Difference between revisions of "1763"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
1753 < 1754 < 1755 < 1756 < 1757 < 1758 < 1759 <1760 < 1761 < 1762 < 1763 > 1764 > 1765 > 1766 > 1767 > 1768 > 1769 > 1770 > 1771 > 1772 > 1773
(Created page with "{{year |image= |image_width= |image_caption= }} {{SMWDocs}} {{Stub}}") |
m (Text replacement - "Reverences" to "References") |
||
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) | |||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
|image_width= | |image_width= | ||
|image_caption= | |image_caption= | ||
| + | |description=Year 1763 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | [[File:New Map of North America (1763).JPG|thumb|right|[[February 10]]: The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] is signed.]] | ||
| + | == Events == | ||
| + | <onlyinclude> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === January–March === | ||
| + | * [[January 27]] – The seat of colonial administration in the [[Viceroyalty of Brazil]] is moved from [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]]. | ||
| + | * [[February 1]] – The [[Royal Colony of North Carolina]] officially creates [[Mecklenburg County, North Carolina|Mecklenburg County]] from the western portion of [[Anson County, North Carolina|Anson County]]. The county is named for Queen [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], who married [[George III of the United Kingdom]] in [[1761]]. | ||
| + | * [[February 10]] – [[Seven Years' War]] – [[French and Indian War]]: The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] ends the war, and France cedes [[Canada (New France)]] to Great Britain.<ref>Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0}</ref> | ||
| + | * [[February 15]] – The [[Treaty of Hubertusburg]] puts an end to the [[Seven Years' War]] between [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]], and their allies France and Russia. | ||
| + | * [[February 23]] – The [[Berbice Slave Uprising]] starts in the former [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] colony of [[Berbice]]. | ||
| + | * [[March 1]] – [[Charles Townshend]] becomes [[President of the Board of Trade]] in the British government. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === April–June === | ||
| + | * [[April 6]] – The [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Théâtre du Palais-Royal]], home to the [[Paris Opera]] for almost 90 years, is destroyed in an accidental fire.<ref>Pannill Camp, ''The First Frame: Theatre Space in Enlightenment France'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p148</ref> | ||
| + | * [[April 16]] – [[George Grenville]] takes office as the new [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]], after the [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Earl of Bute]] resigns amid criticism over Britain's concessions in the Treaty of Paris.<ref>Richard Archer, ''As If an Enemy's Country: The British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 2010) p1</ref> | ||
| + | * [[April 18]] – [[Marie-Josephte Corriveau]] is hanged near her home at [[Saint-Vallier, Quebec]], then placed on public display ([[gibbeting]]) on orders of a British court of officers that had tried her under [[martial law]] for the murder of her husband.<ref>F. Murray Greenwood and Beverley Boissery, ''Uncertain Justice: Canadian Women and Capital Punishment, 1754-1953'' (Dundurn, 2000) p54</ref> She becomes famous in French Quebecois folklore as "la Corriveau". | ||
| + | * [[April 19]] – [[Teedyuscung]], known as the "King of the Delaware Indians" (the [[Lenape]] tribe) is assassinated by arsonists who burn down his home in [[Pennsylvania]] while he is sleeping, in an apparent retaliation for signing the [[Treaty of Easton]] to relinquish Lenape claims to the Province of New Jersey.<ref>Kevin Kenny, ''Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment'' (Oxford University Press, 2011) p116</ref> | ||
| + | * [[April 23]] – The controversial Issue 45 of [[John Wilkes]]'s satirical newspaper ''[[The North Briton]]'' is published as a response to a speech four days earlier by King George III praising the end of the Seven Years' War.<ref>Amelia Rauser, ''Caricature Unmasked: Irony, Authenticity, and Individualism in Eighteenth-century English Prints'' (University of Delaware Press, 2008) p51</ref> In what will become a test case for [[freedom of speech]], Wilkes, a member of Parliament, is arrested for [[libel]] of the King and imprisoned, then exiled to France. | ||
| + | * [[April 27]] – Outraged by the British success in taking control of land in North America formerly occupied by the French, [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Pontiac]], chief of the [[Odawa]] people, convenes a conference near [[Detroit]] and convinces the leaders of 17 other nations of the need to attack British outposts.<ref name=Dunn>Walter S. Dunn, ''People of the American Frontier: The Coming of the American Revolution'' (Greenwood, 2005) p37</ref> | ||
| + | * [[May 7]] – Chief Pontiac begins "[[Pontiac's War]]" by attacking the British garrison at [[Fort Detroit]], but the surprise attack is given away by a young native girl who informs the British of the plan.<ref name=Dunn/> Two days later he begins the [[Siege of Fort Detroit]]. | ||
| + | * [[June 2]] – [[Pontiac's War]]: At what becomes [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]], [[Chippewa]]s capture [[Fort Michilimackinac]] by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of [[lacrosse]], then chasing a ball into the fort. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | === July–September === | ||
| + | * [[July 7]] – The [[British East India Company]] declares [[Mir Qasim]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], to be deposed.<ref>https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/322 322</ref> | ||
| + | * [[August 2]] – [[Mir Qasim]] is routed at Odwa Nala. He flees to [[Patna]], where he massacres the English garrison,{{cn|date=June 2020}} but is subsequently defeated at [[Katwa]], [[Murshidabad]], [[Giria, India|Giria]], Sooty, Udayanala and [[Munger]]. | ||
| + | * [[August 3]] and 4 – The spectacular bankruptcies of [[Leendert Pieter de Neufville]] and [[Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky]] lead to a [[financial contagion]] and affected in the days after many merchants in Amsterdam, Hamburg, Berlin and Stockholm. | ||
| + | * [[August 5]] – [[Pontiac's War]] – [[Battle of Bushy Run]]: British forces led by [[Henry Bouquet]] defeat [[Chief Pontiac]]'s Indians at [[Bushy Run]], in the [[Pennsylvania]] backcountry. | ||
| + | * [[August]] – Fire in [[Smyrna]], [[Ottoman Empire]], destroys 2,600 houses. | ||
| + | * [[September 1]] – [[Catherine II of Russia]] endorses [[Ivan Betskoy]]'s plans for a [[Foundling Home in Moscow]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === October–December === | ||
| + | * [[October 7]] – The ''[[Royal Proclamation of 1763]]'' is issued by [[George III of the United Kingdom]], restricting the westward expansion of [[British North America]], and stabilizing relations with the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], by barring white settlement of lands west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. | ||
| + | * [[November 24]] – [[Bayes' theorem]] is first announced.<ref>http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/letter.pdf</ref> | ||
| + | * [[December 2]] – [[Touro Synagogue]], [[Newport, Rhode Island]], is dedicated; by the end of the 20th century, this will be the [[Oldest synagogues in the United States|oldest]] surviving [[synagogue]] in North America. | ||
| + | * [[December 14]] – The [[Paxton Boys]] massacre six [[Susquehannock|Conestoga]] Indians in their homes in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]]. When the 16 survivors are sheltered in the Lancaster workhouse (jail), the Paxton Boys ride into town and kill them as well, on [[December 27]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Date unknown === | ||
| + | * [[Little Hagia Sophia]] in [[Istanbul]], Ottoman Empire, is damaged in an [[earthquake]]. | ||
| + | * [[Joseph Haydn]] writes his [[Symphony No. 13 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 13]]. | ||
| + | * The [[Russo-Circassian War]] begins, when the [[Russian Empire]] attempts to annex [[Circassia]]. | ||
| + | </onlyinclude> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Births == | ||
| + | * [[January 8]] – [[Edmond-Charles Genêt]], French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (d. [[1834]]) | ||
| + | * [[January 24]] – [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron]], Russian general (d. [[1831]]) | ||
| + | [[File:Charles XIV John as Crown Prince of Sweden - François Gérard.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]]]] | ||
| + | * [[January 26]] – [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]], [[Marshal of France]], King Charles XIV John of Sweden, and Charles III John of Norway (d. [[1844]]) | ||
| + | * [[February 14]] – [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]], French general (d. [[1813]]) | ||
| + | * [[February 20]] – [[Adalbert Gyrowetz]], Bohemian composer (d. [[1850]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 9]] – [[William Cobbett]], English journalist, author (d. [[1835]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 13]] – [[Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune]], Marshal of France (d. [[1815]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 21]] – [[Jean Paul]], German writer (d. [[1825]]) | ||
| + | * [[May 7]] – [[Józef Antoni Poniatowski]], Polish prince, Marshal of France (d. [[1813]]) | ||
| + | * [[June 20]] – [[Theobald Wolfe Tone]], Irish patriot (d. [[1798]]) | ||
| + | [[File:Joséphine de Beauharnais by François Gérard 3.png|thumb|right|110px|[[Empress Joséphine]]]] | ||
| + | * [[June 23]] – [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], Empress of France (d. [[1814]]) | ||
| + | * [[July 17]] – [[John Jacob Astor]], German-born American entrepreneur (d. [[1848]]) | ||
| + | * [[August 5]] – [[Bill Richmond]], British boxer (d. [[1829]]) | ||
| + | * [[August 13]] – [[Christoph Johann von Medem]], German courtier (d. [[1838]]) | ||
| + | * [[August 16]] – [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]], second son of George III | ||
| + | * [[August 17]] – [[Dmitry Senyavin]], Russian admiral (d. [[1831]]) | ||
| + | * [[September 2]] – [[Caroline Schelling]], German scholar, intellectual (d. [[1809]]) | ||
| + | * [[December 25]] – [[Claude Chappe]], French telecommunication pioneer (d. [[1805]]) | ||
| + | * [[December 28]] – [[John Molson]], Canadian entrepreneur (d. [[1836]]) | ||
| + | * [[December 31]] – [[Pierre-Charles Villeneuve]], French admiral (d. [[1806]]) | ||
| + | |||
| + | Date unknown: | ||
| + | *[[Huang Peilie]], Chinese [[bibliophile]] (d. [[1825]])<ref>{http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11384/ </ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Deaths == | ||
| + | [[File:John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville by William Hoare.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville]]]] | ||
| + | * [[January 2]] – [[John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville]], English statesman (b. [[1690]]) | ||
| + | * [[January 11]] – [[Caspar Abel]], German theologian, historian, and poet (b. [[1676]]) | ||
| + | * [[January 29]] – [[Louis Racine]], French poet (b. [[1692]]) | ||
| + | * [[February 11]] – [[William Shenstone]], English poet (b. [[1714]]) | ||
| + | * [[February 12]] – [[Pierre de Marivaux]], French writer (b. [[1688]]) | ||
| + | * [[February 26]] – [[Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]] (b. [[1711]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 2]] – [[Antoine Walsh]], Irish-French slave trader and Jacobite (b. [[1703]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 4]] – [[Johan Hörner]], Danish artist (b. [[1711]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 24]] – [[Catherine Charlotte De la Gardie]], Swedish countess (b. [[1723]]) | ||
| + | * [[March 31]] – [[Abraham Darby II]], English ironmaster (b. [[1711]]) | ||
| + | * [[April 8]] – [[Koca Ragıp Pasha]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman (Turkish)]] [[Grand Vizier]] (b. [[1698]]) | ||
| + | * [[April 13]] – [[James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave]] of Great Britain (b. [[1715]]) | ||
| + | * [[April 22]] – [[Jared Eliot]], Connecticut farmer, writer on horticulture (b. [[1685]]) | ||
| + | * [[May 3]] – [[George Psalmanazar]], British impostor (b. c. [[1679]]) | ||
| + | * [[June 29]] – [[Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht]], Swedish writer (b. [[1718]]) | ||
| + | * [[August 14]] – [[Giovanni Battista Somis]], Italian violinist and composer (b. [[1686]]) | ||
| + | * [[August 21]] – [[Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont]], British statesman (b. [[1710]]) | ||
| + | * [[September 20]] – [[Gabriela Silang]], Filipino rebel leader, heroine (b. [[1731]]) | ||
| + | * [[September 26]] – [[John Byrom]], English poet (b. [[1692]]) | ||
| + | * [[October]] – [[Anna Maria Garthwaite]], British designer (b. [[1688]]) | ||
| + | * [[October 5]] – [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus]], [[List of rulers of Saxony#Electors of Saxony|Elector of Saxony]], [[King of Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] (b. [[1696]]) | ||
| + | * [[October 28]] – [[Heinrich von Brühl]], German statesman (b. [[1700]]) | ||
| + | * [[November 10]] – [[Joseph Dupleix]] – French governor general at [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondichéry]] | ||
| + | * [[November 23]] – [[Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff]], German soldier (b. [[1673]]) | ||
| + | * [[November 28]] – [[Naungdawgyi]], [[Burma|Burmese]] king (b. [[1734]]) | ||
| + | * [[December 3]] – [[Carl August Thielo]], Danish composer (b. [[1702]]) | ||
| + | * [[December 17]] – [[Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony]] (b. [[1722]]) | ||
| + | * [[December 23]] – [[Antoine François Prévost]], French writer (b. [[1697]]) | ||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
| − | {{ | + | ==References== |
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:17, 15 March 2022
 ( 1760s: )  1763    | |
|---|---|
| Year 1763 |
.JPG)
Contents
Events
January–March
- January 27 – The seat of colonial administration in the Viceroyalty of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.
- February 1 – The Royal Colony of North Carolina officially creates Mecklenburg County from the western portion of Anson County. The county is named for Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who married George III of the United Kingdom in 1761.
- February 10 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war, and France cedes Canada (New France) to Great Britain.[1]
- February 15 – The Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria, and their allies France and Russia.
- February 23 – The Berbice Slave Uprising starts in the former Dutch colony of Berbice.
- March 1 – Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government.
April–June
- April 6 – The Théâtre du Palais-Royal, home to the Paris Opera for almost 90 years, is destroyed in an accidental fire.[2]
- April 16 – George Grenville takes office as the new Prime Minister of Great Britain, after the Earl of Bute resigns amid criticism over Britain's concessions in the Treaty of Paris.[3]
- April 18 – Marie-Josephte Corriveau is hanged near her home at Saint-Vallier, Quebec, then placed on public display (gibbeting) on orders of a British court of officers that had tried her under martial law for the murder of her husband.[4] She becomes famous in French Quebecois folklore as "la Corriveau".
- April 19 – Teedyuscung, known as the "King of the Delaware Indians" (the Lenape tribe) is assassinated by arsonists who burn down his home in Pennsylvania while he is sleeping, in an apparent retaliation for signing the Treaty of Easton to relinquish Lenape claims to the Province of New Jersey.[5]
- April 23 – The controversial Issue 45 of John Wilkes's satirical newspaper The North Briton is published as a response to a speech four days earlier by King George III praising the end of the Seven Years' War.[6] In what will become a test case for freedom of speech, Wilkes, a member of Parliament, is arrested for libel of the King and imprisoned, then exiled to France.
- April 27 – Outraged by the British success in taking control of land in North America formerly occupied by the French, Pontiac, chief of the Odawa people, convenes a conference near Detroit and convinces the leaders of 17 other nations of the need to attack British outposts.[7]
- May 7 – Chief Pontiac begins "Pontiac's War" by attacking the British garrison at Fort Detroit, but the surprise attack is given away by a young native girl who informs the British of the plan.[7] Two days later he begins the Siege of Fort Detroit.
- June 2 – Pontiac's War: At what becomes Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
July–September
- July 7 – The British East India Company declares Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, to be deposed.[8]
- August 2 – Mir Qasim is routed at Odwa Nala. He flees to Patna, where he massacres the English garrison,[citation needed] but is subsequently defeated at Katwa, Murshidabad, Giria, Sooty, Udayanala and Munger.
- August 3 and 4 – The spectacular bankruptcies of Leendert Pieter de Neufville and Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky lead to a financial contagion and affected in the days after many merchants in Amsterdam, Hamburg, Berlin and Stockholm.
- August 5 – Pontiac's War – Battle of Bushy Run: British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Indians at Bushy Run, in the Pennsylvania backcountry.
- August – Fire in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire, destroys 2,600 houses.
- September 1 – Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.
October–December
- October 7 – The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is issued by George III of the United Kingdom, restricting the westward expansion of British North America, and stabilizing relations with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, by barring white settlement of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
- November 24 – Bayes' theorem is first announced.[9]
- December 2 – Touro Synagogue, Newport, Rhode Island, is dedicated; by the end of the 20th century, this will be the oldest surviving synagogue in North America.
- December 14 – The Paxton Boys massacre six Conestoga Indians in their homes in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. When the 16 survivors are sheltered in the Lancaster workhouse (jail), the Paxton Boys ride into town and kill them as well, on December 27.
Date unknown
- Little Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, is damaged in an earthquake.
- Joseph Haydn writes his Symphony No. 13.
- The Russo-Circassian War begins, when the Russian Empire attempts to annex Circassia.
Births
- January 8 – Edmond-Charles Genêt, French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (d. 1834)
- January 24 – Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron, Russian general (d. 1831)
- January 26 – Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, King Charles XIV John of Sweden, and Charles III John of Norway (d. 1844)
- February 14 – Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (d. 1813)
- February 20 – Adalbert Gyrowetz, Bohemian composer (d. 1850)
- March 9 – William Cobbett, English journalist, author (d. 1835)
- March 13 – Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune, Marshal of France (d. 1815)
- March 21 – Jean Paul, German writer (d. 1825)
- May 7 – Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince, Marshal of France (d. 1813)
- June 20 – Theobald Wolfe Tone, Irish patriot (d. 1798)
- June 23 – Joséphine de Beauharnais, Empress of France (d. 1814)
- July 17 – John Jacob Astor, German-born American entrepreneur (d. 1848)
- August 5 – Bill Richmond, British boxer (d. 1829)
- August 13 – Christoph Johann von Medem, German courtier (d. 1838)
- August 16 – Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, second son of George III
- August 17 – Dmitry Senyavin, Russian admiral (d. 1831)
- September 2 – Caroline Schelling, German scholar, intellectual (d. 1809)
- December 25 – Claude Chappe, French telecommunication pioneer (d. 1805)
- December 28 – John Molson, Canadian entrepreneur (d. 1836)
- December 31 – Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (d. 1806)
Date unknown:
- Huang Peilie, Chinese bibliophile (d. 1825)[10]
Deaths
- January 2 – John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (b. 1690)
- January 11 – Caspar Abel, German theologian, historian, and poet (b. 1676)
- January 29 – Louis Racine, French poet (b. 1692)
- February 11 – William Shenstone, English poet (b. 1714)
- February 12 – Pierre de Marivaux, French writer (b. 1688)
- February 26 – Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (b. 1711)
- March 2 – Antoine Walsh, Irish-French slave trader and Jacobite (b. 1703)
- March 4 – Johan Hörner, Danish artist (b. 1711)
- March 24 – Catherine Charlotte De la Gardie, Swedish countess (b. 1723)
- March 31 – Abraham Darby II, English ironmaster (b. 1711)
- April 8 – Koca Ragıp Pasha, Ottoman (Turkish) Grand Vizier (b. 1698)
- April 13 – James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave of Great Britain (b. 1715)
- April 22 – Jared Eliot, Connecticut farmer, writer on horticulture (b. 1685)
- May 3 – George Psalmanazar, British impostor (b. c. 1679)
- June 29 – Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, Swedish writer (b. 1718)
- August 14 – Giovanni Battista Somis, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1686)
- August 21 – Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont, British statesman (b. 1710)
- September 20 – Gabriela Silang, Filipino rebel leader, heroine (b. 1731)
- September 26 – John Byrom, English poet (b. 1692)
- October – Anna Maria Garthwaite, British designer (b. 1688)
- October 5 – Augustus, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1696)
- October 28 – Heinrich von Brühl, German statesman (b. 1700)
- November 10 – Joseph Dupleix – French governor general at Pondichéry
- November 23 – Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff, German soldier (b. 1673)
- November 28 – Naungdawgyi, Burmese king (b. 1734)
- December 3 – Carl August Thielo, Danish composer (b. 1702)
- December 17 – Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (b. 1722)
- December 23 – Antoine François Prévost, French writer (b. 1697)
A Birth
| Title | Born | Died | Summary | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Jacob Astor | 17 July 1763 | 29 March 1848 | Businessperson Millionaire | The first multi-millionaire in the US |
Many thanks to our Patrons who cover ~2/3 of our hosting bill. Please join them if you can.
References
- ↑ Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0}
- ↑ Pannill Camp, The First Frame: Theatre Space in Enlightenment France (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p148
- ↑ Richard Archer, As If an Enemy's Country: The British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2010) p1
- ↑ F. Murray Greenwood and Beverley Boissery, Uncertain Justice: Canadian Women and Capital Punishment, 1754-1953 (Dundurn, 2000) p54
- ↑ Kevin Kenny, Peaceable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn's Holy Experiment (Oxford University Press, 2011) p116
- ↑ Amelia Rauser, Caricature Unmasked: Irony, Authenticity, and Individualism in Eighteenth-century English Prints (University of Delaware Press, 2008) p51
- ↑ a b Walter S. Dunn, People of the American Frontier: The Coming of the American Revolution (Greenwood, 2005) p37
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/322 322
- ↑ http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/letter.pdf
- ↑ {http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11384/
