emigrated to Turkey with his family. He was enrolled into the military lycée in Istanbul in 1933 and completed his secondary education in 1936.[14] In 1938, he joined the army and his military career began.

Racism-Turanism Trials

Along with other nationalists like Nihal Atsiz and Nejdet Sançar,[15] Türkeş was court-martialed on charges of "fascist and racist activities" in 1945.[16] He spent 10 months in prison before he was released the same year. The charges were eventually dismissed in 1947. The trial would become known as the Racism-Turanism Trial.[17]

Political career

He attained fame as the spokesman of the 27 May 1960 coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, who was later executed after a trial. However Türkeş, together with 13 other members of the junta, declared he was against it that the military would give the power back to civilians and there for was expelled by an internal coup within the junta (National Unity Committee), and was sent into exile to the Turkish embassy in New Delhi.[18] He returned in February 1963[19] and together with others of the fourteen, he later joined the Republican Villager Nation Party, CKMP).[20] Türkeş was elected as its chairman on 1 August 1965. In 1969 the CKMP was renamed the Nationalist Movement Party.[21] As leader of the MHP he was also the de facto leader of the Grey Wolves.

Türkeş was Deputy Prime Minister in right-wing National Front cabinets in the 1970s.[22]After the Military coup of 1980, he was imprisoned for more than four years and the Government demanded the death sentence for him as well as other Turkish nationalists. But in a turn of events he was released on the 9 April 1985. He rejoined the political arena within the Nationalist Workers Party (MÇP) in 1987 and was elected to parliament representing the province of Yozgat on a ticket of the Welfare Party (RP) in 1991.[23] In 1992 the name Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) was relaunched in exchange of the name of the MÇP and the party logo of the three crescents was presented to the public.

Ideology

Through the far-right MHP, Türkeş took the rightist views of his predecessors like Nihal Atsız, and transformed them into a powerful political force. In 1965, Türkeş released a political pamphlet titled Nine Lights Doctrine, which formed the basis of the nationalist ideology of the CKMP.[24] This text listed nine basic principles which were: nationalism; idealism; moralism; scientism; societalism; ruralism; libertism and personalism; progressivism and populism; industrialism and technologism.[25]

Türkeş led the vanguard of anti-communism in Turkey; he was a founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish Gladio.[26]

He has been the spiritual leader of the Idealism Schools Foundation of Culture and Art (Turkish: Ülkü Ocakları Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı). His followers consider him to be one of the leading icons of the Turkish nationalist movement.

International politics

The wellbeing of the greater Turkish nation living in a so called Turan, which according to him included Turks wherever they lived, be it in Greece, Cyprus or elsewhere, was key concern of his political views.[27] On 28 April 1978 he was received by Franz Josef Strauss, former minister for defense and finance in Germany and acting president of the CSU party.[28][29] In 1992, Alparslan Türkeş visited Baku to support Abulfaz Elchibey during the Azerbaijan presidential election. He also had a meeting with Levon Ter-Petrosyan, the President of Armenia in the 1990s.[30]

Personal life

Türkeş was married twice and had seven children.[31] He married Muzaffer Hanım in 1940 and had four daughters (Ayzit, Umay, Selcen and Çağrı) and one son (Tuğrul) with her. Their marriage lasted until his wife's death in 1974. By 1976 Türkeş married Seval Hanım and had one daughter (Ayyüce) and one son (Ahmet Kutalmış).[32]

Türkeş died of a heart attack at the age of 80 on 4 April 1997.[33] The announcement of his death was delayed for five hours while nationwide security measures were implemented; thereafter, thousands of his supporters went to the Bayindir Hospital chanting "Leaders never die".[34] His funeral was held in Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara.

Türkeş's youngest son, Ahmet Kutalmış Türkeş, is a member of the Justice and Development Party and was elected as an Istanbul deputy in 2011. However, he resigned several days before the June 2015 elections, protesting the party's plans to transform the parliamentary system into a presidential one.[35][36]

In 2015, Türkeş's eldest son, Tuğrul Türkeş, became the first person of Turkish Cypriot origin to be Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey.[37] In September 2015, Türkeş made his first official visit to Northern Cyprus.[38] As an independent parliamentarian, Türkeş has criticized the Nationalist Movement Party (founded by his father) and the Republican People's Party for their unwillingness to compromise, which led to the November 2015 elections.[39]

Legacy

Türkeş was a key figure in shaping Turkish nationalism and reviving Pan-Turkism from the 1940s onwards. Soon after his death in 1997, Turkish President Suleyman Demirel stated that his passing had been a "great loss to the political life of Turkey". Similarly, Turkey's first female Prime Minister Tansu Çiller described him as a "historic individual".[40]

Controversies

When he died, it was revealed that he had embezzled 2 trillion lira from the European Turkish Federation. The pan-Turkist group had created a secret slush fund to support the Second Chechen War and help Abulfaz Elchibey succeed in Azerbaijan.[41] The money was formerly administered by Enver Altaylı, who had been part of the Azerbaijan coup plot. His daughters, Ayzıt and Umay Günay, quarreled over who was the rightful owner despite the fact that it was neither of them.[42] The two appeared before the Ankara 7th High Penal Court for fraud. The indictment said that Türkeş' account in a U.K. branch of the Deutsche Bank held 575,000 DM, US$845,000, and 367,000 GBP.[43] The court concluded that Ayzıt had withdrawn 200,000 GBP while Umay Günay had withdrawn 42,000 GBP. Ayzıt said that she had been living in the UK since 1975, and that her father opened the account in 1988, giving her complete access to it. She said that her father had instructed her to fulfill his financial obligations in support of "the cause of Turkishness" upon his death by making certain payments.[44] Türkeş' second wife, Seval, refuted Ayzıt's claim that she had not kept the money to herself. Seval claims that she and her sons' Ayyüce and Ahmet Kutalmış share of the withdrawn 242,000 GBP is 112,355 GBP.[45]

The MHP's chairman, Devlet Bahçeli, instructed his deputies to keep mum, fearing that the scandal could lead to the dissolution of the party.[46]

The case was closed due to the statute of limitations.[47]


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References

  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20091017232029/http://www.1news.az/politics/20091017110915197.html
  2. ↑ Ermənistanla əlaqələrin qurulması barədə mərhum Türkeşin öngörüsü[dead link] Template:In lang
  3. ↑ AKP ALPARSLAN TÜRKEŞİ DƏ ÇİRKİN OYUNUNA ALƏT EDİR Template:In lang
  4. ↑ Başbuğ Alparslan Türkeş'i Anma Etkinlikleri
  5. ↑ Lucy Komisar, Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on, The Progressive, April 1997
  6. ↑ Zürcher, Erik J. (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. p. 404.
  7. ↑ https://archive.org/details/newperspectiveso00durh%7Curl-access=limited
  8. ↑ https://archive.org/details/newperspectiveso00durh
  9. ↑ De Tapia, Stephane (2011). Die völkisch-religiöse Bewegung im Nationalsozialismus: eine Beziehungs- und Konfliktgeschichte. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 304.
  10. ↑ http://www.mhp.org.tr/htmldocs/mhp/3/mhp/index.html
  11. ↑ Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 190
  12. ↑ Tekin, Arslan (2009). Alparslan Türkeş ve Liderlik. Bilgeoğuz. p. 71
  13. ↑ Göçek, Fatma Müge. The Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 598, note 71.
  14. ↑ Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 190
  15. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/infographics/profile-turkish-nationalist-leader-commemorated-23-years-on/1791993
  16. ↑ Özkırımlı, Umut and Spyros A. Sofos, Tormented by history, (Columbia University Press, 2008), 138.
  17. ↑ Aytürk, İlker (April 2011). "The Racist Critics of Atatürk and Kemalism, from the 1930s to the 1960s". Journal of Contemporary History. 46 (2): 308–335.
  18. ↑ Kerslake, Celia (25 February 2010). Turkey's Engagement with Modernity: Conflict and Change in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 97.
  19. ↑ Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 207
  20. ↑ Landau, Jacob M. (2004). Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History. C. Hurst & Co. p. 208
  21. ↑ Ümit Hassan, Halil Berktay, Türkiye tarihi: Çağdaş Türkiye, 1908–1980, Cilt 4, Cem Yayınevi, 1987, p. 224.
  22. ↑ Barış Yetkin, Kırılma Noktası / 1 Mayıs 1977 Olayı, Yeniden Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2000, ISBN 978-9944-5966-8-8, p. 19.
  23. ↑ https://www.yenisafak.com/secim-1991/yozgat-ili-secim-sonuclari
  24. ↑ Landau, Jacob M. (1981). Pan Turkism in Turkey, study of irredentism. C. Hurst & Co. p. 150
  25. ↑ Alparslan Türkeş, Millî Doktrin Dokuz Işık, Genişletilmiş Birinci Baskı, Hamle Basın Yayın., İstanbul, s. 15.
  26. ↑ Lucy Komisar, Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on, The Progressive, April 1997
  27. ↑ Landau, Jacob M. (1981), pp.150–151
  28. ↑ http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-14327589.html
  29. ↑ https://www.csu.de/bayernkurier-download/Bayernkurier.pdf
  30. ↑ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/calling-1915-inhumane-helps-turkey-armenia.aspx?pageID=238&nID=60194&NewsCatID=338
  31. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alpaslan-turkes-1266076.html
  32. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120452/http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2001/02/13/p05.html
  33. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/10/world/alpaslan-turkes-turkish-rightist-80.html
  34. ↑ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkes-dead-all-eyes-on-his-legacy.aspx?pageID=438&n=turkes-dead-all-eyes-on-his-legacy-1997-04-06
  35. ↑ =http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_ak-party-deputy-resigns-in-protest-of-presidential-system-plans_382093.htmldate[dead link]
  36. ↑ =http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/akp-deputy-resigns-over-divisive-presidential-system-concerns.aspx?pageID=238&nID=83184&NewsCatID=338=
  37. ↑ http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/374173/Tugrul_Turkes__Bu_Turkiye_de_ilk_kez.html#
  38. ↑ http://www.brtk.net/?english_posts=turkes-visited-trncdate=[dead link]
  39. ↑ http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2015/09/23/deputy-pm-turkes-mhp-becoming-single-man-party-with-bahceli
  40. ↑ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkes-dead-all-eyes-on-his-legacy.aspx?pageID=438&n=turkes-dead-all-eyes-on-his-legacy-1997-04-06
  41. ↑ https://archive.today/20120726104518/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-522210
  42. ↑ http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2001/02/12/293305.asp
  43. ↑ http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2001/06/22/guncel/gun11.html
  44. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050209182737/http://www.aksam.com.tr/arsiv/aksam/2001/06/22/guncel/guncel4.html
  45. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20191030120059/http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2007/04
  46. ↑ http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2001/02/13/siyaset/asiy.html
  47. ↑ http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2007/04/22/haber,108440EA722242058A8DF20DA0020D87.html
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