Difference between revisions of "1755"

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[[File:A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grymross, by Thomas Davies, 1758.JPG|thumb|right|[[August 10]]: [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] begins]]
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== Events ==
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<onlyinclude>
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=== January&ndash;March ===
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* [[January 23]] (O. S. January 12, [[Tatiana Day]], nowadays celebrated on January 25) &ndash; [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]] is established.
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* [[February 13]] &ndash; The kingdom of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] on [[Java]] is divided in two, creating the sultanate of [[Yogyakarta Sultanate|Yogyakarta]] and the sunanate of [[Surakarta Sunanate|Surakarta]].
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* [[March 12]] &ndash; A steam engine is used in the American colonies for the first time as [[New Jersey]] copper mine owner Arent Schuyler installs a [[Newcomen atmospheric engine]] to pump water out of a mineshaft.<ref>Paul R. Wonning, ''Colonial American History Stories, 1753–1763: Forgotten and Famous Historical Events'' (Mossy Feet Books, 2017)</ref> 
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* [[March 22]] &ndash; Britain's House of Commons votes in favor of £1,000,000 of appropriations to expand the British Army and Royal Navy operations in North America.<ref>Rodney Bruce Hall, ''National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems'' (Columbia University Press, 1999) p116</ref>
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* [[March 26]] &ndash; General [[Edward Braddock]] and 1,600 British sailors and soldiers arrive at [[Alexandria, Virginia]] on transport ships that have sailed up the [[Potomac River]].  Braddock, sent to take command of the British forces against the French in North America, commandeers taverns and private homes to feed and house the troops.<ref>Philip Smucker, ''Riding with George: Sportsmanship & Chivalry in the Making of America's First President'' (Chicago Review Press, 2017)</ref>
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=== April&ndash;June ===
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* [[April 2]] &ndash; A naval fleet, led by Commodore [[Sir William James, 1st Baronet|William James]] of the [[East India Company]], captures Tulaji Angre's fortress [[Suvarnadurg]] from the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s.
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* [[April 15]] &ndash; ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' is published by [[Samuel Johnson]] (he had begun the work nine years earlier, in [[1746]]).
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* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[France]] dispatches 3,600 troops to protect its Canadian colonies in [[Quebec]] from a British invasion, dispatching 2,400 to Quebec city and 1,200 to [[Louisbourg]] in [[Nova Scotia]], unaware that a squadron of 11 fully armed warships from Britain's Royal Navy had sailed toward Canada on April 27.<ref name=Dull>Jonathan R. Dull, ''The Miracle of American Independence: Twenty Ways Things Could Have Turned Out Differently'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2015) p22</ref>
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* [[May 17]] &ndash; Spanish missionary Tomas Sanchez and three families establish a settlement on the north side of the [[Rio Grande]] in [[New Spain]]. Sanchez names it [[Laredo, Texas|Villa de Laredo]].  The new settlement is the northernmost part of the colony of [[Nuevo Santander]], founded by [[José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda]], which now comprises parts of the Mexican state of [[Tamaulipas]] and the U.S. state of [[Texas]]. The portion of Villa de Laredo north of the river later becomes Laredo, Texas; the remaining portion south of the river is later renamed Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.<ref>Federal Writers' Project, ''The WPA Guide to Texas: The Lone Star State'' (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934, reprinted by Trinity University Press, 2013)</ref>
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* [[May 19]] &ndash; General Braddock hosts Iroquois leaders Scaroyady, Kaghswaghtaniunt, and Silver Heels at [[Fort Cumberland (Maryland)|Fort Cumberland]], the British Army base in the colony of [[Maryland]].  The three chiefs pledge their alliance with the British in advance of Braddock's expedition into the Ohio Country.<ref>David L. Preston, ''Braddock's Defeat: The Battle of the Monongahela and the Road to Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 2015) p112</ref>
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* [[May 22]] &ndash; The [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] sends 2,000 troops to supplement other British Army and colonial forces in Acadia; the troops anchor at [[Chignecto Bay]] on June 1.<ref>Frank Basil Tracy, ''The Tercentenary History of Canada: From Champlain to Laurier, MDCVIII-MCMVIII'', Volume II (P. F. Collier & Son, 1908) p387</ref>
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* [[May 24]] &ndash; France completes the construction of [[Fort Duquesne]], its new base to the west of the British colony of Pennsylvania. The British capture the fort during the [[French and Indian War]] and rename it [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]]. The site, at the junction of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River, is now [[Pittsburgh]].<ref>Stuart P. Boehmig, ''Images of America: Downtown Pittsburgh'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2007) p13</ref>
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* [[May 30]] &ndash; General Braddock's troops begin a difficult trek across the heavily wooded [[Allegheny Mountains]] from western Maryland into the Ohio country.<ref name=Papas>Phillip Papas, ''Renegade Revolutionary: The Life of General Charles Lee'' (New York University Press, 2014) p30</ref>
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* [[June 5]] &ndash; Scottish chemist [[Joseph Black]] describes his discovery of [[carbon dioxide]] (''fixed air'') and [[magnesium]], in a paper to the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh|Medical Society of Edinburgh]]. The paper is published in 1756 with the title ''Experiments upon Magnesia alba, Quicklime, and some other alkaline Substances''.<ref>"Black (Joseph)", in ''Bibliotheca Osleriana: A Catalogue of Books Illustrating the History of Medicine and Science'' by Sir William Osler (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1969) p116</ref>
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*At the entrance of the [[Saint Lawrence River]], a squadron of [[Royal Navy]] ships, under the command of British Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]], intercepts the nine French ships dispatched to save Canada; seven of the nine ships are concealed by fog and are able to reach their destination; another of the transports escapes.<ref name=Dull/>
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* [[June 16]] &ndash; After a [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour|two-week siege]], the French commander of [[Fort Beauséjour]] in North America surrenders to the British, marking the end of "[[Father Le Loutre's War]]".
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* [[June 23]] &ndash; Most of the French troops dispatched to Canada arrive at Quebec, along with the new [[Governor General of New France]], [[Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial]].<ref name=Dull/> 
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* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Iyoas I]] becomes the new [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] upon the death of his father, [[Iyasu II]]
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=== July&ndash;September ===
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* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[French and Indian War]] &ndash; [[Braddock Expedition]]: [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed, and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by [[Kingdom of France|French]] and Indian forces. During the battle, British General [[Edward Braddock]] is mortally wounded. Colonel [[George Washington]] survives.<ref>http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9580/ </ref>
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* [[July 17]] &ndash; In a convoy of ships from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], returning to India for the [[East India Company]], the lead ship ''Dodington'' wrecks at [[Port Elizabeth]], losing 247 of its 270 passengers and crew, and a chest of gold coins from [[Robert Clive]], worth £33,000.  In [[1998]], 1,400 coins are offered for sale, and in [[2002]] a portion is given to the South African government.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20050114210627/http://www.dodingtonfamily.org/shipdodingtonnotes.htm </ref>
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* [[July 25]] &ndash; The decision to deport the [[Acadians]] is made, during meetings of the Nova Scotia Council meeting in [[Halifax (former city)|Halifax]]. From September 1755-June 1763, the vast majority of Acadians are deported to one of the following British Colonies in America: [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]], [[Province of New York|New York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]], [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]] and [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]. Contrary to popular belief, no Acadians are sent to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. Those sent to Virginia are refused and then sent on to [[Liverpool]], [[Bristol]], [[Southampton]] and [[Penryn, Cornwall|Penryn]] in England. In 1758 the Fortress of Louisbourg falls, and all of the civilian population of Isle Royal (Cape Breton Island) and Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) are repatriated to France. Among them were several thousand Acadians, who had escaped the deportation by fleeing into those areas. Very few Acadians successfully escape the deportation, and do so only by fleeing into some of the northern sections of present day [[New Brunswick]]. The event inspires Longfellow to write the epic poem ''[[Evangeline]]''.
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* [[August 10]] &ndash; The [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] begins, with the [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)|Bay of Fundy Campaign]].
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* [[September 2]] &ndash; A powerful hurricane strikes the east coast of the British colony of [[North Carolina]], killing 150 people and sinking five British and colonial merchant ships at [[Portsmouth, North Carolina|Portsmouth Island]].<ref>"North Carolina", in ''Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones'', by David Longshore (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p330</ref>
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* [[September 6]] &ndash; The [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] awards its prize for "the best explanation of the true causes of electricity including their theory" to Switzerland's [[Johann Euler]] for his paper ''Disquisitio de causa physica electricitatis''.<ref>"Hallerstein and Gruber's Scientific Heritage", by Stanislav Joze Juznic, in ''The Circulation of Science and Technology'': Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science'' (Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, 2012) p358</ref>
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* [[September 8]] &ndash; The one-day [[Battle of Lake George]] is fought.  French Army troops led by [[Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau]], and Canadian colonists led by [[Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre]] drive south into Britain's New York province.<ref>David R. Starbuck, ''The Legacy of Fort William Henry: Resurrecting the Past'' (University Press of New England, 2014)</ref> They are met by British Army troops under [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|General William Johnson]] being supplemented by 200 Mohawk troops led by the Mohawk war chief, [[Hendrick Theyanoguin|Theyanoguin]]. After Theyanouguin and other Mohawks are killed in the battle, the [[Clan Mother|clan matrons]] of the Mohawk nation forbid the men from participating in the war against the French until a French defeat seems certain.<ref>Alfred A. Cave, ''The French and Indian War'' (Greenwood, 2004) p115</ref> 
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* [[September 16]] &ndash; Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams, the new British Minister to Russia, secures an alliance signed by Empress Catherine the Great. The Russian Empire agrees to provide up to 55,000 troops to defend the [[Electorate of Hanover]] against invasion by [[Prussia]]. At the time, King [[George II of Great Britain]] is also the ruler of the German duchy; the Russian troops are provided in return for an annual payment of £600,000.<ref>Ian Grey, ''Catherine the Great'' (New Word City, 2016)</ref> 
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* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Somerville, Massachusetts#Role in the Revolutionary War|Two slaves, Mark and Phyllis, are publicly executed for the poisoning murder of their master, John Codman]] in front of a large crowd outside the Middlesex County Courthouse in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].<ref>"Periphery as Center: Slavery, Identity, and the Commercial Press in the British Atlantic, 1704-1755", by Robert E. Desrochers, Jr., in ''British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', ed. by Stephen Foster (Oxford University Press, 2016)</ref>  Phyllis is [[death by burning|burned to death]]. Mark's execution by hanging is made as an example to other [[History of slavery in Massachusetts|African slaves in the Province of Massachusetts Bay]]. His body is transported to Charlestown Common in what is now [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] and [[Gibbeting|displayed on a gibbet]] for more than 20 years. In 1798, [[Paul Revere]] mentions in his memoir that his famous ride of April 18, [[1775]], started when he first spotted British Army officers at a site "nearly opposite where Mark was hung in chains", I saw two men on Horse back, under a Tree".<ref>Dee Morris and Dora St. Martin, ''Somerville, Massachusetts: A Brief History'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2008)</ref>
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=== October&ndash;December ===
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* [[October 11]] &ndash; In west Africa, officials of the [[Dutch West India Company]] sign a peace agreement with officials of the [[Ashanti Empire]] at [[Elmina]] p108.  In return for an annual tribute in gold, the Ashanti maintain peaceful relations in the Europeans in the [[Dutch Gold Coast]] colony and the Dutch maintain their settlement at [[Fort Coenraadsburg]].  The area is now part of the [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] of [[Ghana]].<ref>Harvey M. Feinberg, ''Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on the Gold Coast During the Eighteenth Century'' (American Philosophical Society, 1989) p108</ref>
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* [[October 12]] &ndash; Having completed the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] from [[Prince Edward Island|St. John's Island]] (now Prince Edward Island), the British colonial Governor of [[Nova Scotia]], [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]], issues a proclamation that his office will receive proposals from English settlers "for the peopling and cultivating as well of the lands vacated by the French, as every other part of this valuable province." <ref>Naomi Griffiths, ''Mason Wade, Acadia and Quebec'' (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991) p110</ref>
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* [[October 16]] &ndash; The [[Penn's Creek massacre]] is carried out by against white settlers who have moved into the [[Susquehanna Valley]] in the [[Pennsylvania]] colony, in territory also claimed by the [[Delaware people|Delaware Indians]].  The Delawares attack the Penn's Creek village, located near what is now [[Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania]], and kill 25 of the 26 men, women and children living there.<ref>Kevin Kenny, ''Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment'' (Oxford University Press, 2011) p71</ref>
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* [[October 17]] &ndash; The [[Katla (volcano)|Mount Katla]] volcano erupts in [[Iceland]], and continues ejecting ash for the next 120 days, finally ceasing on February 13.  An estimated 1.5 cubic ''kilometers'' (1.5 billion cubic meters or 53 billion cubic feet) of [[tephra]] is discharged by the volcano.<ref>Helgi Björnsson, ''The Glaciers of Iceland: A Historical, Cultural and Scientific Overview'' (Springer, 2016) pp244-245</ref>
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* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha]] becomes the new [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]], the fifth person to serve as the Empire's Vizier in 1755.
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* [[November 1]] &ndash; More than 40,000 people are killed by the 8.5 magnitude [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]].  The tremor begins at 9:40 in the morning local time off of the Atlantic coast of Portugal and sends a [[tsunami]] that strikes the coasts of Portugal, Spain and Morocco. [[File:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|right| [[November 1]]: [[Lisbon]] earthquake kills more than 40,000]]
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* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Corsican Constitution]] adopted by Corsican representatives at the "Consulta generale di Corte"
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* [[November 18]] &ndash; An [[1755 Cape Ann earthquake|earthquake]] occurs in the vicinity of [[Cape Ann]], [[Massachusetts]], causing extensive damage.
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* [[November 25]] &ndash; King [[Ferdinand VI of Spain]] grants the [[Religious of the Virgin Mary]] in the [[Spanish Philippines|Philippines]] royal protection.
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* [[December 2]] &ndash; The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]] off the coast of England is destroyed by fire.
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* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Anton I of Georgia|Anton]], [[List of heads of the Georgian Orthodox Church|Patriarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church]], is dismissed by his opponents on the Ecclesiastical Council, and briefly imprisoned for 18 months before being allowed to move to Russia; in 1764, Anton is again made the Georgian Orthodox Church's leader.
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=== Date unknown ===
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* ''[[Wolsey (clothing)|Wolsey]]'', the clothes manufacturer, is established in [[Leicester]], England; the business celebrates its 250th anniversary in [[2005]].
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* Construction of the [[Puning Temple (Hebei)|Puning Temple]] complex in [[Chengde]], China is completed, during the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]].
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* Construction of [[St Ninian's Church, Tynet]], [[Scotland]], the country's oldest surviving post-Reformation [[Roman Catholic]] [[clandestine church]], is completed.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222424/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=84461</ref>
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* The [[brine shrimp]] ''[[Artemia salina]]'' is first described, in [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]' ''[[Systema Naturae|Systema Naturæ]]''.
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</onlyinclude>
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== Births ==
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* [[January 11]] &ndash; [[Alexander Hamilton]], first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (most cited date of birth) (d. [[1804]])
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* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Paolo Mascagni]], Italian anatomist (d. 1815)
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* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring]], German physician, anatomist (d. [[1830]])
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* [[February 5]] – [[Caroline Müller (mezzo-soprano)|Caroline Müller]], Danish operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (d. 1826)
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* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Albert Christoph Dies]], German composer (d. [[1822]])
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* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Anne Grant]], Scottish poet (d. [[1838]])
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* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Rufus King]], American lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. [[1827]])
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* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Simon Kenton]], American frontiersman, Revolutionary Militia General (d. [[1836]])
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* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Samuel Hahnemann]], German founder of homeopathy (d. [[1843]])
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* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[James Parkinson]], English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist, and political activist (d. [[1824]])
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* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun]], French painter (d. [[1842]])
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* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Alfred Moore]], American judge and [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[1810]])
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* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Nathan Hale]], American Revolutionary War captain, writer and patriot (d. [[1776]])
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* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy]], French chemist (d. [[1809]])
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* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Paul Barras]], French politician (d. [[1829]])
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* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Benjamin Bourne]], American politician (d. [[1808]])
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* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Oliver Evans]], American inventor, engineer and businessman (d. [[1819]]) 
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* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[John Marshall]], American jurist, [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (d. [[1835]])
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* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Hannah Adams]], American author (d. [[1831]])
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* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Henriette von Crayen]], German salonnière  (d. [[1832]])
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* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Marie-Antoinette]], Queen Consort of France (d. [[1793]])<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France |website=Encyclopedia Britannica </ref>
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* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Gerhard von Scharnhorst]], Prussian general (d. [[1813]])
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* [[November 17]]
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** [[Louis XVIII of France]], brother of King Louis XVI (d. [[1824]])
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** [[Charles Manners-Sutton]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1828]])
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* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Gilbert Stuart]], [[United States|American]] painter from [[Rhode Island]] (d. [[1828]])
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* ''Date unknown'' &ndash; [[Maria Elizabetha Jacson]], British botanist (d. [[1829]])
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** [[Yelena Shidyanskaya]], Russian commander (d. [[1849]])
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== Deaths ==
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[[File:Montesquieu 1.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Montesquieu]]]]
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[[File:Saint Gerard Majella.jpg|thumb|right|110px|Saint [[Gerard Majella]]]]
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* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[Montesquieu]], French writer (b. [[1689]])
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* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei]], Italian archaeologist (b. [[1675]])
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* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon]], French writer (b. [[1675]])
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* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Thomas Wilson (bishop)|Thomas Wilson]], Bishop of Sodor and Man (b. [[1663]])
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* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Johann David Köhler]], German historian (b. [[1684]])
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* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[Richard Rawlinson]], English minister, antiquarian (b. [[1690]])
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* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]], French painter (b. [[1686]])
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* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Iyasu II]], Emperor of [[Ethiopia]] (b. c. [[1723]])
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* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu]], Canadian officer during the Seven Years' War (b. [[1711]])
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* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Edward Braddock]], British general (b. c. [[1695]])
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* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Jacques-Nompar III de Caumont, duc de La Force]], French nobleman (b. [[1714]])
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* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Francesco Durante]], Italian composer (b. [[1684]])
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* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Princess Marie Zéphyrine of France]], sister of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] (b. [[1750]])
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* [[September 8]]
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**[[Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre]], Canadian military commander (b. [[1701]])
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**[[Hendrick Theyanoguin]], Mohawk Council leader killed in the Battle of Lake George.
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**[[Ephraim Williams]], American philanthropist (b. [[1715]])
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* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Johann Lorenz von Mosheim]], German historian (b. [[1694]])
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* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye]], French-Canadian explorer (b. [[1714]])
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* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Georg Christian, Fürst von Lobkowitz]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1686]])
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* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Gerard Majella]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] lay brother and saint (b. [[1725]])
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* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Elisha Williams]], American rector of Yale College (b. [[1694]])
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* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Joseph Bodin de Boismortier]], French composer (b. [[1689]])
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* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Johann Georg Pisendel]], German musician (b. [[1687]])
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* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Maurice Greene (composer)|Maurice Greene]], English composer (b. [[1696]])
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* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire]] (b. [[1698]])
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* ''approximate date''
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** Queen [[Nanny of the Maroons]], Jamaican national heroine (b. [[1686]])
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** [[Cai Wan]], politically influential Chinese poet (b. [[1695]])
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{{SMWDocs}}
 
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{{Stub}}
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==Reverences==
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{{reflist}}

Revision as of 23:06, 25 February 2021

1745 < 1746 < 1747 < 1748 < 1749 < 1750 < 1751 <1752 < 1753 < 1754 < 1755 > 1756 > 1757 > 1758 > 1759 > 1760 > 1761 > 1762 > 1763 > 1764 > 1765
Decade.png ( 1750s: )    Year.png 1755 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
year 1755
August 10: Expulsion of the Acadians begins

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown


Births

Deaths

Montesquieu
Saint Gerard Majella


 

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Reverences

  1. ↑ Paul R. Wonning, Colonial American History Stories, 1753–1763: Forgotten and Famous Historical Events (Mossy Feet Books, 2017)
  2. ↑ Rodney Bruce Hall, National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (Columbia University Press, 1999) p116
  3. ↑ Philip Smucker, Riding with George: Sportsmanship & Chivalry in the Making of America's First President (Chicago Review Press, 2017)
  4. ↑ a b c Jonathan R. Dull, The Miracle of American Independence: Twenty Ways Things Could Have Turned Out Differently (University of Nebraska Press, 2015) p22
  5. ↑ Federal Writers' Project, The WPA Guide to Texas: The Lone Star State (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934, reprinted by Trinity University Press, 2013)
  6. ↑ David L. Preston, Braddock's Defeat: The Battle of the Monongahela and the Road to Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2015) p112
  7. ↑ Frank Basil Tracy, The Tercentenary History of Canada: From Champlain to Laurier, MDCVIII-MCMVIII, Volume II (P. F. Collier & Son, 1908) p387
  8. ↑ Stuart P. Boehmig, Images of America: Downtown Pittsburgh (Arcadia Publishing, 2007) p13
  9. ↑ Phillip Papas, Renegade Revolutionary: The Life of General Charles Lee (New York University Press, 2014) p30
  10. ↑ "Black (Joseph)", in Bibliotheca Osleriana: A Catalogue of Books Illustrating the History of Medicine and Science by Sir William Osler (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1969) p116
  11. ↑ http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9580/
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050114210627/http://www.dodingtonfamily.org/shipdodingtonnotes.htm
  13. ↑ "North Carolina", in Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, by David Longshore (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p330
  14. ↑ "Hallerstein and Gruber's Scientific Heritage", by Stanislav Joze Juznic, in The Circulation of Science and Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science (Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, 2012) p358
  15. ↑ David R. Starbuck, The Legacy of Fort William Henry: Resurrecting the Past (University Press of New England, 2014)
  16. ↑ Alfred A. Cave, The French and Indian War (Greenwood, 2004) p115
  17. ↑ Ian Grey, Catherine the Great (New Word City, 2016)
  18. ↑ "Periphery as Center: Slavery, Identity, and the Commercial Press in the British Atlantic, 1704-1755", by Robert E. Desrochers, Jr., in British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, ed. by Stephen Foster (Oxford University Press, 2016)
  19. ↑ Dee Morris and Dora St. Martin, Somerville, Massachusetts: A Brief History (Arcadia Publishing, 2008)
  20. ↑ Harvey M. Feinberg, Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on the Gold Coast During the Eighteenth Century (American Philosophical Society, 1989) p108
  21. ↑ Naomi Griffiths, Mason Wade, Acadia and Quebec (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991) p110
  22. ↑ Kevin Kenny, Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (Oxford University Press, 2011) p71
  23. ↑ Helgi Björnsson, The Glaciers of Iceland: A Historical, Cultural and Scientific Overview (Springer, 2016) pp244-245
  24. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222424/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=84461
  25. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France |website=Encyclopedia Britannica
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