Difference between revisions of "Simón Bolívar"
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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar | ||
|wikiquote=http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar | |wikiquote=http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar | ||
| + | |death_cause=arsenic poisoning | ||
|spouses=María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa | |spouses=María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa | ||
|birth_place=Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, Spanish Empire | |birth_place=Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, Spanish Empire | ||
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Gaining support from [[Haiti]], Simón Bolívar returned to his home continent and became involved in a number of military battles, eventually able to claim several territories. 1821 saw the creation of the [[Gran Colombia]], under Bolívar's leadership. This federation included much of what is now [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], [[Panama]] and [[Ecuador]]. Further manoeuvres saw him named [[Dictator of Peru]] in 1824, followed by the creation of [[Bolivia]] in 1825. | Gaining support from [[Haiti]], Simón Bolívar returned to his home continent and became involved in a number of military battles, eventually able to claim several territories. 1821 saw the creation of the [[Gran Colombia]], under Bolívar's leadership. This federation included much of what is now [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], [[Panama]] and [[Ecuador]]. Further manoeuvres saw him named [[Dictator of Peru]] in 1824, followed by the creation of [[Bolivia]] in 1825. | ||
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| + | ==Fremasonry== | ||
| + | Similarly to some others in the history of American Independence ([[George Washington]], [[Benito Juárez]], [[José de San Martín]], [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] and [[Francisco Miranda]]), Simón Bolívar was a [[Freemason]]. He was initiated in [[1803]] in the Masonic Lodge Lautaro which operated in [[Cadiz, Spain]]. It was in this lodge that he first met some of his revolutionary peers, such as José de San Martín. In May [[1806]] he was conferred the rank of Master Mason in the "Scottish Mother of St. Alexander of Scotland" in [[Paris]]. During his time in [[London]], he frequented "The Great American Reunion" lodge in London, founded by [[Francisco de Miranda]]. In April [[1824]] Simón Bolívar was given the 33rd degree of Inspector General Honorary.<ref>http://calodges.org/ncrl/bolivar.html</ref> | ||
==Later Years, Death and Legacy== | ==Later Years, Death and Legacy== | ||
Simón Bolívar had succeeded in uniting much of South America in a federation free from Spanish control, but the government was fragile. Despite his desire to create a union of states similar to that which created the [[United States of America]], Bolívar faced opposition from internal factions throughout the huge Gran Colombia, with there being a push to form single nations. As a temporary measure, Bolívar declared himself dictator in 1828, though in September of the same year he escaped an assassination attempt with aid from his mistress and fellow revolutionary [[Manuela Sáenz]]. He resigned this post in 1830 and made plans to sail for exile in Europe. On 17 December 1830, however, Simón Bolívar died in Santa Marta, [[Colombia]], after a battle with what may have been tuberculosis, although poisoning was suspected.<ref>''[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2011/0726/Venezuela-unable-to-determine-cause-of-Bolivar-s-death "Venezuela unable to determine cause of Bolivar's death"]''</ref> | Simón Bolívar had succeeded in uniting much of South America in a federation free from Spanish control, but the government was fragile. Despite his desire to create a union of states similar to that which created the [[United States of America]], Bolívar faced opposition from internal factions throughout the huge Gran Colombia, with there being a push to form single nations. As a temporary measure, Bolívar declared himself dictator in 1828, though in September of the same year he escaped an assassination attempt with aid from his mistress and fellow revolutionary [[Manuela Sáenz]]. He resigned this post in 1830 and made plans to sail for exile in Europe. On 17 December 1830, however, Simón Bolívar died in Santa Marta, [[Colombia]], after a battle with what may have been tuberculosis, although poisoning was suspected.<ref>''[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2011/0726/Venezuela-unable-to-determine-cause-of-Bolivar-s-death "Venezuela unable to determine cause of Bolivar's death"]''</ref> | ||
| − | + | ==Arsenic poisoning== | |
| + | At the time of his death in 1830, the cause was assumed to be [[tuberculosis]]. He had suffered a long illness with a variety of symptoms — frequent bouts of loss of consciousness, skin darkening, extreme weight loss, coughing, exhaustion and persistent headaches.<ref>https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-04-medical-conference-bolivar-poisoned.html</ref> In 2010, Dr. [[Paul Auwaerter]] of [[Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine]] said his death was most likely caused by [[arsenic]], according to Dr. Auwaerter either from drinking contaminated water or using the naturally occurring poison to try to cure headaches and hemorrhoids. Auwaerter said he did not rule out murder, but thought it was unlikely.<ref>https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-04-medical-conference-bolivar-poisoned.html</ref> | ||
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| + | In July 2010, Bolívar's body was ordered to be exhumed by the Venezuelan government to advance the investigations<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38280282/ns/world_news-americas/</reF>. In July 2011, international forensics experts released a report, saying their findings were inconclusive. Traces of toxins, including arsenic, were found in Bolívar's bones.<ref name=gaud>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/26/hugo-chavez-liberation-hero-murdered</ref> <ref>https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2011/0726/Venezuela-unable-to-determine-cause-of-Bolivar-s-death</ref>. | ||
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| + | The theory that Bolívar was murdered was long held by Venezuelan president [[Hugo Chávez]], who said Bolívar was victim of a murderous conspiracy and had been poisoned by Colombian oligarchs. "They killed Simon Bolívar. They murdered him and, even though I don't have proof, the circumstances in which he died point to that." ref name=gaud/> | ||
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{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 23:40, 13 October 2024
 Simón Bolívar     | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Simón José Antonio de la Santísma Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios 24 July 1783 Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, Spanish Empire (Now Venezuela) |
| Died | 17 December 1830 (Age 47) Santa Marta, Gran Colombia, (present-day, Colombia |
Cause of death | arsenic poisoning |
| Nationality | Venezuelan |
| Spouse | María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa |
Simón Bolívar was born on 24 July 1783 in Caracas, New Granada (now Venezuela) into a prosperous family who took their money from rich gold and copper mines they owned in Venezuela. Young Bolívar moved to Spain in 1799 after the deaths of his parents. In Spain, he continued his education, begun in Venezuela with tutors, and married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa in 1802. When the young couple returned to Venezuela to visit in 1803, however, María Teresa sickened and died of yellow fever.[1]
Contents
El Libertador
After María Teresa's death, Bólivar returned to Europe and kept company with Napoleon Bonaparte. Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807. When Napoleon named Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain and its colonies, which included Venezuela, Bolívar joined the resistance movement. The resistance group based in Caracas gained independence in 1810, and Bolívar travelled to Britain on a diplomatic mission. The fight for control of Caracas, Venezuela and most of South American continued on back home.
Finally, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and began a campaign to wrest control of that country from the Spanish. He and his followers invaded Venezuela on 14 May 1813; this marked the beginning of his "Campaña Admirable" (Admirable Campaign), which resulted in the formation of the Venezuelan Second Republic later that year. Bolívar was hailed as El Libertador (The Liberator), though civil war soon erupted in the republic, forcing him to flee to Jamaica and seek foreign aid. There he wrote his famous "Letter From Jamaica," detailing his vision of a South American republic with a parliamentary setup modelled after England and a life-long president. His idea of being a nation's chief who could not be removed from power would be heavily critiqued by other leaders and intellectuals.
Gaining support from Haiti, Simón Bolívar returned to his home continent and became involved in a number of military battles, eventually able to claim several territories. 1821 saw the creation of the Gran Colombia, under Bolívar's leadership. This federation included much of what is now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador. Further manoeuvres saw him named Dictator of Peru in 1824, followed by the creation of Bolivia in 1825.
Fremasonry
Similarly to some others in the history of American Independence (George Washington, Benito Juárez, José de San Martín, Bernardo O'Higgins and Francisco Miranda), Simón Bolívar was a Freemason. He was initiated in 1803 in the Masonic Lodge Lautaro which operated in Cadiz, Spain. It was in this lodge that he first met some of his revolutionary peers, such as José de San Martín. In May 1806 he was conferred the rank of Master Mason in the "Scottish Mother of St. Alexander of Scotland" in Paris. During his time in London, he frequented "The Great American Reunion" lodge in London, founded by Francisco de Miranda. In April 1824 Simón Bolívar was given the 33rd degree of Inspector General Honorary.[2]
Later Years, Death and Legacy
Simón Bolívar had succeeded in uniting much of South America in a federation free from Spanish control, but the government was fragile. Despite his desire to create a union of states similar to that which created the United States of America, Bolívar faced opposition from internal factions throughout the huge Gran Colombia, with there being a push to form single nations. As a temporary measure, Bolívar declared himself dictator in 1828, though in September of the same year he escaped an assassination attempt with aid from his mistress and fellow revolutionary Manuela Sáenz. He resigned this post in 1830 and made plans to sail for exile in Europe. On 17 December 1830, however, Simón Bolívar died in Santa Marta, Colombia, after a battle with what may have been tuberculosis, although poisoning was suspected.[3]
Arsenic poisoning
At the time of his death in 1830, the cause was assumed to be tuberculosis. He had suffered a long illness with a variety of symptoms — frequent bouts of loss of consciousness, skin darkening, extreme weight loss, coughing, exhaustion and persistent headaches.[4] In 2010, Dr. Paul Auwaerter of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine said his death was most likely caused by arsenic, according to Dr. Auwaerter either from drinking contaminated water or using the naturally occurring poison to try to cure headaches and hemorrhoids. Auwaerter said he did not rule out murder, but thought it was unlikely.[5]
In July 2010, Bolívar's body was ordered to be exhumed by the Venezuelan government to advance the investigations[6]. In July 2011, international forensics experts released a report, saying their findings were inconclusive. Traces of toxins, including arsenic, were found in Bolívar's bones.[7] [8].
The theory that Bolívar was murdered was long held by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who said Bolívar was victim of a murderous conspiracy and had been poisoned by Colombian oligarchs. "They killed Simon Bolívar. They murdered him and, even though I don't have proof, the circumstances in which he died point to that." ref name=gaud/>
Related Document
| Title | Type | Publication date | Author(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Document:Coordinating Regime Change in Iran and Venezuela | diplomatic communication | 25 August 2010 | Trowbridge Ford | Iran and Venezuela, prime candidates for regime change |
References
- ↑ "Simón Bolívar Biography.com Military Leader(1783–1830)"
- ↑ http://calodges.org/ncrl/bolivar.html
- ↑ "Venezuela unable to determine cause of Bolivar's death"
- ↑ https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-04-medical-conference-bolivar-poisoned.html
- ↑ https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-04-medical-conference-bolivar-poisoned.html
- ↑ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38280282/ns/world_news-americas/
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/26/hugo-chavez-liberation-hero-murdered
- ↑ https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2011/0726/Venezuela-unable-to-determine-cause-of-Bolivar-s-death
