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| − | '''Boston University''' ('''BU''') is a [[Private university|private]] [[research university]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. The university is [[nonsectarian]]<ref name="Nonsectarian1">http://www.bu.edu/nisprod/coursedesc/data/archives/200709251128/www.bu.edu/bulletins/cfa/item02.html|title=The College of Fine Arts Introduction|publisher=Boston University|quote=Boston University is coeducational and nonsectarian.|access-date=June 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205174238/http://www.bu.edu/nisprod/coursedesc/data/archives/200709251128/www.bu.edu/bulletins/cfa/item02.html|archive-date=December 5, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> but maintains its historical affiliation with the [[United Methodist Church]].<ref name="Boston University - Religious Affiliation">https://web.archive.org/web/20101226230616/https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=381 |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="ReligiousAffiliation">https://books.google.com/books?id=i7rf70FX7XIC| title = Cambridge University Student Union International 2003–2004| year = 2005|publisher = The Hermit Kingdom Press| isbn = 9781596890442|quote= Emory University, an academic institution of higher education that is under the auspices of the United Methodist Church (Duke University, Boston University, Northwestern University are among other elite universities belonging to the United Methodist Church).|access-date = June 30, 2007}}</ref> It was founded in 1839 by [[Methodists]] with its original campus in [[Newbury (town), Vermont|Newbury, Vermont]], before moving to Boston in 1867.<ref name="Buckley1898">{Buckley |first1=James Monroe |title=A History of Methodism in the United States |date=1898 |publisher=Harper & Brothers Company |page=203 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_Sta/5TVKAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Boston+University+founded+Methodists&pg=PA203&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref> | + | '''Boston University''' ('''BU''') is a [[Private university|private]] [[research university]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. The university is [[nonsectarian]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141205174238/http://www.bu.edu/nisprod/coursedesc/data/archives/200709251128/www.bu.edu/bulletins/cfa/item02.html</ref> but maintains its historical affiliation with the [[United Methodist Church]].<ref name="Boston University - Religious Affiliation">https://web.archive.org/web/20101226230616/https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=381</ref><ref name="ReligiousAffiliation">https://books.google.com/books?id=i7rf70FX7XIC</ref> It was founded in 1839 by [[Methodists]] with its original campus in [[Newbury (town), Vermont|Newbury, Vermont]], before moving to Boston in 1867.<ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_Sta/5TVKAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Boston+University+founded+Methodists&pg=PA203&printsec=frontcover</ref> |
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| − | The university now has more than 4,000 faculty members<ref>https://www.bu.edu/president/boston-university-facts-stats/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> and nearly 34,000 students, and is one of Boston's largest employers.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120729071443/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/pdf/ResearchPublications//AllstonSF1NBHD.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> It offers [[bachelor's degree]]s, [[master's degree]]s, [[doctorate]]s, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on three urban campuses.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/about/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Boston University|language=en}}</ref> The main campus is situated along the [[Charles River]] in Boston's [[Fenway-Kenmore]] and [[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]] neighborhoods, while the [[Boston University Medical Campus]] is located in Boston's [[South End, Boston|South End]] neighborhood. The Fenway campus houses the Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, formerly Wheelock College, which merged with BU in 2018.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/take-a-virtual-tour-of-new-fenway-campus/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Boston University|language=en}}</ref> | + | The university now has more than 4,000 faculty members<ref>https://www.bu.edu/president/boston-university-facts-stats/</ref> and nearly 34,000 students, and is one of Boston's largest employers.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120729071443/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/pdf/ResearchPublications//AllstonSF1NBHD.pdf</ref> It offers [[bachelor's degree]]s, [[master's degree]]s, [[doctorate]]s, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on three urban campuses.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/about/</ref> The main campus is situated along the [[Charles River]] in Boston's [[Fenway-Kenmore]] and [[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]] neighborhoods, while the [[Boston University Medical Campus]] is located in Boston's [[South End, Boston|South End]] neighborhood. The Fenway campus houses the Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, formerly Wheelock College, which merged with BU in 2018.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/take-a-virtual-tour-of-new-fenway-campus/</ref> |
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| − | BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education and the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100414131033/http://www.boston-consortium.org/about/what_is_tbc.asp |archive-date=April 14, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>It is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity".<ref name="Carnegie Foundation">http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=164988 |title=The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education |publisher=Indiana University Bloomington's Center for Postsecondary Research |access-date=September 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043624/http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=164988 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | + | BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education and the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100414131033/http://www.boston-consortium.org/about/what_is_tbc.asp</ref>It is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043624/http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=164988 </ref> |
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| − | Among its alumni and current or past faculty, the university counts eight [[Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel Laureates]], 23 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 10 [[Rhodes Scholars]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190109182121/http://www.bu.edu/bufellow/past-winners/|archive-date=January 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190128150700/http://www.bu.edu/provost/awards-publications/faculty-achievement/national-awards-and-distinctions/rhodes-scholars/|archive-date=January 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> six [[Marshall Scholars]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|archive-date=January 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> nine [[Academy Award]] winners, and several [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and [[Tony Award]] winners. BU also has [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur]], [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]], and [[Harry S. Truman Scholarship|Truman Scholars]], as well as [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and [[National Academy of Sciences]] members, among its past and present graduates and faculty. In 1876, BU professor [[Alexander Graham Bell]] invented the [[telephone]] in a BU lab. | + | Among its alumni and current or past faculty, the university counts eight [[Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel Laureates]], 23 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 10 [[Rhodes Scholars]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190109182121/http://www.bu.edu/bufellow/past-winners/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190128150700/http://www.bu.edu/provost/awards-publications/faculty-achievement/national-awards-and-distinctions/rhodes-scholars/</ref> six [[Marshall Scholars]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics</ref> nine [[Academy Award]] winners, and several [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and [[Tony Award]] winners. BU also has [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur]], [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]], and [[Harry S. Truman Scholarship|Truman Scholars]], as well as [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and [[National Academy of Sciences]] members, among its past and present graduates and faculty. In 1876, BU professor [[Alexander Graham Bell]] invented the [[telephone]] in a BU lab. |
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| | The [[Boston University Terriers]] compete in the [[NCAA Division I]]. BU athletic teams compete in the [[Patriot League]], and [[Hockey East]] conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for [[Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey|men's hockey]], in which it has won five national championships, most recently in 2009. | | The [[Boston University Terriers]] compete in the [[NCAA Division I]]. BU athletic teams compete in the [[Patriot League]], and [[Hockey East]] conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for [[Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey|men's hockey]], in which it has won five national championships, most recently in 2009. |
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| − | ==History==
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| − | ===Predecessor institutions and University Charter===
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| − | Boston University traces its roots to the establishment of the Newbury Biblical Institute in [[Newbury (town), Vermont|Newbury, Vermont]] in 1839, and was chartered with the name "Boston University" by the [[Massachusetts Legislature]] in 1869. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969.<ref name="history">[http://www.bu.edu/info/about/ Boston University |Visitor Center | About the University |History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216154448/http://www.bu.edu/info/about/ |date=February 16, 2006 }}, retrieved May 6, 2006</ref> One or the other, or both dates may appear on various official seals used by different schools of the university.
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| − | On April 24–25, 1839 a group of [[Methodist]] ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, [[Vermont]], the school was named the "Newbury Biblical Institute".
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| − | In 1847, the Congregational Society in [[Concord, New Hampshire]], invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational church]] building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs. One stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the "Methodist General Biblical Institute", but it was commonly called the "Concord Biblical Institute".
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| − | With the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased {{convert|30|acre|m2}} on Aspinwall Hill in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in the [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] neighborhood of Boston, and received a Massachusetts Charter as the "Boston Theological Seminary".
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| − | In 1869, three trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of "Boston University".<ref name="Buckley1898"/> These trustees were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises, and they became the founders of Boston University. They were Isaac Rich (1801–1872), Lee Claflin (1791–1871), and Jacob Sleeper (1802–1889), for whom Boston University's three [[Boston University West Campus|West Campus]] dormitories were later named. Lee Claflin's son, [[William Claflin|William]], was then Governor of Massachusetts and signed the University Charter on May 26, 1869, after it was passed by the Legislature.
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| − | As reported by Kathleen Kilgore in her book, ''Transformations, A History of Boston University'' (see [[#Further reading|Further reading]]), the founders directed the inclusion in the Charter of the following provision, unusual for its time:
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| − | :No instructor in said University shall ever be required by the Trustees to profess any particular religious opinions as a test of office, and no student shall be refused admission... on account of the religious opinions he may entertain; provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University.
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| − | Every department of the new university was also open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race, or (with the exception of the School of Theology) religion.
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| − | ===Early years (1870–1900)===
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| − | [[File:Bell receives honorary LL.D from University of Edinburgh.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[Alexander Graham Bell]], who invented the telephone at Boston University]]
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| − | [[File:688 Boylston St.jpg|thumbnail|right|688 Boylston Street, the early home of the College of Liberal Arts, the precursor to the College of Arts & Sciences]]
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| − | The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the [[Boston University School of Theology|BU School of Theology]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171016230033/https://www.bu.edu/sth/welcome/about-sth/history/|archive-date=October 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| − | On January 13, 1872, [[Isaac Rich]] died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston which was appraised at more than $1.5 million. Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university as of that time. By December, however, the [[Great Boston Fire of 1872]] had destroyed all but one of the buildings Rich had left to the University, and the insurance companies with which they had been insured were [[bankrupt]]. The value of his estate, when turned over to the University in 1882, was half what it had been in 1872.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
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| − | As a result, the University was unable to build its contemplated campus on Aspinwall Hill, and the land was sold piecemeal as development sites. Street names in the area, including Claflin Road, Claflin Path, and University Road, are the only remaining evidence of University ownership in this area. Following the fire, Boston University established its new facilities in buildings scattered throughout [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] and later expanded into the [[Boylston Street]] and [[Copley Square]] area before building its Charles River Campus in the 1930s.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
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| − | After receiving a year's salary advance to allow him to pursue his research in 1875, [[Alexander Graham Bell]], then a professor at the school, invented the telephone in a Boston University laboratory.<ref name="Kilgore">Kathleen|title=Transformations: A History of Boston University|date=1991|publisher=Boston University Press |location=Boston}}</ref> In 1876, [[Borden Parker Bowne]] was appointed professor of philosophy. Bowne, an important figure in the history of American religious thought, was an American Christian philosopher and theologian in the [[Methodist]] tradition. He is known for his contributions to [[personalism]], a philosophical branch of [[Liberal Christianity|liberal theology]].<ref>Buford|first=Tom|title=Persons in the Tradition of Boston Personalism|journal=The Journal of Speculative Philosophy |year=2006|volume=20|issue=3|pages=214–218 |doi=10.1353/jsp.2007.0000|s2cid=170564853}}</ref> The movement he led is often referred to as [[Personalism#Boston Personalism|Boston Personalism]].<ref name="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">https://web.archive.org/web/20130423084853/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personalism/|archive-date=April 23, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| − | [[File:Helen magill.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Helen Magill White]], the first woman to receive a PhD from an American university]]
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| − | The university continued its tradition of openness in this period. In 1877, Boston University became the first American university to award a PhD to a woman, when classics scholar [[Helen Magill White]] earned hers with a thesis on "The Greek Drama".<ref name="Kilgore"/> Then in 1878 Anna Oliver became the first woman to receive a degree in theology in the United States, but the [[Methodist Church]] would not ordain her.<ref name="Kilgore"/> Lelia Robinson Sawtelle, who graduated from the university's law school in 1881, became the first woman admitted to the bar in Massachusetts.<ref name="Kilgore"/> [[Solomon Carter Fuller]], who graduated from the university's School of Medicine in 1897, became the first black psychiatrist in the United States and would make significant contributions to the study of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="Kilgore"/>
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| − | ===20th century and establishment of the Charles River campus===
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| − | [[File:Marsh Chapel.jpg|thumb|Marsh Plaza and its surrounding buildings were one of the first completed parts of the Charles River Campus]]
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| − | [[File:Type 4 streetcar inbound at Granby Street, circa 1940s.jpg|thumbnail|left|Commonwealth Avenue in the 1930s]]
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| − | [[File:Tribute to John Silber (from joncouture.com).jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|[[John Silber]]]]
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| − | Seeking to unify a geographically scattered school and enable it to participate in the development of the city, school president Lemuel Murlin arranged that the school buy the present campus along the [[Charles River]]. Between 1920 and 1928, the school bought the {{convert|15|acre|m2}} of land that had been reclaimed from the river by the Riverfront Improvement Association. Plans for a riverside quadrangle with a [[Alexander Graham Bell tower|Gothic Revival administrative tower]] modeled on the "Old Boston Stump" in [[Boston, Lincolnshire|Boston]], England were scaled back in the late 1920s when the State Metropolitan District Commission used [[eminent domain]] to seize riverfront land for [[Storrow Drive]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071212022404/http://www.bu.edu/visit/about/history/betweenwars.html |archive-date=December 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Murlin was never able to build the new campus, but his successor, [[Daniel L. Marsh]], led a series of fundraising campaigns (interrupted by both the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]]) that helped Marsh to achieve his dream and to gradually fill in the University's new campus.<ref>Healea, Christopher Daryl, "The Builder and Maker of the Greater University: A History of Daniel L. Marsh's Presidency at Boston University, 1926–1951" (Boston University, 2011). Order No. DA3463124.</ref> By spring 1936, the student body included 10,384 men and women.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/10384-are-enrolled-at-bu.html "10.384 are enrolled at B.U.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174916/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/10384-are-enrolled-at-bu.html |date=August 30, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times''. April 12, 1936. p. N7.</ref>
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| − | [[File:Boston University (8609103615).jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Josep Lluís Sert|Sert]]'s buildings expanded the campus in the 1960s]]
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| − | In 1951, [[Harold C. Case]] became the school's fifth president and under his direction the character of the campus changed significantly, as he sought to change the school into a national research university. The campus tripled in size to {{convert|45|acre|m2}}, and added 68 new buildings before Case retired in 1967. The first large dorms, Claflin, Rich and Sleeper Halls in [[Boston University West Campus|West Campus]] were built, and in 1965 construction began on 700 [[Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)|Commonwealth Avenue]], later named [[Warren Towers]], designed to house 1800 students. Between 1961 and 1966, the [[Boston University School of Law|BU Law Tower]], the [[George Sherman Union]], and the [[Mugar Memorial Library]] were constructed in the [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]] style, a departure from the school's traditional architecture. The [[Boston University College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] and [[Boston University College of Communication|College of Communication]] were housed in a former stable building and auto-show room, respectively.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070401215744/http://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2006/10/17/News/Activism.Dorm.Construction.Pervade.Campus.In.1950s60s-2371894.shtml|archive-date=April 1, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Besides his efforts to expand the university into a rival for Greater Boston's more prestigious academic institutions, such as [[Harvard University]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (both in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] across the Charles River from the BU campus), Case involved himself in the start of the student/societal upheavals that came to characterize the 1960s.
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| − | When a mini-squabble over editorial policy at [[college radio]] WBUR-FM – whose offices were under a tall radio antenna mast in front of the School of Public Relations and Communications (later College of Communications) – started growing in the spring of 1964, Case persuaded university trustees that the university should take over the widely-heard radio station (now a major outlet for [[National Public Radio]] and still a BU-owned broadcast facility). The trustees approved the firing of student managers and clamped down on programming and editorial policy, which had been led by Jim Thistle, later a major force in Boston's broadcast news milieu. The on-campus political dispute between Case's conservative administration and the suddenly active and mostly liberal student body led to other disputes over BU student print publications, such as the ''B.U. News'' and the ''Scarlet'', a fraternity association newspaper.
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| − | The Presidency of [[John Silber]] also saw much expansion of the campus and programs. In the late 1970s, the [[Lahey Clinic]] vacated its building at 605 Commonwealth Avenue and moved to [[Burlington, Massachusetts]]. The vacated building was purchased by BU to house the [[Boston University School of Education|School of Education]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100423195345/http://www.lahey.org/About/LaheyHistory.asp|archive-date=April 23, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> After arriving from the University of Texas in 1971, Silber set out to remake the university into a global center for research by recruiting star faculty. Two of his faculty "stars", [[Elie Wiesel]] and [[Derek Walcott]], won Nobel Prizes shortly after Silber recruited them.<ref name="Silberado">Wolfe |first1=Tom |title=Silberado|journal=Bostonia|date=February 2015|page=37|publisher=Boston University}}</ref> Two others, [[Saul Bellow]] and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]] won Nobel Prizes before Silber recruited them.<ref name="Silberado"/>
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| − | In addition to recruiting new scholars, Silber expanded the physical campus, constructing the Photonics Center for the study of light, a new building for the School of Management, and the Life Science and Engineering Building for interdisciplinary research, among other projects.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100922152400/http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/04-29/lse.html|archive-date=September 22, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Campus expansion continued in the 2000s with the construction of new dormitories and the [[Agganis Arena]].
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| − | === History of student and faculty activism on campus ===
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| − | To protest the poor condition of Boston University's African-American curriculum, on April 25, 1968 (three weeks after the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]]), African-American students conducted a [[sit-in]] and locked BU President Dr. [[Arland F. Christ-Janer]] out of his office for 12 hours.<ref>Waters|first=Bertram|date=May 5, 1968|title=Science Medicine Education: 'Reason' Won' at Sit-in, Says B.U. President|page=1|work=Boston Globe (1960-1988); Boston, Mass.|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC|type=Historical Newspapers|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/366547855|access-date=September 28, 2020|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Umoja, BU's Black Student Union, put forward ten demands to Dr. Christ-Janer and got nine of them approved that included the creation of a Martin Luther King Chair of Social Ethics, expansion of African-American library resources and tutoring services, opening an "Afro-American coordinating center," admission and selection of more Black students and faculty. No disciplinary action was taken against the students who only opened the chains after their demands were met. "There was no surprise, or feeling of victory on the students’ parts," said Dr. Christ-Janer in response to the sit-in. "They had confidence in their demands, and I had a confidence in them. The university, black and white alike, was the winner."
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| − | The late twentieth century saw a culmination in student activism at Boston University during the presidency of [[John Silber|John R. Silber]]. In 1972, student protests rose against the university administration’s endorsement of [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] recruitment on campus which faced significant opposition from the [[Students for a Democratic Society|Student Democratic Society]].<ref>https://www.proquest.com/docview/375333303|access-date=September 29, 2020|via=ProQuest}}</ref> On March 27, 1972, 50 police officers in "riot gear" defused a demonstration of 150 protesters at 195 Bay State Road, the BU Placement Office, where Marine recruiters were holding student interviews. A few protesters were arrested while some suffered minor injuries, including a student and two officers. Contrary to student claims of a peaceful protest, Silber said, “Civilization doesn’t abdicate in face of barbarism. Those students or nonstudents who deliberately seek violent confrontation and refuse all efforts at peaceful resolution of issues must expect society to use its police power in its own defense." In response to Silber's decision of a forceful police intervention, the Faculty State conducted a vote on Silber's resignation which could not pass due to a "vote of 140-25 with 32 abstentions." As a result of this failed motion, Peter P. Gabriel resigned his position as the dean of [[Questrom School of Business|Boston University’s School of Management]] in protest of Silber’s presidency and his "counterproductive" leadership.<ref>https://www.proquest.com/docview/657914676|access-date=September 29, 2020|via=ProQuest}}</ref> Silber’s support of military recruitment on campus, which he pushed to make the university eligible for Federal grants,<ref>https://www.proquest.com/docview/757677881|access-date=September 29, 2020|via=ProQuest}}</ref> caused other demonstrations. On December 5, 1972, fifteen BU Student Government officers started a three-day hunger strike at [[Marsh Chapel]] demanding Silber "to file a lawsuit against the Federal government challenging the constitutionality of the Herbert Amendment."<ref>https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/12/5/bu-protesters-begin-hunger-strike-in/|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>
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| − | On March 16, 1978, about 900 Boston University students gathered at the [[George Sherman Union]] to protest against the $400 rise in tuition and $150 rise in housing charges declared by the trustees on March 7.<ref>https://www.proquest.com/docview/757677881</ref> The protest interrupted a board of trustees conference. While John Silber and [[Arthur GB Metcalf|Arthur G.B. Metcalf]], the chairman of the board of trustees, were negotiating with student government representatives to discuss the matter further on a separate occasion, the protesters marched into the building from two entrances, effectively trapping 40 trustees and 10 university administrators in the building for over thirty minutes. Twenty officers from the [[Boston University Police Department]] had to disperse the crowd from the stairwells. The protest resulted in the arrest of 19 year old Joshua Grossman, while another student and two BUPD officers were taken to hospitals.<ref>https://www.proquest.com/docview/757677881</ref>
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| − | On November 27, 1979, the Committee to Defend Iranian Students- composed of Iranian students, Youths Against Foreign Fascism and the Revolutionary Communist Party, held a demonstration at the George Sherman Union against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|deposed Shah of Iran]] and the deportation of Iranian students from the US. "To the Iranian people, that man (the shah) is Adolf Hitler," students protested. "The Shah Must Face the Wrath of the People." This was met with chants of "God Bless America" from the opposing group. Twenty policemen broke up the confronting parties though no arrests were made.<ref>Rivas|first=Maggie|date=November 28, 1979|title=Iran Rallies at BU Clash: UMass-Amherst Asks Iranians to Interviews|page=9|work=Boston Globe (1960-1988); Boston, Mass.|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC|type=Historical Newspapers|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/747170454|access-date=September 29, 2020|via=ProQuest}}</ref>
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| − | === The 21st century ===
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| − | Robert A. Brown's presidency, which started in 2005, has sought to further the consolidation of campus infrastructure that was commenced by earlier administrations. During his tenure, Brown has strengthened the core missions of undergraduate, graduate, and professional education, interdisciplinary work, and research and scholarship across all 17 schools and colleges.
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| − | In 2007, Brown introduced his 10-year strategic plan, which articulates BU's core values in a set of institutional commitments and defines goals to be met to establish BU as one of the largest private research universities. Brown committed the University to investing $1.8 billion in the completion of this ten-year strategic plan,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161206040959/http://www.bu.edu/plan2015/05/|archive-date=December 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> allocating new resources to inter-college opportunities for undergraduates, improving the campus's academic and residential facilities, and recruiting new faculty. One overriding goal has been to break down the barriers between the University's 17 schools and colleges that had evolved over the decades and find ways to combine different fields and researchers within interdisciplinary research centers. This philosophy of creating new knowledge from a variety of corners of the University extends to undergraduate education, as well, which has been overhauled to expose students to new fields and ways of thinking and problem solving. This includes requiring course work outside their majors, development of personal communications skills, and cross-school collaborations. That new curriculum, called the BU Hub, went into effect in 2018.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161206040959/http://www.bu.edu/plan2015/05/|archive-date=December 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| − | The strategic plan also called for increasing the annual budget by $225 million per year.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100527073834/http://www.bu.edu/president/strategic-plan/|archive-date=May 27, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The FY2016 operating budget was $2.2 billion and the FY2017 budget was $2.4 billion.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190209011442/http://www.bu.edu/ar/2016/|archive-date=February 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In FY2016, the research enterprise at the University brought in $368.9 million in sponsored research, comprising 1,896 awards to 722 faculty investigators.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170504083443/http://www.bu.edu/ar/2016/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| − | In 2020, the University released its new 2030 strategic plan,<ref>https://www.bu.edu/plan2020/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> which focuses on five priorities, including providing quality residential education and programs for undergraduate and graduate students, hiring and supporting “world-class faculty,” increasing diversity and inclusion, highlighting the importance of local and larger communities, and broadening global opportunities.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/plan2020/strategic-priorities/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref>
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| − | In 2012, the University was invited to join the [[Association of American Universities]], comprising 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. BU, one of four universities invited to join the group since 2000, became the 62nd member. In the Boston area, Harvard, MIT, and Brandeis are also members.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170822222146/http://www.bu.edu/today/2012/bu-joins-association-of-american-universities/|archive-date=August 22, 2017</ref><ref>https://www.chronicle.com/article/Boston-U-Receives-Coveted/135566 |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=Chronicle of Higher Education |date=November 5, 2012}}</ref>
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| − | That same year, a $1 billion fundraising campaign was launched, its first comprehensive campaign, emphasizing financial aid, faculty support, research, and facility improvements. In 2016, the campaign goal was reached. The Board of Trustees voted to raise the goal to $1.5 billion and extend through 2019. The campaign has funded 74 new faculty positions, including 49 named full professorships and 25 Career Development Professorships. The campaign concluded in September 2019, raising a total of $1.85 billion over seven years.<ref>https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/09/21/celebrates-raising-over-seven-years/QU3wHdNYwBa6bgqOAYuiyL/story.html|title=BU celebrates raising $1.85b over seven years - The Boston Globe|access-date=2020-11-24|website=BostonGlobe.com|date=September 21, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>
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| − | In February 2015 the faculty adopted an [[open-access policy]] to make its scholarship [[open access|publicly accessible]] online.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190531214722/http://roarmap.eprints.org/719/ |archive-date= May 31, 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>
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| − | In 2016, ''Times Higher Education (THE)'' named Boston University to a list of 53 "international powerhouse" institutions, schools that have the best chance of being grouped alongside—or ahead of—''THE'''s most elite global "old stars", a group that includes the University of Oxford, Stanford, Harvard, Yale, MIT, and Princeton.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201152/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/which-universities-could-challenge-higher-education-elite|archive-date=April 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| − | The Charles River and Medical Campuses have undergone physical transformations since 2006, from new buildings and playing fields to dormitory renovations. The campus has seen the addition of a 26-floor student residence at 33 Harry Agganis Way, nicknamed StuVi2, the New Balance Playing Field, the Yawkey Center for Student Services, the Alan and Sherry Leventhal Center, the Law tower and Redstone annex, the Engineering Product Innovation Center (EPIC), the Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences & Engineering, and the Joan and Edgar Booth Theatre, which opened in fall 2017.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/articles/2017/new-joan-edgar-booth-theatre-opens/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Boston University|language=en}}</ref> The construction of the Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences & Engineering was funded by part of BU's largest ever gift, a $115 million donation from Rajen Kilachand.<ref>https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/09/13/gift-largest-ever-will-fund-life-sciences-and-engineering-research/wBlCBpF2ylxDMCIUej5prO/story.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=BostonGlobe.com|date=September 14, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The Dahod Family Alumni Center in the renovated BU Castle began in May 2017 and was completed in fall 2018.<ref>http://realestate.boston.com/news/2019/03/28/boston-university-castle-restoration/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Boston.com Real Estate}}</ref> Development of the University's existing housing stock has included significant renovations to BU's oldest dorm, Myles Standish Hall and Annex, and to Kilachand Hall, formerly known as Shelton Hall, and a brand new student residence on the Medical Campus.
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| − | In 2019, Boston University expanded its financial aid program so that it would "meet the full need for all domestic students who qualify for financial aid," starting in fall 2020.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/bu-boosts-financial-aid/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Boston University|language=en}}</ref>
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| − | ====Response to the COVID-19 pandemic====
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| − | The university closed down due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and shifted to online learning for the remainder of the semester on March 11, 2020.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/bu-all-classes-online-coronavirus/ | title = Updated: BU Moves All Classes Online Due to Coronavirus — Questions and Answers | last = Most | first = Doug | date = March 11, 2020 | website = BU Today | access-date = August 12, 2020}}</ref> For the fall 2020 semester, BU offered a hybrid system that allows for students to decide whether to take a remote class or participate in-person. Larger classes would be broken down into smaller groups that rotate between online and in-person sessions. The school started administering its own [[COVID-19 testing]] for faculty, staff, and students on July 27, 2020.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/boston-university-other-schools-deploy-robots-so-campuses-can-safely-n1237706|access-date=2020-11-30|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> The new BU Clinical Testing Laboratory has accelerated testing that can give results to students, staff, and faculty by the next day.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/back2bu/boston-university-clinical-testing-lab/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> The lab uses eight robots to process up to 6,000 tests per day.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/boston-university-develops-lab-to-regularly-test-students-for-coronavirus-90695237547|access-date=2020-11-30|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> A contact tracing team is part of the process to contain infections on campus.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/back2bu/student-health-safety/covid-19-screening-testing-contact-tracing/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> BU also started a new website "Back2BU" to provide students with the latest information on reopening.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/quarantine-bu-safety-plan-faq/ |title=FAQ: Quarantine vs Isolation and BU's Safety Plans for Reopening Campus |work=BU Today |date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2020-08-12 }}</ref>
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| − | The results of the tests are published on BU's public COVID-19 Testing Data Dashboard.<ref>https://www.bu.edu/healthway/community-dashboard/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref>
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| − | BU's [[National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories]] (NEIDL) has been working with live coronavirus samples since March 2020, and—at the time—was the only New England lab to have live samples.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical-dispatch/the-long-game-of-coronavirus-research|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/24/business/controversial-bu-lab-is-only-one-new-england-with-live-coronavirus/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=BostonGlobe.com|date=March 24, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>
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| − | In August 2020, BU filed a [[service mark]] application with the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] to secure the phrase "F*ck It Won't Cut It" for a student-led COVID-19 safety program on campus. The slogan is meant to promote “safe and smart actions and behaviors for college and university students in a COVID-19 environment”, according to the application.<ref>http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4802:hql1rd.2.1 |title=F*CK IT WON'T CUT IT |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=2020-08-12 |quote=Promoting public awareness of safe and smart actions and behaviors for college and university students in a COVID-19 environment }}</ref><ref>https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/08/11/nation/heres-why-boston-university-had-f-bomb-trademark-application-covid-19-campus-initiative/ |title=Here's why Boston University had the f-bomb in a trademark application for a COVID-19 initiative |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=2020-08-11 |access-date=2020-08-12 }}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
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Boston University 
