Difference between revisions of "1781"

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|description=Year 1781
 
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[[File:Uranus with rings PIA01280.jpg|thumb|right| [[March 13]]: [[Uranus]] is discovered.]]
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== Events ==
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<onlyinclude>
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=== January&ndash;March ===
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* [[January]] &ndash; [[William Pitt the Younger]], later [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]], enters [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]], aged 21.
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* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Industrial Revolution]]: [[The Iron Bridge]] opens across the [[River Severn]] in England.<ref>{https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/333|url-access=registration</ref>
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* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Virginia]] passes a law ceding its [[western land claims]], paving the way for [[Maryland]] to ratify the [[Articles of Confederation]].
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* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[Richmond, Virginia]] is burned by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] naval forces, led by [[Benedict Arnold]].
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* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Battle of Jersey]]: British troops prevent the French from occupying [[Jersey]] in the [[Channel Islands]].
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* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cowpens]]: The American [[Continental Army]], under [[Daniel Morgan]], decisively defeats British forces in [[South Carolina]].
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* [[February 2]] &ndash; The Articles of Confederation are ratified by [[Maryland]], the 13th and final state to do so.
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* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] &ndash; [[Capture of Sint Eustatius]]: British forces take the Dutch Caribbean island of [[Sint Eustatius]], with only a few shots fired. On November 26 it is retaken by Dutch-allied French forces.
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* [[March]] &ndash; Riots break out in [[Socorro, Santander]], and spread to other towns.
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* [[March 1]] &ndash; The United States [[Continental Congress]] implements the Articles of Confederation, forming its Perpetual Union as the United States in Congress Assembled.
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* [[March 13]] &ndash; Sir [[William Herschel]] discovers the [[planet]] [[Uranus]]. Originally he calls it ''Georgium Sidus'' (George's Star), in honour of King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III of Great Britain]].
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* [[March 15]] &ndash; American Revolutionary War &ndash; [[Battle of Guilford Court House]]: American General [[Nathanael Greene]] loses to the British.
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=== April&ndash;June ===
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* [[April 4]] &ndash; American Revolutionary War: The Spanish [[Capture of HMS St. Fermin|captured]] the [[sloop-of-war]] {{HMS|St Fermin|1780|6}} off [[Málaga]], Spain.
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* [[April 6]] &ndash; The rebellion by [[Túpac Amaru II]], against the Spanish colonial government of Peru, is ended as Tupac, his wife and two of his sons are captured at [[Checacupe District|Checacupe]].<ref>"The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II", in ''The Hispanic American Historical Review'' (February 1919) p20
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</ref>
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* [[April 10]] &ndash; Future U.S. President [[Andrew Jackson]], age 14, is slashed by a British officer's sword at his home near [[Waxhaw, North Carolina]], after refusing to clean the officer's boots, an event that leaves physical and psychological scars.<ref>William J. Bennett and John T.E. Cribb, ''The American Patriot's Almanac: Daily Readings on America'' (Thomas Nelson, Inc. 2013) p125</ref>
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* [[April 14]] &ndash; The Continental Congress votes a resolution thanking U.S. Captain [[John Paul Jones]] for his services.<ref>"John Paul Jones and Our First Triumphs on the Sea", in ''The American Monthly Review of Reviews" (July 1905) p42</ref>
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* [[April 18]] &ndash; Future New York mayor [[James Duane]], North Carolina representative [[William Sharpe (North Carolina politician)|William Sharpe]] and future Connecticut governor [[Oliver Wolcott]] deliver the first report to the U.S. Continental Congress about the national debt and report it to be 24,057,157 and 2/5 dollars.<ref>Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., ''American History Told by Contemporaries'' (Macmillan, 1908) p600</ref>
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* [[April 25]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Hobkirk's Hill]] took place in [[Camden, South Carolina]]
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* [[May 9]] &ndash; General [[John Campbell, of Strachur|John Campbell]], defender of the British colony of [[West Florida]], surrenders the capital at [[Pensacola]] to Spanish forces commanded by [[Bernardo de Galvez]].<ref>Michael Lee Lannin, ''African Americans in the Revolutionary War'' (Citadel Press, 2005) p86</ref>
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* [[May 18]] &ndash; A Spanish army sent from [[Lima]] puts down the Inca rebellions, and captures and savagely executes [[Túpac Amaru II]].
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* [[June 4]] &ndash; The commission{{which|date=January 2013}} agrees to the rebels'{{where|date=January 2013}} terms: reduction of the [[alcabala]] and of the Indians' forced tribute, abolition of the new taxes on tobacco, and preference for [[Criollo people|Criollos]] over [[peninsulares]] in government positions.
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* [[June 12]] &ndash; ''Ohmiya'' (近江屋), as predecessor for [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company|Takeda]], a major [[pharmaceutical]] [[brand]] in worldwide, founded in Doshomachi (道修町), [[Osaka]], [[Japan]].{{page needed|date=April 2020}}
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=== July&ndash;September ===
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* [[July 27]] &ndash; French spy [[François Henri de la Motte]] is [[Hanged, drawn and quartered|hanged and drawn]] before a large crowd at [[Tyburn]], London in England for [[high treason]].
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* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]] &ndash; Skirmish at the House in the Horseshoe: A Tory force under [[David Fanning (loyalist)|David Fanning]] attacks Phillip Alston's smaller force of [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Whigs]], at Alston's home in [[Cumberland County, North Carolina]] (in present day [[Moore County, North Carolina]]). Alston's troops surrender, after Fanning's men attempt to ram the house with a cart of burning straw.
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* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]]: A French fleet under [[Comte de Grasse]] enters [[Chesapeake Bay]], cutting British General [[Charles Cornwallis]] off from escape by sea.
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* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Los Angeles]] is founded as ''[[Pueblo de Los Ángeles|El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula]]'' ("City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula"), by a group of 44 Spanish settlers in California.
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[[File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg|thumb|right|[[September 5]]: [[Battle of the Chesapeake]]]]
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* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Chesapeake]]: A British fleet under [[Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves|Thomas Graves]] arrives and fights de Grasse, but is unable to break through to relieve the [[Siege of Yorktown]].
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* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]] &ndash; [[Battle of Groton Heights]]: A British force under [[Benedict Arnold]] attacks a fort in [[Groton, Connecticut]], achieving a strategic victory.
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* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]] &ndash; [[Battle of Eutaw Springs]], South Carolina: The war's last significant battle, in the Southern theatre, ends in a narrow British tactical victory.
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* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]]: Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis to his fate.
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* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]]: American and French troops begin a siege of the British at Yorktown, Virginia.
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=== October&ndash;December ===
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* [[October 12]] &ndash; The first [[bagpipes]] competition is held in the Masonic Arms, [[Falkirk]], Scotland.
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* [[October 19]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]]: Following the [[Siege of Yorktown]], General [[Charles Cornwallis]] surrenders to General [[George Washington]] at [[Yorktown, Virginia]], ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution.
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* [[October 20]] &ndash; A [[Patent of Toleration]], providing limited [[freedom of religion|freedom of worship]], is approved in the [[Habsburg Monarchy]].
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* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[John Hanson]] is elected [[President of the Continental Congress]].
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* [[November 29]]
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** English [[slave trade]]rs begin to throw approximately 142 slaves taken on in [[Accra]] overboard alive from the [[slave ship]] ''[[Zong massacre|Zong]]'' in the [[Caribbean Sea]] to conserve supplies for the remainder; the [[Liverpool]] owners subsequently attempt to reclaim part of their value from insurers.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070909012414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml </ref>
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** [[Henry Hurle]] officially founds the [[Ancient Order of Druids]] in London, England.
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* [[December]] &ndash; A school is founded in [[Washington County, Pennsylvania]] that will later be known as [[Washington & Jefferson College]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110708173722/http://www.washjeff.edu/content.aspx?section=372&menu_id=133&crumb=137&id=54 </ref>
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* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ushant (1781)|Second Battle of Ushant]]: The British [[Royal Navy]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Richard Kempenfelt]] in {{HMS|Victory}}, decisively defeats the French fleet in the [[Bay of Biscay]].
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=== Date unknown ===
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* [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] abolishes [[serfdom]].
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* The [[Bank of North America]] is chartered by the [[Continental Congress]].
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* [[Charles Messier]] publishes the final catalog of [[Messier object]]s.
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* [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] discovers [[tungsten]].
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* [[Immanuel Kant]] publishes his ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''.
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* Reverend [[Samuel Peters]] publishes his ''General History of Connecticut'', using the term [[blue law]] for the first time.
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* [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] is founded in [[New Hampshire]].
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</onlyinclude>
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== Births ==
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* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Achim von Arnim]], German writer (d. [[1831]])
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* [[May 27]] Kenneth parcel
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* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Adelbert von Chamisso]], German writer (d. [[1838]])
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* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[René Laennec]], French physician, inventor (d. [[1826]])
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* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[Rebecca Gratz]], American educator, philanthropist (d. [[1869]])
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* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]], German architect, painter (d. [[1841]])
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[[File:Lord Swaminarayan writing the Shikshapatri.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Swaminarayan]]]]
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* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Swaminarayan]], Indian Hindu reformer and deity (d. [[1830]])
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* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Henri Cassini]], French botanist, naturalist (d. [[1832]])
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[[File:GeorgeStephenson.PNG|thumb|110px|[[George Stephenson]]]]
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* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[George Stephenson]], English engineer, designer of railway locomotives [[Locomotion No. 1|''Locomotion'' No. 1]], ''[[Stephenson's Rocket|Rocket]]'' (d. [[1848]])
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* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Siméon Denis Poisson]], French mathematician, physicist (d. [[1840]])
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* [[July 6]]
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** [[Stamford Raffles]], English founder of Singapore (d. [[1826]])
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** [[John D. Sloat]], American naval officer (d. [[1867]])
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* [[July 25]] &ndash; [[Merry-Joseph Blondel]], French painter (d. [[1853]])
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* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Mauro Giuliani]], Italian composer (d. [[1829]])
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* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Eugène de Beauharnais]], French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife [[Joséphine de Beauharnais|Joséphine]] (d. [[1824]])
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* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[Anton Diabelli]], Austrian music publisher, editor, composer (d. [[1858]])
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* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[James Lawrence]], U.S. Navy officer (d. [[1813]])
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* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Bernard Bolzano]], Czech philosopher, mathematician (d. [[1848]])
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* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Joseph Karl Stieler]], German painter (d. [[1858]])
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* [[November 6]]
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** [[Lucy Aikin]], English writer (d. [[1864]])
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** [[Maha Bandula]], Commander-in-chief of the Burmese military forces (d. [[1825]])
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* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Karl Friedrich Eichhorn]], German jurist (d. [[1854]])
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* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Andrés Bello]], Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher, sociologist (d. [[1865]])
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* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Alexander Berry]], Scottish adventurer, Australian pioneer (d. [[1873]])
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* [[December 11]] &ndash; Sir [[David Brewster]], Scottish physicist (d. [[1868]])
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=== date unknown ===
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* [[Sanité Bélair]], Haitian national heroine (d. [[1802]])
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* [[William Williams of Wern]], Welsh minister (d. [[1840]])
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== Deaths ==
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* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Richard Challoner]], English Catholic prelate (b. [[1691]])
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* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[Mariana Victoria of Spain|Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain]], queen regent of Portugal (b. [[1718]])
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[[File:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.PNG|thumb|right|110px|[[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]]]
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* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]], German author, philosopher (b. [[1729]])
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* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Anna Magdalena Godiche]], Danish book printer, publisher (b. [[1721]])
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* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[George Taylor (delegate)|George Taylor]], American signer of the Declaration of Independence
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* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Edward Capell]], English critic (b. [[1713]])
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* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Johannes Ewald]], [[Danish literature|Danish]] national dramatist, poet (b. [[1743]])
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* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Anne Robert Turgot]], French statesman (b. [[1727]])
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* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[James Abercrombie (British Army general)|James Abercrombie]], British general (b. [[1706]])
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* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Cornelius Harnett]], American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. [[1723]])
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* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Charles Roe]], English businessman (b. [[1715]])
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* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Richard Jago]], English poet (b. [[1715]])
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* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Giacomo Puccini (senior)]], Italian composer (b. [[1712]])
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[[File:Tupac Amaru II, oleo.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Túpac Amaru II]]]]
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* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Túpac Amaru II]], Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (b. [[1742]])
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* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua]], Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (b. [[1745]])
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* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Battista Beccaria]], Italian physicist (b. [[1716]])
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* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[John Conder]], Independent English minister at Cambridge (b. [[1714]])
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* [[July 18]] &ndash; Padre [[Francisco Garcés]], Spanish missionary (killed) (b. [[1738]])
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* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[John Joachim Zubly]], Swiss-born Continental Congressman (b. [[1724]])
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* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec]], French soldier and diplomat (b. [[1719]])
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* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781)]], second son of William Cavendish (b. [[1752]])
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* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Johann August Ernesti]], German theologian and philologist (b. [[1707]])
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* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Peter Scheemakers]], Flemish sculptor (b. [[1691]])
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* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford]], British diplomat, statesman (b. [[1717]])
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* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke]], British naval officer (b. [[1705]])
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* [[November 4]]
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** [[Johann Nikolaus Götz]], German poet (b. [[1721]])
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** [[Charles Morris (surveyor general)|Charles Morris]], Canadian judge (b. [[1711]])
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* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas]], French statesman (b. [[1701]])
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* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marqués de la Ensenada]], Spanish noble (b. [[1702]])
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* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[John Needham]], British biologist and priest (b. [[1713]])
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{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
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{{Stub}}
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==References==
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{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 18:32, 15 March 2022

1771 < 1772 < 1773 < 1774 < 1775 < 1776 < 1777 <1778 < 1779 < 1780 < 1781 > 1782 > 1783 > 1784 > 1785 > 1786 > 1787 > 1788 > 1789 > 1790 > 1791
Decade.png ( 1780s: )    Year.png 1781 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Year 1781
March 13: Uranus is discovered.


Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

September 5: Battle of the Chesapeake

October–December

Date unknown


Births

Swaminarayan
George Stephenson

date unknown

Deaths

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Túpac Amaru II


 

Event

EventStartEnd
American War of Independence19 April 17753 September 1783

 

New Groups

GroupImageTypeDescription
Phillips Exeter AcademyPhillips Exeter Academy Seal.pngSchool
The Independent
Day school		A very large number of CIA and deep state operatives have attended this school.
Takeda PharmaceuticalGroup.png

 

A Death

TitleBornDiedPlace of deathSummary
Francis DashwoodDecember 170811 December 1781Buckinghamshire
West Wycombe
United Kingdom		Spook
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References

  1. ↑ {https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/333%7Curl-access=registration
  2. ↑ "The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II", in The Hispanic American Historical Review (February 1919) p20
  3. ↑ William J. Bennett and John T.E. Cribb, The American Patriot's Almanac: Daily Readings on America (Thomas Nelson, Inc. 2013) p125
  4. ↑ "John Paul Jones and Our First Triumphs on the Sea", in The American Monthly Review of Reviews" (July 1905) p42
  5. ↑ Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., American History Told by Contemporaries (Macmillan, 1908) p600
  6. ↑ Michael Lee Lannin, African Americans in the Revolutionary War (Citadel Press, 2005) p86
  7. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070909012414/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml
  8. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110708173722/http://www.washjeff.edu/content.aspx?section=372&menu_id=133&crumb=137&id=54
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