Difference between revisions of "1848"

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|description=1848 was a year of [[bourgeois]] revolutions across Europe.
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}}'''1848''' is historically famous for the [[Revolutions of 1848|wave of revolutions]], a series of widespread struggles for more [[classical liberalism|liberal]] governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.
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<gallery widths="180">
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Maerz1848 berlin.jpg|Cheering [[German revolutions of 1848–49|revolutionaries]] in Berlin, on March 19, 1848, with the new flag of Germany
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Philippoteaux - Lamartine in front of the Town Hall of Paris rejects the red flag.jpg|French Revolution of 1848: Republican riots forced King [[Louis-Philippe]] to abdicate
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Zeitgenössige Lithografie der Nationalversammlung in der Paulskirche.jpg|[[Frankfurt Parliament|German National Assembly's]] meeting in St. Paul's Church
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Pákozdi csata.jpg|[[Battle of Pákozd]] in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
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== Events ==
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* [[January 3]] – [[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]] is sworn in, as the first [[President of Liberia|president]] of the independent African [[Republic of Liberia]].
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* [[January 12]] – The [[Sicilian revolution of 1848|Palermo rising]] erupts in [[Sicily]], against the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]].
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* [[February 2]] - [[Mexican–American War]] – [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]]: Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes the [[Southwestern United States]] to the U.S. The unincorporated [[California Territory]] becomes a provisional official possession; it is never organized by the [[United States Congress]] as a [[Territories of the United States|territory]], but directly passes the requirements for statehood in [[1850]].
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* [[February 21]] – [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] publish ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' (''Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei'') in London.
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* [[February 24]] – [[Louis Philippe I]], King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson, [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris]], and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The [[French Second Republic]] is later proclaimed by [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob.
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* [[March 2]] – The [[Marsoroligheterna|March Unrest]] breaks out in Sweden.
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* [[March 11]] – [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]] and [[Robert Baldwin]] became the first [[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada]] to be democratically elected, under a system of [[responsible government]].
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* [[March 13]] – Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]] gives up office as [[State Chancellor of the Austrian Empire|State Chancellor]] and [[Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire]].
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* [[March 15]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led by [[Sándor Petőfi]], [[Mór Jókai]], etc., called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the [[12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848|12 Points]]: the Hungarian claim for freedom and self-determination within the [[Austrian Empire|Habsburg Empire]]. On the same day, [[Lajos Kossuth]] and representatives of the [[Diet of Hungary]] go to [[Vienna]], and force the emperor and Hungarian king [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination within the empire.
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* [[March 18]] - In a [[Berlin]] barricade, fighting between revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the [[German revolutions of 1848–49]]. Hundreds are killed in the clashes, but King Frederick William IV of Prussia is forced to honour the dead, and appoint a liberal government.
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* [[April 10]] - A [[Chartism|Chartist]] 'Monster Rally' is held in [[Kennington Park]] London, headed by [[Feargus O'Connor]]. A [[Chartism#1848 petition|petition demanding the franchise]] is presented to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
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* [[April 11]] – The first Hungarian national government is formed, under the leadership of [[Lajos Batthyány]]. The [[April Laws]], the first democratic revolutionary laws in [[Hungary]], are promulgated. These laws are the first modern laws in Hungary, which put an end to the [[Feudalism|feodal privileges of the nobility]] and [[serfdom]], proclaim the [[freedom of religion]], the [[freedom of the press]], the foundation of the [[Hungarian National Bank]], organises the first democratic [[election]] in Hungary based in popular representation, national guard, reunion of [[Transylvania]] with Hungary, etc. The Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian king [[Ferdinand I of Austria]], ratify these laws, which form the base of modern Hungary.
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* [[April 18]] – The [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] breaks out in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]].
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* [[April 27]] – The second abolition of slavery in France and its colonies initiated by [[Victor Schœlcher]].
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* [[May 18]] – The first German National Assembly ([[Frankfurt Parliament|Nationalversammlung]]) opens in [[Frankfurt]], Germany.
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* [[June]] – The [[Serbians]] from [[Vojvodina]] start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.
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* [[June 2]] – [[June 12|12]] – The [[Prague Slavic Congress, 1848|Prague Slavic Congress]] brings together members of the [[Pan-Slavism]] movement.
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* [[June 17]] – The Austrian army bombards [[Prague]], and crushes a working-class revolt.
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* [[July]] – The [[Public Health Act 1848|Public Health Act]] establishes [[Local board of health|Boards of Health]] across [[England and Wales]], the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.
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* [[July 29]] – [[Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848|Young Irelander Rebellion]]: A nationalist revolt in [[County Tipperary]], against British rule, is put down by the [[Royal Irish Constabulary|Irish Constabulary]].
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* [[August 14]] – American President [[James K. Polk]] annexes the [[Oregon Country]], and renames it the [[Oregon Territory]] as part of the United States.   
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* [[August 17]] – The Independent [[Republic of Yucatán]] officially unites with Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous [[Maya peoples|Maya]] population.
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* [[August 19]] – [[California Gold Rush]]: The ''[[New York Herald]]'' breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a [[gold rush]] in [[California]] (although the rush started in January).
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* [[September 11]] – The [[Croatia]]n army of [[Josip Jelačić]], encouraged in secret by the [[Habsburg]] government, crosses the [[Drava]] River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.
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* [[September 12]] – One of the successes of the [[Revolutions of 1848]], the [[Swiss Federal Constitution]], patterned on the [[US Constitution]], enters into force, creating a [[federal republic]], and one of the first modern [[Democracy|democratic]] states in Europe.
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* [[September 25]] – The Hungarian king and [[Habsburg]] emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]] refuses to recognise the [[Hungarian government]], led by [[Lajos Batthyány]]. The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of [[Lajos Kossuth]].
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* [[October 2]] – The National Defence Committee (''Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány''), led by [[Lajos Kossuth]], becomes the executive power in Hungary, after the resignation of the [[Lajos Batthyány]] government.
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* [[October 3]] – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of [[Transylvania]], declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with the [[Romania]]n insurgents led by [[Avram Iancu]], attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania. During these events (mostly in October 1848 – January 1849, but also between May–July 1849) between 7,500 and 8,500 Hungarian civilians (men, women, and children) are massacred by the Romanian insurgents.<ref>Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848–1849 (Transylvania in 1848–1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p. 517 (Hungarian)</ref>
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* [[October 28]] – In [[Catalonia]], Spain, the [[Barcelona]]–[[Mataró]] railroad route (the first to be constructed in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]) is inaugurated.
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* [[October 30]] – [[Battle of Schwechat]]: Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]] and [[Josip Jelačić]].
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* [[October 31]] – [[Vienna]] is occupied by the imperial forces led by [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]], who crushes the [[revolution]] here.
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* [[November 3]] – A new [[Constitution of the Netherlands]] (drafted by [[Johan Rudolph Thorbecke]]), severely limiting the power of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|monarchy]] and introducing [[representative democracy]], is proclaimed.
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* [[November 4]] – France ratifies a new constitution. The [[French Second Republic]] is set up, ending the state of temporary government lasting since the Revolution of 1848.
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* [[November 7]] – [[1848 United States presidential election]]: [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] [[Zachary Taylor]] of [[Louisiana]] defeats [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Lewis Cass]] of [[Michigan]], in the first [[United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]] held in every state on the same day.
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* [[November 24]] – [[Pope Pius IX]] flees Rome in disguise for [[Naples]].
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* [[December 2]] – Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] abdicates in favor of his nephew, [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]], who will serve as [[Emperor of Austria]] and [[King of Hungary]] and [[List of Bohemian monarchs|Bohemia]], until his death in [[1916]].
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* [[December 6]] – The Austrian imperial army, led by [[Franz Schlik]], attacks Hungary.
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* [[December 10]] – Prince [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] is elected first president of the [[French Second Republic]].
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* [[December 16]] – The main Austrian imperial forces, led by [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]], cross the Hungarian border.
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* [[December 20]] - President [[Napoleon III]] takes his [[oath of office]] in front of the [[French National Assembly]].
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===Ongoing events===
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* [[Great Famine (Ireland)]] (1845–49).
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==References==
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{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 16:46, 27 June 2022

1838 < 1839 < 1840 < 1841 < 1842 < 1843 < 1844 <1845 < 1846 < 1847 < 1848 > 1849 > 1850 > 1851 > 1852 > 1853 > 1854 > 1855 > 1856 > 1857 > 1858
Decade.png ( 1840s: )    Year.png 1848 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Chartist meeting, Kennington Common.jpg
April 10: "Monster Rally" of Chartists held on Kennington Common in London; the first photograph of a crowd depicts it.
1848 was a year of bourgeois revolutions across Europe.

1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.

Events

Ongoing events




 

Events

EventStartEnd
Pax Brittanica18151915
Victorian era18401901

 

New Groups

GroupImageTypeDescription
Queen's College LondonGroup.pngPrestigious English girls school.
Muhlenberg CollegeMuhlenberg College seal.png
Lazard LtdLazard freres.jpgBig money sponsor of the WEF/Young Global Leaders
BNP ParibasLogo signature BNP Paribas Groupe.jpgWorld's 8th largest bank by total assets, paid the US Justice Department $8.97 billion after accusations of money laundering
University of MississippiOle Miss seal.svgPublicFlagshipSea-grantSpace-grantThe largest university in the state by enrollment
University of OttawaUniversity of Ottawa.svgUniversityBilingual university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Denmark/Ministry of JusticeGroup.png
Phi Delta ThetaPhi Delta Theta Crest.pngFraternityUS fraternity

 

A Death

TitleBornDiedSummaryDescription
John Jacob Astor17 July 176329 March 1848Businessperson
Millionaire		The first multi-millionaire in the US

 

Births

TitleBornPlace of birthDiedSummary
E. H. Harriman20 February 1848New York
US
Hempstead		9 September 1909Businessperson
Arthur Balfour25 July 1848Scotland
Whittingehame House
East Lothian		19 March 1930Politician
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References

  1. ↑ Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848–1849 (Transylvania in 1848–1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p. 517 (Hungarian)
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