Difference between revisions of "David Spedding"
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|birth_date=7 March 1943 | |birth_date=7 March 1943 | ||
|death_date=13 June 2001 | |death_date=13 June 2001 | ||
| − | |wikipedia= | + | |ON_death_cause=lung cancer |
| − | |constitutes= | + | |image=David Spedding.jpg |
| + | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Spedding | ||
| + | |constitutes=spook | ||
| + | |spouses=Gillian Kinnear | ||
| + | |alma_mater=Hertford College Oxford | ||
| + | |nationality=British | ||
| + | |children=sons | ||
|employment={{job | |employment={{job | ||
|title=Chief of the SIS | |title=Chief of the SIS | ||
| − | |start=1994 | + | |start=September 1994 |
| − | |end=1999 | + | |end=August 1999}} |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Sir '''David Rolland Spedding''' was head of the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] from 1994 to 1999.<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref> | + | Sir '''David Rolland Spedding''' was head of the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] from 1994 to 1999.<ref name=Guard2001>Richard Norton-Taylor, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4203822,00.html Sir David Spedding], The Guardian, 14 June 2001.</ref> |
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| − | The son of an Army colonel, Spedding was educated at [[Sherborne School]] and [[Hertford College]], Oxford, where he graduated in Mediaeval History.<ref | + | The son of an Army colonel, Spedding was educated at [[Sherborne School]] and [[Hertford College]], Oxford, where he graduated in Mediaeval History.<ref name=tele/> |
| − | ==MI6 | + | ==MI6 career== |
| − | One of Spedding's tutors at Hertford College was an [[MI6]] spotter.<ref | + | One of Spedding's tutors at Hertford College was an [[MI6]] spotter.<ref name=Guard2001/> He was recruited into MI6 in 1967, aged 24, while a postgraduate student at Oxford. After training for a year in Britain, he was sent to Mecas, the [[Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies]], at Shemlan in Lebanon, to learn Arabic.<ref name=tele/> |
| − | ==Lebanon== | + | ===Lebanon=== |
| − | Two years later, Spedding joined the MI6 station in Beirut as a Second Secretary. His time there coincided with growing tensions between the Lebanese Army and the Palestinians, particularly after the expulsion of the [[PLO]] from Jordan in 1971. According to the ''Telegraph'', "Spedding cut his teeth collecting intelligence on the various Palestinian factions which were to become his main area of expertise."<ref | + | Two years later, Spedding joined the MI6 station in Beirut as a Second Secretary. His time there coincided with growing tensions between the Lebanese Army and the Palestinians, particularly after the expulsion of the [[PLO]] from Jordan in 1971. According to the ''Telegraph'', "Spedding cut his teeth collecting intelligence on the various Palestinian factions which were to become his main area of expertise."<ref name=tele/> |
| − | In 1971, Spedding was named as an [[MI6]] officer by [[Kim Philby]], an act interpreted as [[KGB]] revenge for the expulsion of 105 Soviet intelligence officers from Britain that year.<ref | + | In 1971, Spedding was named as an [[MI6]] officer by [[Kim Philby]], an act interpreted as [[KGB]] revenge for the expulsion of 105 Soviet intelligence officers from Britain that year.<ref name=tele/> |
| − | ==Chile== | + | ===Chile=== |
| − | Spedding was attached to the British Embassy in Chile from 1972 to 1974, | + | Spedding was attached to the British Embassy in Chile from 1972 to 1974, during which time the [[CIA]] was fomenting the opposition to [[Salvadore Allende]]'s government, which lead to the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]]..<ref name=tele/><ref name=Guard2001/> |
| − | ==Abu Dhabi== | + | ===Abu Dhabi=== |
| − | Spedding was next posted back to London, and then to Abu Dhabi, as Head of Station.<ref | + | Spedding was next posted back to London, and then to Abu Dhabi, as Head of Station.<ref name=tele/> |
| − | ==Jordan== | + | ===Jordan=== |
Spedding continued to receive more senior Middle East-related appointments, according to ''The Telegraph'': | Spedding continued to receive more senior Middle East-related appointments, according to ''The Telegraph'': | ||
| − | ::A senior post in London, within the [[SIS Middle East Directorate|Middle East Directorate]], was followed during the mid-1980s by a period as Head of Station in Amman, where he led intelligence operations on Iraq's secret attempts to procure nuclear technology and weapons. The balance in the Iran-Iraq war had begun to swing towards Iraq, and Jordan was being used as a conduit for new weapons.<ref | + | ::A senior post in London, within the [[SIS Middle East Directorate|Middle East Directorate]], was followed during the mid-[[1980s]] by a period as Head of Station in Amman, where he led intelligence operations on Iraq's secret attempts to procure nuclear technology and weapons. The balance in the Iran-Iraq war had begun to swing towards Iraq, and Jordan was being used as a conduit for new weapons.<ref name=tele/> |
| − | Richard Norton-Taylor makes a similar observation slightly more pointedly, noting that Spedding "was posted to Amman at a time when Jordan was used by Iraq as a conduit to buy western arms."<ref | + | Richard Norton-Taylor makes a similar observation slightly more pointedly, noting that Spedding "was posted to Amman at a time when Jordan was used by Iraq as a conduit to buy western arms."<ref name=Guard2001/> |
| − | ==Return to London== | + | ===Return to London=== |
| − | In 1986, Spedding was appointed head of a joint [[MI6]]-[[MI5]] section in charge of tracking Middle Eastern terrorists and spies.<ref | + | In 1986, Spedding was appointed head of a joint [[MI6]]-[[MI5]] section in charge of tracking Middle Eastern terrorists and spies.<ref name=tele/> |
| − | ==Controller Middle East== | + | ===Controller Middle East=== |
| − | Spedding was subsequently appointed Controller Middle East, a post which he held during the 1991 Gulf War.<ref | + | Spedding was subsequently appointed Controller Middle East, a post which he held during the 1990-1991 [[Gulf War]].<ref name=tele/> |
| − | According to Stephen Dorril | + | According to [[Stephen Dorril]] "following the invasion scores of MI6 officers were tasked with gathering intelligence on the [[Iraq]]i leadership. The effort was a dismal failure, and those in receipt of the morsels gathered often 'preferred to read the newspapers which proved to be quicker and more in-depth.'"<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.752.</ref> |
| − | |||
| − | MI6 made a token effort to organise disruptive actions, using the [[SAS]] in abortive attempt to train | + | MI6 made a token effort to organise disruptive actions, using the [[SAS]] in abortive attempt to train [[Kuwait]]i volunteers in [[Saudi Arabia]]. More successful were the psychological warfare operations organised by the [[Defence Advisory Group]], a joint [[MI6]]-[[Ministry of Defence]] Committee.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.752.</ref> |
| − | ==MI5 liason== | + | ===MI5 liason=== |
According to Richard Norton-Taylor, Spedding combined his Middle East role with responsibility for relations with [[MI5]]: | According to Richard Norton-Taylor, Spedding combined his Middle East role with responsibility for relations with [[MI5]]: | ||
| − | ::His reputation inside Whitehall was not damaged by MI5's role in the detention of innocent Palestinians during the Gulf war - an operation which seriously embarrassed the Foreign Office.<ref | + | ::His reputation inside Whitehall was not damaged by MI5's role in the detention of innocent Palestinians during the Gulf war - an operation which seriously embarrassed the Foreign Office.<ref name=Guard2001/> |
| − | ==Director of Requirements and Production== | + | ===Director of Requirements and Production=== |
Spedding took over responsibility for MI6 operations as [[SIS Director of Requirements and Production|Director of Requirements and Production]] in 1993. According to Stephen Dorril, this appointment was significant because of Spedding's status as a 'non-Sovbloc officer.'<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.760.</ref> | Spedding took over responsibility for MI6 operations as [[SIS Director of Requirements and Production|Director of Requirements and Production]] in 1993. According to Stephen Dorril, this appointment was significant because of Spedding's status as a 'non-Sovbloc officer.'<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.760.</ref> | ||
| Line 56: | Line 60: | ||
The Telegraph notes that Spedding "was simultaneously made [[Assistant Chief of SIS]], the official deputy, and anointed successor, of "C": | The Telegraph notes that Spedding "was simultaneously made [[Assistant Chief of SIS]], the official deputy, and anointed successor, of "C": | ||
| − | ::His predecessor Sir [[Colin McColl]] had stayed on in order to see through the new legislation officially putting SIS and [[GCHQ]] on a statutory footing. Spedding was named as the next Chief in March 1994, taking over immediately after the legislation obtained royal assent in September of that year.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref> | + | ::His predecessor Sir [[Colin McColl]] had stayed on in order to see through the new legislation officially putting SIS and [[GCHQ]] on a statutory footing. Spedding was named as the next Chief in March 1994, taking over immediately after the legislation obtained royal assent in September of that year.<ref name=tele>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309010/Sir-David-Spedding.html Sir David Spedding], telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.</ref> |
==Chief of SIS== | ==Chief of SIS== | ||
| − | The ''Telegraph'' notes that Spedding's appointment came at a time when MI6 was under | + | The ''Telegraph'' notes that Spedding's appointment came at a time when MI6 was "under intense scrutiny over the [[Matrix Churchill]] Affair".<ref name=tele/> The [[BBC]] announced in February 1999 that he was due to retire at the "end of August".<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/286128.stm</ref> |
===Quinlan Report=== | ===Quinlan Report=== | ||
| − | Richard Norton-Taylor credits Spedding with successfully defending MI6 "in the face of an internal review conducted by by Sir [[Michael Quinlan]], former permanent secretary at the [[Ministry of Defence]], into Britain's "foreign intelligence requirements and capability".<ref | + | Richard Norton-Taylor credits Spedding with successfully defending MI6 "in the face of an internal review conducted by by Sir [[Michael Quinlan]], former permanent secretary at the [[Ministry of Defence]], into Britain's "foreign intelligence requirements and capability".<ref name=Guard2001/> |
However, [[Philip H. J. Davies]] notes that: | However, [[Philip H. J. Davies]] notes that: | ||
| Line 70: | Line 74: | ||
In 1995, Spedding undertook major changes to MI6's structure. The Western Hemisphere and Far East Controllerates were merged, as were the Africa and Middle East Controllerates. A separate Global Tasks controllerate was also established, as was an Operational Support department focused on supporting officers engaged in deep-cover operations.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.777.</ref> | In 1995, Spedding undertook major changes to MI6's structure. The Western Hemisphere and Far East Controllerates were merged, as were the Africa and Middle East Controllerates. A separate Global Tasks controllerate was also established, as was an Operational Support department focused on supporting officers engaged in deep-cover operations.<ref>Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.777.</ref> | ||
| − | The ''Telegraph'' refers to the [[Global Issues Controllerate]] set up by Spedding to "address the threats of crime and weapons proliferation."<ref | + | The ''Telegraph'' refers to the [[Global Issues Controllerate]] set up by Spedding to "address the threats of crime and weapons proliferation."<ref name=tele/> |
===Tomlinson Affair=== | ===Tomlinson Affair=== | ||
| − | MI6 officer [[Richard Tomlinson]] was sacked a year into Spedding's tenure, sparking a wave of publicity.<ref | + | MI6 officer [[Richard Tomlinson]] was sacked a year into Spedding's tenure, sparking a wave of publicity.<ref name=tele/> |
===Vauxhall Cross=== | ===Vauxhall Cross=== | ||
| − | + | Spedding presided over MI6's move to a new headquarters at Vauxhall Cross on the Thames in Central London. He defended the building against criticisms that it was too high-profile for a secret service.<ref name=Guard2001/> | |
| − | Spedding presided over MI6's move to a new headquarters at Vauxhall Cross on the Thames in Central London. He defended the building against criticisms that it was too high-profile for a secret service.<ref | ||
===Operation Tango=== | ===Operation Tango=== | ||
| Line 86: | Line 89: | ||
===Robin Cook=== | ===Robin Cook=== | ||
| − | In 1998, [[MI6]] was strongly praised by Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, who was regularly briefed by Spedding in his first year in office. In a speech at the Mansion House on 23 April, Cook highlighted MI6 operations against Iraqi chemical and biological weapons programmes, and against the Iranian nuclear programme.<ref>Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.</ref> | + | In 1998, [[MI6]] was strongly praised by Foreign Secretary [[Robin Cook]], who was regularly briefed by Spedding in his first year in office. In a speech at the Mansion House on 23 April, Cook highlighted MI6 operations against Iraqi chemical and biological weapons programmes, and against the Iranian nuclear programme.<ref>Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.</ref> |
::"I would like to pay tribute to the way that the intelligence agencies - the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] and [[GCHQ]] - have responded to the fresh priorities of the new government," he said. | ::"I would like to pay tribute to the way that the intelligence agencies - the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] and [[GCHQ]] - have responded to the fresh priorities of the new government," he said. | ||
::"The results of their work cannot speak for themselves. The nature of what they do means that we cannot shout about their achievements if we want them to remain effective. But let me say I have been struck by the range and quality of their work."<ref>Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.</ref> | ::"The results of their work cannot speak for themselves. The nature of what they do means that we cannot shout about their achievements if we want them to remain effective. But let me say I have been struck by the range and quality of their work."<ref>Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Death== | ||
| + | The ''[[Guardian]]'' reported that he died of lung cancer on 13 June [[2001]]<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jun/14/guardianobituaries.politics</ref> although other obituaries did not mention his cause of death.<ref name=tele/> He is reported not to have been a known smoker.<ref>http://www.onlinepublishingcompany.info/content/sitenewsreadmore/infobox/news/template/default/active_id/1333</ref> | ||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 05:34, 16 September 2016
 David Spedding    (spook) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||||||||||
| Born | 7 March 1943 | |||||||||||||
| Died | 13 June 2001 (Age 58) | |||||||||||||
Cause of death | "lung cancer" | |||||||||||||
| Nationality | British | |||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Hertford College Oxford | |||||||||||||
| Children | sons | |||||||||||||
| Spouse | Gillian Kinnear | |||||||||||||
| Founder of | Global Issues Controllerate | |||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
Sir David Rolland Spedding was head of the Secret Intelligence Service from 1994 to 1999.[1]
Background
The son of an Army colonel, Spedding was educated at Sherborne School and Hertford College, Oxford, where he graduated in Mediaeval History.[2]
MI6 career
One of Spedding's tutors at Hertford College was an MI6 spotter.[1] He was recruited into MI6 in 1967, aged 24, while a postgraduate student at Oxford. After training for a year in Britain, he was sent to Mecas, the Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies, at Shemlan in Lebanon, to learn Arabic.[2]
Lebanon
Two years later, Spedding joined the MI6 station in Beirut as a Second Secretary. His time there coincided with growing tensions between the Lebanese Army and the Palestinians, particularly after the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan in 1971. According to the Telegraph, "Spedding cut his teeth collecting intelligence on the various Palestinian factions which were to become his main area of expertise."[2]
In 1971, Spedding was named as an MI6 officer by Kim Philby, an act interpreted as KGB revenge for the expulsion of 105 Soviet intelligence officers from Britain that year.[2]
Chile
Spedding was attached to the British Embassy in Chile from 1972 to 1974, during which time the CIA was fomenting the opposition to Salvadore Allende's government, which lead to the 1973 Chilean coup d'état..[2][1]
Abu Dhabi
Spedding was next posted back to London, and then to Abu Dhabi, as Head of Station.[2]
Jordan
Spedding continued to receive more senior Middle East-related appointments, according to The Telegraph:
- A senior post in London, within the Middle East Directorate, was followed during the mid-1980s by a period as Head of Station in Amman, where he led intelligence operations on Iraq's secret attempts to procure nuclear technology and weapons. The balance in the Iran-Iraq war had begun to swing towards Iraq, and Jordan was being used as a conduit for new weapons.[2]
Richard Norton-Taylor makes a similar observation slightly more pointedly, noting that Spedding "was posted to Amman at a time when Jordan was used by Iraq as a conduit to buy western arms."[1]
Return to London
In 1986, Spedding was appointed head of a joint MI6-MI5 section in charge of tracking Middle Eastern terrorists and spies.[2]
Controller Middle East
Spedding was subsequently appointed Controller Middle East, a post which he held during the 1990-1991 Gulf War.[2]
According to Stephen Dorril "following the invasion scores of MI6 officers were tasked with gathering intelligence on the Iraqi leadership. The effort was a dismal failure, and those in receipt of the morsels gathered often 'preferred to read the newspapers which proved to be quicker and more in-depth.'"[3]
MI6 made a token effort to organise disruptive actions, using the SAS in abortive attempt to train Kuwaiti volunteers in Saudi Arabia. More successful were the psychological warfare operations organised by the Defence Advisory Group, a joint MI6-Ministry of Defence Committee.[4]
MI5 liason
According to Richard Norton-Taylor, Spedding combined his Middle East role with responsibility for relations with MI5:
- His reputation inside Whitehall was not damaged by MI5's role in the detention of innocent Palestinians during the Gulf war - an operation which seriously embarrassed the Foreign Office.[1]
Director of Requirements and Production
Spedding took over responsibility for MI6 operations as Director of Requirements and Production in 1993. According to Stephen Dorril, this appointment was significant because of Spedding's status as a 'non-Sovbloc officer.'[5]
Dorril describes the move as part of a 'Christmas massacre' by MI6 chief Colin McColl, who had been expected to retire in September 1992 to make way for Barrie Gane, Spedding's predecessor as Director of Requirements and Production.[6]
The Telegraph notes that Spedding "was simultaneously made Assistant Chief of SIS, the official deputy, and anointed successor, of "C":
- His predecessor Sir Colin McColl had stayed on in order to see through the new legislation officially putting SIS and GCHQ on a statutory footing. Spedding was named as the next Chief in March 1994, taking over immediately after the legislation obtained royal assent in September of that year.[2]
Chief of SIS
The Telegraph notes that Spedding's appointment came at a time when MI6 was "under intense scrutiny over the Matrix Churchill Affair".[2] The BBC announced in February 1999 that he was due to retire at the "end of August".[7]
Quinlan Report
Richard Norton-Taylor credits Spedding with successfully defending MI6 "in the face of an internal review conducted by by Sir Michael Quinlan, former permanent secretary at the Ministry of Defence, into Britain's "foreign intelligence requirements and capability".[1]
However, Philip H. J. Davies notes that:
- As a result of the Quinlan Review and subsequent cuts to intelligence expenditure as part of the “peace dividend,” SIS experienced a 25 percent reduction in staffing and expenditure, part of which took the form of a 40 percent decrease in senior staff. [8]
Reorganisation
In 1995, Spedding undertook major changes to MI6's structure. The Western Hemisphere and Far East Controllerates were merged, as were the Africa and Middle East Controllerates. A separate Global Tasks controllerate was also established, as was an Operational Support department focused on supporting officers engaged in deep-cover operations.[9]
The Telegraph refers to the Global Issues Controllerate set up by Spedding to "address the threats of crime and weapons proliferation."[2]
Tomlinson Affair
MI6 officer Richard Tomlinson was sacked a year into Spedding's tenure, sparking a wave of publicity.[2]
Vauxhall Cross
Spedding presided over MI6's move to a new headquarters at Vauxhall Cross on the Thames in Central London. He defended the building against criticisms that it was too high-profile for a secret service.[1]
Operation Tango
In July 1997, Prime Minister Tony Blair gave the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) formal instructions for the arrest of Simo Drljaca and Dr Milan Kovacevic, two Bosnian Serbs wanted by the war crimes tribunal at the Hague. According to Stephen Dorril, the JIC asked Spedding to take control of the operation:
- Spedding handed it over to the 'General Support Branch', which handles 'dirty' operations and uses the SAS's Counter-Revolutionary Warfare wing as its executive arm. One of the SAS's NATO special force functions is kidnapping. Members of the undercover surveillance 14th Intelligence Company tracked the targets in Bosnia until the SAS moved in for a 'fast-ball' operation - hitting the targets when they least expected it.[10]
Drljaca was shot dead after reportedly shooting a soldier in the leg, while Kovacevic surrendered peacefully.[11]
Robin Cook
In 1998, MI6 was strongly praised by Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, who was regularly briefed by Spedding in his first year in office. In a speech at the Mansion House on 23 April, Cook highlighted MI6 operations against Iraqi chemical and biological weapons programmes, and against the Iranian nuclear programme.[12]
- "I would like to pay tribute to the way that the intelligence agencies - the Secret Intelligence Service and GCHQ - have responded to the fresh priorities of the new government," he said.
- "The results of their work cannot speak for themselves. The nature of what they do means that we cannot shout about their achievements if we want them to remain effective. But let me say I have been struck by the range and quality of their work."[13]
Death
The Guardian reported that he died of lung cancer on 13 June 2001[14] although other obituaries did not mention his cause of death.[2] He is reported not to have been a known smoker.[15]
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References
- ↑ a b c d e f g Richard Norton-Taylor, Sir David Spedding, The Guardian, 14 June 2001.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sir David Spedding, telegraph.co.uk, 14 June 2001.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.752.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.752.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.760.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.759-760.
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/286128.stm
- ↑ Philip H. J. Davies, A Critical Look at Britain's Spy Machinery, Studies in Intelligence, Volume 49, Number 4, 2005, CIA.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.777.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.328.
- ↑ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Touchstone, 2002, p.329.
- ↑ Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.
- ↑ Ian Black and Richard Norton-Taylor, Cook brings spies out of cold, The Guardian, 24 April 1998.
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jun/14/guardianobituaries.politics
- ↑ http://www.onlinepublishingcompany.info/content/sitenewsreadmore/infobox/news/template/default/active_id/1333
