Difference between revisions of "Desmond Tutu"

From Wikispooks
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Importing from Wikipedia)
 
m (Text replacement - " served as " to " was ")
 
(19 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Desmond Mpilo Tutu''' (born 7 October 1931) is a [[South African]] social rights activist and retired [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]]. He was the first black [[Archbishop of Cape Town]] and [[bishop]] of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]]).
+
{{person
 +
|image=Desmond_Tutu_1.jpg
 +
|image_caption=Archbishop Desmond Tutu addressing a congregation of 2,000 at [[Nelson Mandela]] Memorial Service (March 2014)
 +
|birth_date=7 October 1931
 +
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu
 +
|alma_mater=King's College London
 +
|birth_place=Klerksdorp, Western Transvaal, South Africa
 +
|death_date=26 December 2021
 +
|death_place=Cape Town
 +
|sourcewatch=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Desmond_Tutu
 +
|employment=
 +
}}
 +
{{Very long|date=June 2014}}
 +
'''Desmond Mpilo Tutu''' was a [[South Africa]]n social rights activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the [[1980s]] as an opponent of apartheid. He was the first black Archbishop of Cape Town and bishop of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa).
  
Tutu's admirers see him as a man who since the demise of apartheid has been active in the defence of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. He has campaigned to fight [[AIDS]], tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, the imprisonment of [[Chelsea Manning]], [[homophobia]] and transphobia. He received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1984; the [[Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism]] in 1986; the [[Pacem in Terris Award]] in 1987; the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] in 1999; the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] in 2007;<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-10-03-tutu-to-be-honoured-with-gandhi-peace-award| title = Tutu to be honoured with Gandhi Peace Award |accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref> and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 2009. He has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings.
+
Desmond Tutu died on 26 December 2021 at the Oasis Frail Care Centre in Cape Town, aged 90.<ref>''[https://news.sky.com/story/desmond-tutu-tributes-pour-in-for-archbishop-a-man-of-principle-and-a-voice-for-the-voiceless-12503923 "Desmond Tutu: Tributes pour in for Archbishop, a man of principle and a voice for the voiceless"]''</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Campaigner for the oppressed==
 +
Following the demise of apartheid in 1994, [[Archbishop Desmond Tutu]] was active in the defence of [[human rights]] and has used his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. He chaired the South African [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] (TRC) and has campaigned to fight [[AIDS]], tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, the imprisonment of [[Chelsea Manning]], homophobia and transphobia.
 +
 
 +
[[Archbishop Tutu]] received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1984; the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism in 1986; the Pacem in Terris Award in 1987; the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999; the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2007;<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-10-03-tutu-to-be-honoured-with-gandhi-peace-award "Tutu to be honoured with Gandhi Peace Award"]</ref> and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009.
 +
 
 +
[[Archbishop Desmond Tutu]] is one of the original signatories of the [[Justice for Megrahi]] campaign which was established in November 2008 to have [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]]'s wrongful conviction for the 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]] overturned.
 +
 
 +
In August 2012, [[Archbishop Desmond Tutu]] announced his refusal to share a platform with former Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]. [[Archbishop Tutu]]’s office said in a statement:
 +
:"Ultimately, the Archbishop is of the view that [[Tony Blair|Mr Blair]]'s decision to support the United States' [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|military invasion of Iraq]], on the basis of unproven allegations of the existence in Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, was morally indefensible. The Discovery Invest Leadership Summit has 'leadership' as its theme. Morality and leadership are indivisible. In this context, it would be inappropriate and untenable for the Archbishop to share a platform with [[Tony Blair|Mr Blair]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9504259/Archbishop-Desmond-Tutu-pulls-out-of-event-with-Tony-Blair-because-of-Iraq-War.html "Archbishop Desmond Tutu pulls out of event with Tony Blair because of Iraq War"]</ref>
 +
 
 +
On 3 March 2014 at the [[Nelson Mandela]] Memorial Service in Westminster Abbey, [[Archbishop Desmond Tutu]] delivered the address, thanking international anti-apartheid campaigners "especially Bishop Trevor Huddlestone, the long-haired [[Peter Hain]], [[Glenys Kinnock|Glenys]] and [[Neil Kinnock]], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steel David Steel"]:
 +
:"Without the anti-apartheid movement, without you extraordinary human beings, [[Nelson Mandela|Mandela]] could so easily have died in prison."
 +
[[Archbishop Tutu]] described journeying to [[Ronald Reagan]]'s Oval Office and to [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s Downing Street in the 1980s, pleading for economic sanctions to be imposed against the apartheid South African regime, and his pleas "falling on deaf ears". He was "surprised and delighted" when the US Congress passed the [[Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act]] in 1986, overriding [[Ronald Reagan|President Reagan]]'s veto.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-26412005 "Nelson Mandela memorial service held at Westminster Abbey"]</ref>
  
 
==Early life==
 
==Early life==
Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in [[Klerksdorp]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], the second of the three children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta, and the only son.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/Africa/02/miller/miller.htm| title = Desmond Tutu&nbsp;– A Man with a Mission|first = Lindsay|last = Miller |accessdate=1 June 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Tutu's family moved to [[Johannesburg]] when he was twelve. His father was a teacher and his mother was a cleaner and cook at a school for the blind.<ref name = presentation>{{cite web|url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1984/presentation-speech.html|title = Presentation Speech of 1984 Nobel Prize for Peace|publisher=The Nobel Foundation |first = Egil|last = Aarvik|year =1984 |accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref> Here he met [[Trevor Huddleston]], who was a [[parish priest]] in the black slum of [[Sophiatown]]. "One day," said Tutu, "I was standing in the street with my mother when a white man in a priest's clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother. I couldn't believe my eyes—a white man who greeted a black working class woman!"<ref name=presentation/>
+
Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal, the second of the three children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta, and the only son.<ref>[http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/Africa/02/miller/miller.htm "Desmond Tutu - A Man with a Mission"]</ref> Tutu's family moved to [[Johannesburg]] when he was twelve. His father was a teacher and his mother was a cleaner and cook at a school for the blind.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1984/presentation-speech.html "Presentation Speech of 1984 Nobel Prize for Peace"]</ref> Here he met [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Huddleston Trevor Huddleston,] who was a parish priest in the black slum of Sophiatown. "One day," said Tutu, "I was standing in the street with my mother when a white man in a priest's clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother. I couldn't believe my eyes—a white man who greeted a black working class woman!"
  
Although Tutu wanted to become a doctor, his family could not afford the training, and he followed his father's footsteps into teaching. Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 to 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School and at Munsienville High School in [[Mogale City]]. However, he resigned following the passage of the [[Bantu Education Act]], in protest of the poor educational prospects for black South Africans. He continued his studies, this time in [[theology]], at [[St. Martin's School (Rosettenville)|St Peter's Theology College]] in [[Rosettenville, Gauteng|Rosettenville]], Johannesburg, and in 1960 was ordained as an [[Anglican]] [[minister (Christianity)|priest]] following in the footsteps of his mentor and fellow activist, [[Trevor Huddleston]].
+
Although Tutu wanted to become a doctor, his family could not afford the training, and he followed his father's footsteps into teaching. Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 to 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School and at Munsienville High School in Mogale City. However, he resigned following the passage of the Bantu Education Act, in protest of the poor educational prospects for black South Africans. He continued his studies, this time in theology, at St Peter's Theology College in Rosettenville, Gauteng, Johannesburg, and in 1960 was ordained as an Anglican priest following in the footsteps of his mentor and fellow activist, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Huddleston Trevor Huddleston.]
  
Tutu then travelled to [[King's College London]], (1962–1966), where he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in theology. During this time he worked as a part-time curate, first at St Alban's Church, [[Golders Green]], and then at St Mary's Church in [[Bletchingley]], [[Surrey]].<ref name='albans'>{{cite book | last = Gish | first = Steven | title = Desmond Tutu. A Biography | publisher=Greenwood Press | year = 2004| url = | doi = 10.1336/0313328609 | isbn = 978-0-313-32860-2 }}</ref> He later returned to South Africa and from 1967 until 1972 used his lectures to highlight the circumstances of the African population. He wrote a letter to [[B.J. Vorster|Prime Minister B. J. Vorster]], in which he described the situation in South Africa as a "[[gunpowder|powder barrel]] that can explode at any time": the letter was never answered.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} He became chaplain at the [[University of Fort Hare]] in 1967, a hotbed of dissent and one of the few quality universities for African students in the southern part of Africa.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} From 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the [[National University of Lesotho]].
+
Tutu then travelled to King's College London, (1962–1966), where he received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in theology. During this time he worked as a part-time curate, first at St Alban's Church, Golders Green, and then at St Mary's Church in Bletchingley, Surrey.<ref>"Desmond Tutu. A Biography", 2004, ISBN 978-0-313-32860-2 </ref> He later returned to South Africa and from 1967 until 1972 used his lectures to highlight the circumstances of the African population. He wrote a letter to Prime Minister B J Vorster, in which he described the situation in South Africa as a "gunpowder barrel that can explode at any time": the letter was never answered. He became chaplain at the University of Fort Hare in 1967, a hotbed of dissent and one of the few quality universities for African students in the southern part of Africa. From 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the National University of Lesotho.
  
In 1972, Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the [[World Council of Churches]], at [[Bromley]] in Kent. He returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of [[St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg|St Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Johannesburg]]—the first black person to hold that position.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
+
In 1972, Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches, at Bromley in Kent. He returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed Dean of St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg — the first black person to hold that position.
  
 
==Personal life==
 
==Personal life==
On 2 July 1955, Tutu married Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a teacher whom he had met while at college. They had four children: Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Andrea Tutu, all of whom attended the [[Waterford Kamhlaba]] School in Swaziland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helpkids.org.za/pages.php?id=26|publisher=Cape Town Child Welfare |title=Our Patron Archbishop Desmond Tutu |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref>
+
On 2 July 1955, Tutu married Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a teacher whom he had met while at college. They had four children: Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Andrea Tutu, all of whom attended the Waterford Kamhlaba School in Swaziland.<ref>[http://www.helpkids.org.za/pages.php?id=26 "Cape Town Child Welfare - Our Patron Archbishop Desmond Tutu"]</ref>
 
 
In 1975 he moved into what is now known as [[Tutu House]] in [[Soweto]] and he and his family were still living there in 2005.<ref name=plaque>{{cite web|title=Tutu House|url=http://www.blueplaques.co.za/content/tutu-house|publisher=blueplaques.co.za|accessdate=20 July 2013}}</ref> It is said to be one of the few streets in the world where two Nobel Prize winners have lived.<ref name=street>{{cite news|title=Vilakazi Street under siege – by snakes|url=http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/vilakazi-street-under-siege-by-snakes-1.1456238|accessdate=22 July 2013|newspaper=Daily Star|date=22 January 2013}}</ref>
 
  
His son, Trevor Tutu, caused a bomb scare at [[East London Airport]] in 1989 and was arrested. In 1991, he was convicted of contravening the Civil Aviation Act by falsely claiming there had been a bomb on board a [[South African Airways]]' plane at East London Airport.<ref name=freed>{{cite web |title=Trevor Tutu freed from prison after being granted amnesty|url = http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9711/s971128s.htm |date=28 November 1997 |publisher=SAPA |accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref> The bomb threat delayed the [[Johannesburg]]-bound flight for more than three hours, costing [[South African Airways]] some R28000. At the time, Trevor Tutu announced his intention to appeal against his sentence, but failed to arrive for the appeal hearings. He forfeited his bail of R15000.<ref name=freed/> He was due to begin serving his sentence in 1993, but failed to hand himself over to prison authorities. He was finally arrested in [[Johannesburg]] in August 1997. He applied for amnesty from the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] which was granted in 1997; a move that was harshly criticised by some as preferential treatment by a commission that was co-founded and chaired by his father.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa: Amnesty From Truth Commission Evokes Harsh Criticism |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/199712080085.html| publisher=''All Africa''|date = 8 December 1997 |accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=Sarkin>{{cite book|last=Sarkin|first=Jeremy|title=Carrots and Sticks: The Trcc and the South African Amnesty Process|year=2004|publisher=Intersentia|location=Page 19|isbn=9050954006|page=441}}</ref> He was then released from Goodwood Prison in [[Cape Town]] where he had begun serving his three-and-a-half-year prison sentence after a court in [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] refused to grant him bail.<ref>{{cite web|title = Tutu's son in amnesty bid |url = http://www.dispatch.co.za/1997/09/27/page%209.htm| publisher=''Dispatch'' |date=27 September 1997 |accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref>
+
In 1975 he moved into what is now known as Tutu House in Soweto and he and his family were still living there in 2005.<ref>[http://www.blueplaques.co.za/content/tutu-house "blueplaques.co.za"]</ref> It is said to be one of the few streets in the world where two Nobel Prize winners have lived.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/vilakazi-street-under-siege-by-snakes-1.1456238 "Vilakazi Street under siege – by snakes"]</ref>
[[File:Tutu meets Schweitzer (8).jpg|thumb|240px|Tutu with his daughter Mpho Andrea in the Netherlands, 2012]]
 
Naomi Tutu founded the Tutu Foundation for Development and Relief in Southern Africa, based in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. She attended the [[Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce]] at the [[University of Kentucky]] and has followed in her father's footsteps as a human rights activist. She is currently a [[graduate student]] at [[Vanderbilt University Divinity School]], in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-daily-record.com/local%20news/2013/02/03/naomi-tutu-s-interview-after-college-of-wooster-workshop-reveals-her-authenticity |title=Naomi Tutu's interview after College of Wooster workshop reveals her authenticity |publisher=The Daily Record |date=3 February 2013 |accessdate=22 September 2013}}</ref> Desmond Tutu's other daughter, Mpho Tutu, has also followed in her father's footsteps and in 2004 was ordained an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] priest by her father.<ref>{{cite web|title = Reverend Mpho Tutu|publisher=2004 Women of Distinction |accessdate=1 June 2008|year = 2004 |url=http://pages.interlog.com/~saww/2004Mpho.html}}</ref> She is also the founder and executive director of the Tutu Institute for Prayer and Pilgrimage and the chairperson of the board of the Global AIDS Alliance.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Reverend Mpho A. Tutu|accessdate=1 June 2008|publisher=Tutu Institute |url=http://www.tutuinstitute.org/user/Tutu_BIO.htm}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 
  
In 1997, Tutu was diagnosed with [[prostate cancer]] and underwent successful treatment in the US. He subsequently became patron of the South African Prostate Cancer Foundation, which was established in 2007.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.co.za/A_Aboutus_Media.asp |title=Taking the fight against prostate cancer to South Africans|date=3 March 2007|publisher=Prostate Cancer Foundation of South Africa |accessdate=23 April 2008}}</ref>
+
In 1997, Desmond Tutu was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent successful treatment in the US. He subsequently became patron of the South African Prostate Cancer Foundation, which was established in 2007.<ref>[http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.co.za/A_Aboutus_Media.asp "Taking the fight against prostate cancer to South Africans"]  Prostate Cancer Foundation of South Africa </ref>
  
Beginning on his 79th birthday, Tutu entered a phased retirement from public life, starting with only one day per week in his office through February 2011. On 23 May 2011 in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, Tutu gave what was said to be his last major public speech outside of South Africa. Tutu honoured his commitments through May 2011 and added no more commitments.<ref>[http://www.stjohnshigh.org/s/804/index.aspx?sid=804&gid=1&pgid=1256 St. John's High School – Desmond Tutu at Saint John's]. Stjohnshigh.org (23 May 2011). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
+
Beginning on his 79th birthday, Desmond Tutu entered a phased retirement from public life, starting with only one day per week in his office through February 2011. On 23 May 2011 in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, Tutu gave what was said to be his last major public speech outside of South Africa. Tutu honoured his commitments through May 2011 and added no more commitments.<ref>[http://www.stjohnshigh.org/s/804/index.aspx?sid=804&gid=1&pgid=1256 "St John's High School – Desmond Tutu at Saint John's"]</ref>
  
However, Tutu subsequently came out of retirement to give a commencement speech at [[Gonzaga University]] in Spokane, Washington, on 13 May 2012, and gave an address at [[Butler University]]'s Desmond Tutu Center in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]] on 12 September of that year.<ref name="indycenter">{{cite web |url=http://spea.provocate.org/archives/11458 |title=Butler Offers Tutu Up as Living Relic, Rather Than Leader |last=Truax |first=Tabitha |publisher=Global Indy |date=12 September 2013}}</ref>
+
However, Desmond Tutu subsequently came out of retirement to give a commencement speech at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington, on 13 May 2012, and gave an address at Butler University's Desmond Tutu Center in Indianapolis, Indiana on 12 September of that year.<ref>[http://spea.provocate.org/archives/11458 "Butler Offers Tutu Up as Living Relic, Rather Than Leader"]</ref>
  
 
==Role during apartheid==
 
==Role during apartheid==
{{Apartheid}}
+
In 1976, the protests in Soweto, also known as the Soweto Riots, against the government's use of Afrikaans as the compulsory language of instruction in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. From then on Tutu supported an economic boycott of his country. He vigorously opposed the "constructive engagement" policy of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration in the United States, which advocated "friendly persuasion".<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical "Tutu Urges U.S. Action"]</ref> Tutu rather supported disinvestment, although it hit the poor hardest, for if disinvestment threw blacks out of work, Tutu argued, at least they would be suffering "with a purpose". In 1985, the US and the UK (two primary investors into South Africa) stopped any investments. As a result, disinvestment did succeed, causing the value of the Rand to plunge more than 35 percent, and pressuring the government toward reform. Tutu pressed the advantage and organised peaceful marches which brought 30,000 people onto the streets of Cape Town.<ref>[http://www.christiancentury.org/article.lasso?id=2441 "Tutu's story"]</ref>
  
In 1976, the protests in [[Soweto]], also known as the [[Soweto Riots]], against the government's use of [[Afrikaans]] as the compulsory language of instruction in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. From then on Tutu supported an economic [[boycott]] of his country. He vigorously opposed the "[[constructive engagement]]" policy of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration in the United States, which advocated "friendly persuasion".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hyer|first=Marjorie|title=Tutu Urges U.S. Action|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/159883202.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+24%2C+1984&author=By+Marjorie+Hyer+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&desc=Tutu+Urges+U.S.+Action|newspaper=Washington Post|date=24 December 1984|page=C1}}</ref> Tutu rather supported [[disinvestment]], although it hit the poor hardest, for if disinvestment threw blacks out of work, Tutu argued, at least they would be suffering "with a purpose". In 1985, the US and the UK (two primary investors into South Africa) stopped any investments. As a result, disinvestment did succeed, causing the value of the [[South African rand|Rand]] to plunge more than 35 percent, and pressuring the government toward reform.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Tutu pressed the advantage and organised peaceful marches which brought 30,000 people onto the streets of [[Cape Town]].<ref name=tutustory>{{cite web |url=http://www.christiancentury.org/article.lasso?id=2441|author=Wood, Lawrence|title=Tutu's story|date=17 October 2006| publisher=The Christian Century |accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
+
Desmond Tutu was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches. From this position, he was able to continue his work against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. Through his writings and lectures at home and abroad, Tutu consistently advocated reconciliation between all parties involved in apartheid. Tutu's opposition to apartheid was vigorous and unequivocal, and he was outspoken both in South Africa and abroad. He often compared apartheid to Nazism; as a result the government twice revoked his passport, and he was jailed briefly in 1980 after a protest march. It was thought by many that Tutu's increasing international reputation and his rigorous advocacy of non-violence protected him from harsher penalties. Tutu was also harsh in his criticism of the violent tactics of some anti-apartheid groups such as the [[African National Congress]] and denounced "terrorism" and Communism.
  
Tutu was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became [[Secretary-General]] of the [[South African Council of Churches]]. From this position, he was able to continue his work against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. Through his writings and lectures at home and abroad, Tutu consistently advocated [[Conflict resolution|reconciliation]] between all parties involved in apartheid. Tutu's opposition to apartheid was vigorous and unequivocal, and he was outspoken both in South Africa and abroad. He often compared apartheid to [[Nazism]]; as a result the government twice revoked his passport, and he was jailed briefly in 1980 after a protest march. It was thought by many that Tutu's increasing international reputation and his rigorous advocacy of non-violence protected him from harsher penalties. Tutu was also harsh in his criticism of the violent tactics of some anti-apartheid groups such as the [[African National Congress]] and denounced terrorism and Communism.
+
When a new constitution was proposed for South Africa in 1983 to defend against the anti-apartheid movement, Tutu helped form the National Forum Committee to fight the constitutional changes.<ref>"The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution" Doubleday, 1994, ISBN 0-385-47546-2 </ref>
  
When a new constitution was proposed for South Africa in 1983 to defend against the anti-apartheid movement, Tutu helped form the National Forum Committee to fight the constitutional changes.<ref>{{cite book|first = Desmond|last = Tutu|title = The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year = 1994|place = New York|isbn = 0-385-47546-2}}</ref>
+
In 1990, Tutu and the ex-Vice-Chancellor of the University of the Western Cape Professor [[Jakes Gerwel]] founded the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust. The Trust – established to fund developmental programmes in tertiary education – provides capacity building at 17 historically disadvantaged institutions. Tutu's work as a mediator to prevent all-out racial war was evident at the funeral of South African Communist Party leader [[Chris Hani]] in 1993. Tutu spurred a crowd of 120,000 to repeat after him the chants, over and over: "We will be free!", "All of us!", "Black and white together!"<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1945580,00.html "Former aide John Allen’s authorised biography offers an intimate view of Desmond Tutu"]</ref>
  
In 1990, Tutu and the ex-Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of the Western Cape]] Professor [[Jakes Gerwel]] founded the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust. The Trust – established to fund developmental programmes in tertiary education – provides capacity building at 17 historically disadvantaged institutions. Tutu's work as a mediator to prevent all-out racial war was evident at the funeral of [[South African Communist Party]] leader [[Chris Hani]] in 1993. Tutu spurred a crowd of 120,000 to repeat after him the chants, over and over: "We will be free!", "All of us!", "Black and white together!"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1945580,00.html |author=Carlin, John|title=Former aide John Allen’s authorised biography offers an intimate view of Desmond Tutu|date=12 November 2006|work=The Observer |location=UK |accessdate=4 April 2008 }}</ref>
+
In 1993, Tutu was a patron of the Cape Town Olympic Bid Committee. In 1994, he was an appointed a patron of the World Campaign Against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa, Beacon Millennium and Action from Ireland. In 1995, he was appointed a Chaplain and Sub-Prelate of the Venerable Order of Saint John by Queen Elizabeth II, and he became a patron of the American Harmony Child Foundation and the Hospice Palliative Care Association (HPCA) of South Africa.
 
 
In 1993, Tutu was a patron of the Cape Town Olympic Bid Committee. In 1994, he was an appointed a patron of the World Campaign Against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa, Beacon Millennium and [[Action from Ireland]]. In 1995, he was appointed a Chaplain and Sub-Prelate of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John]] by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=54002|startpage=5286|date=7 April 1995 |accessdate=5 June 2008}}</ref> and he became a patron of the American Harmony Child Foundation and the Hospice Palliative Care Association (HPCA) of South Africa.
 
  
 
==Role since apartheid==
 
==Role since apartheid==
[[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|The [[14th Dalai Lama]] and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureates. [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada. 2004.]]
+
After the fall of apartheid, Desmond Tutu headed the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]. He retired as Archbishop of Cape Town in 1996 and was made Emeritus Archbishop of Cape Town, an honorary title that is unusual in the Anglican church.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8072034.stm "Tutu in Hay appeal for Zimbabwe"]. BBC News (28 May 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> His successor was Njongonkulu Ndungane. At a thanksgiving for Tutu upon his retirement as Archbishop in 1996, [[Nelson Mandela]] said that Tutu made an "immeasurable contribution to our nation".<ref>[http://www.racismnoway.com.au/teaching-resources/factsheets/42.html "Fact Sheet: Archbishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu"]</ref>
  
After the fall of apartheid, Tutu headed the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]. He retired as [[Archbishop of Cape Town]] in 1996 and was made emeritus Archbishop of Cape Town, an honorary title that is unusual in the Anglican church.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8072034.stm (1 June 2009): Tutu in Hay appeal for Zimbabwe]. BBC News (28 May 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> He was succeeded by [[Njongonkulu Ndungane]]. At a thanksgiving for Tutu upon his retirement as Archbishop in 1996, [[Nelson Mandela]] said that Tutu made an "immeasurable contribution to our nation".<ref name = noway>{{cite web|url = http://www.racismnoway.com.au/teaching-resources/factsheets/42.html |title = Fact Sheet: Archbishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu|publisher=Racism. No Way.|date = 19 January 2006 |accessdate=1 June 2008}}</ref>
+
Tutu is generally credited with coining the term Rainbow Nation as a metaphor for post-apartheid South Africa after 1994 under African National Congress rule. The expression has since entered mainstream consciousness to describe South Africa's ethnic diversity.
  
Tutu is generally credited with coining the term [[Rainbow Nation]] as a metaphor for [[post-apartheid South Africa]] after 1994 under [[African National Congress]] rule. The expression has since entered mainstream consciousness to describe South Africa's [[ethnic diversity]].
+
Since his retirement, Tutu has worked as a global activist on issues pertaining to democracy, freedom and human rights. He is the patron of the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, the successor organisation of the South African [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]. In this role he presents the annual South African Reconciliation Award. In 2006, Tutu launched a global campaign, organised by the aid organisation, Plan, to ensure that all children are registered at birth, as an unregistered child did not officially exist and was vulnerable to traffickers and during disasters.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4289393.stm "Tutu calls for child registration"]</ref> Tutu is the Patron of the educational improvement charity Link Community Development.
  
Since his retirement, Tutu has worked as a global activist on issues pertaining to democracy, freedom and human rights. He is the patron of the [[Institute for Justice and Reconciliation]], the successor organisation of the South African Trust and Reconciliation Commission. In this role he presents the annual [[Reconciliation Award|South African Reconciliation Award]]. In 2006, Tutu launched a global campaign, organised by [[Plan (aid organisation)|Plan]], to ensure that all children are registered at birth, as an unregistered child did not officially exist and was vulnerable to traffickers and during disasters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4289393.stm |title=Tutu calls for child registration|date= 22 February 2005|publisher=BBC |accessdate=23 January 2008}}</ref> Tutu is the Patron of the educational improvement charity [[Link Community Development]].
+
Desmond Tutu had announced he would retire from public life when he turned 79 in October 2010.
 
 
Tutu had announced he would retire from public life when he turned 79 in October 2010.
 
 
:"Instead of growing old gracefully, at home with my family – reading and writing and praying and thinking – too much of my time has been spent at airports and in hotels," the Nobel laureate said in a statement.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/22/south.africa.tutu.retires/index.html#fbid=ZeXEgKJ1qcV "South Africa's Tutu Announces Retirement."]. CNN. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
 
:"Instead of growing old gracefully, at home with my family – reading and writing and praying and thinking – too much of my time has been spent at airports and in hotels," the Nobel laureate said in a statement.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/22/south.africa.tutu.retires/index.html#fbid=ZeXEgKJ1qcV "South Africa's Tutu Announces Retirement."]. CNN. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
 
{{Clear}}
 
  
 
===Role in South Africa===
 
===Role in South Africa===
Tutu is widely regarded as "South Africa's moral conscience"<ref name = usazim>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-03-16-tutu-zimbabwe_N.htm |title=Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe|work=USA Today |accessdate=4 April 2008 |date=16 March 2007}}</ref> and has been described by former President of South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]] as "sometimes strident, often tender, never afraid and seldom without humour, Desmond Tutu's voice will always be the voice of the voiceless".<ref name=noway/> Since his retirement, Tutu has worked to critique the new South African government. Tutu has been vocal in condemnation of corruption, the ineffectiveness of the [[African National Congress|ANC]]-led government to deal with poverty, and the recent outbreaks of xenophobic violence in some townships in South Africa.
+
Tutu is widely regarded as "South Africa's moral [[conscience]]"<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-03-16-tutu-zimbabwe_N.htm "Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe"]</ref> and has been described by former President of South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]] as "sometimes strident, often tender, never afraid and seldom without humour, Desmond Tutu's voice will always be the voice of the voiceless". Since his retirement, Tutu has worked to critique the new South African government. Tutu has been vocal in condemnation of corruption, the ineffectiveness of the [[African National Congress|ANC]]-led government to deal with poverty, and the recent outbreaks of xenophobic violence in some townships in South Africa.
  
After a decade of freedom for South Africa, Tutu was honoured with the invitation to deliver the annual Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture. On 23 November 2004, Tutu gave an address entitled "Look to the Rock from Which You Were Hewn". This lecture, critical of the [[African National Congress|ANC]]-controlled government, stirred a pot of controversy between Tutu and [[Thabo Mbeki]], calling into question "the right to criticise".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.ac.za/ccs/default.asp?3,28,10,1763|title=Controversy: Tutu, Mbeki & the freedom to criticise|year= 2005|author=Tutu, Mbeki & others |publisher=Centre for Civil Society }}</ref>
+
After a decade of freedom for South Africa, Tutu was honoured with the invitation to deliver the annual [[Nelson Mandela]] Foundation Lecture. On 23 November 2004, Tutu gave an address entitled "Look to the Rock from Which You Were Hewn". This lecture, critical of the [[African National Congress|ANC]]-controlled government, stirred a pot of controversy between Tutu and Thabo Mbeki, calling into question "the right to criticise".<ref>[http://www.nu.ac.za/ccs/default.asp?3,28,10,1763 "Controversy: Tutu, Mbeki & the freedom to criticise"]</ref>
  
On 10 May 2013, Tutu said he would no longer be able to vote for the [[African National Congress]], citing inequality, violence, and corruption. "The ANC was very good at leading us in the struggle to be free from oppression," Archbishop Tutu wrote, "But it doesn't seem to me now that a freedom-fighting unit can ­easily make the transition to becoming a political party." He sharply criticised the decision of the South African government to delay the issuance of a [[visa (document)|visa]] to the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], accusing the government of "kowtowing to China".<ref>{{cite news|title=South Africa's Desmond Tutu: 'I will not vote for ANC'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916|accessdate=5 June 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=10 May 2013}}</ref>
+
On 10 May 2013, Tutu said he would no longer be able to vote for the [[African National Congress]], citing inequality, violence, and corruption. "The ANC was very good at leading us in the struggle to be free from oppression," Archbishop Tutu wrote, "But it doesn't seem to me now that a freedom-fighting unit can ­easily make the transition to becoming a political party." He sharply criticised the decision of the South African government to delay the issuance of a visa to the Dalai Lama, accusing the government of "kowtowing to China".<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916 "South Africa's Desmond Tutu: 'I will not vote for ANC'"]</ref>
  
Tutu stated that Nelson Mandela would be dismayed that Afrikaners got excluded from memorial services to commemorate Mandela's death.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25413501</ref> The spokesman for Tutu said the cleric changed his plans and would attend the funeral of Mandela, after not being officially invited himself.<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/desmond-tutu-changes-mind-going-to-mandela-funeral-1.2464192</ref>
+
Tutu stated that [[Nelson Mandela]] would be dismayed that Afrikaners got excluded from memorial services to commemorate Mandela's death.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25413501 "Excluding Afrikaners"]</ref> The spokesman for Tutu said the cleric changed his plans and would attend the funeral of Mandela, after not being officially invited himself.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/desmond-tutu-changes-mind-going-to-mandela-funeral-1.2464192 "Mandela's funeral"]</ref>
  
==== Continued economic stratification and political corruption ====
+
===Corruption in South Africa===
Tutu made a stinging attack on South Africa's political élite, saying the country was "sitting on a powder keg"<ref name=keg>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4035809.stm |title=Tutu warns of poverty 'powder keg'|date= 23 November 2004 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> because of its failure to alleviate poverty a decade after apartheid's end. Tutu also said that attempts to boost black economic ownership were benefiting only an elite minority, while political "kowtowing" within the ruling ANC was hampering democracy. Tutu asked, "What is black empowerment when it seems to benefit not the vast majority but an elite that tends to be recycled?"<ref name=keg/>
+
Desmond Tutu made a stinging attack on South Africa's political élite, saying the country was "sitting on a powder keg"<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4035809.stm "Tutu warns of poverty 'powder keg'"]</ref> because of its failure to alleviate poverty a decade after apartheid's end. Tutu also said that attempts to boost black economic ownership were benefiting only an elite minority, while political "kowtowing" within the ruling [[ANC]] was hampering democracy. Tutu asked: :"What is black empowerment when it seems to benefit not the vast majority but an elite that tends to be recycled?"
  
Tutu criticised politicians for debating whether to give the poor an income grant of $16 (£12) a month and said the idea should be seriously considered. Tutu has often spoken in support of the [[Basic income guarantee|Basic Income Grant]] (BIG) which has so far been defeated in parliament. After the first round of volleys were fired, [[South African Press Association]] journalist, [[Ben Maclennan]] reported Tutu's response as: "Thank you Mr President for telling me what you think of me, that I am—a liar with scant regard for the truth, and a charlatan posing with his concern for the poor, the hungry, the oppressed and the voiceless."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armsdeal-vpo.co.za/quotes.html|title=Quotes of the Week|author=Maclennan, Ben|date= 2 December 2004|publisher=Sapa}}</ref>
+
Tutu criticised politicians for debating whether to give the poor an income grant of $16 (£12) a month and said the idea should be seriously considered. Tutu has often spoken in support of the Basic Income Grant (BIG) which has so far been defeated in parliament. After the first round of volleys were fired, South African Press Association journalist, Ben Maclennan reported Tutu's response as: "Thank you Mr President for telling me what you think of me, that I am a liar with scant regard for the truth, and a charlatan posing with his concern for the poor, the hungry, the oppressed and the voiceless."<ref>[http://www.armsdeal-vpo.co.za/quotes.html "Quotes of the Week"]</ref>
  
Tutu warned of corruption shortly after the re-election of the [[African National Congress]] government of South Africa, saying that they "stopped the gravy train just long enough to get on themselves."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/tutu.html|first=John|last = Carlin |title=Interview with Tutu|publisher=PBS Frontline |accessdate=7 September 2006}}</ref> In August 2006 Tutu publicly urged [[Jacob Zuma]], the South African politician (now President) who had been accused of sexual crimes and corruption, to drop out of the ANC's presidential succession race. He said in a public lecture that he would not be able to hold his "head high" if Zuma became leader after being accused both of rape and corruption. In September 2006, Tutu repeated his opposition to Zuma's candidacy as ANC leader due to Zuma's "moral failings."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5384310.stm |title=S Africa is losing its way – Tutu|date= 27 September 2006|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In November 2013 he warned that politicians and activists were stoking anger which resulted in a spate of sometimes violent protests, that he identified as an assault on South Africa's democracy.<ref name=msn>{{cite web|title=Tutu Warns of ‘Assault’ on Democracy |url=http://news.howzit.msn.com/top-news/tutu-warns-of-%E2%80%98assault%E2%80%99-on-democracy |date= 27 November 2013|agency=SAPA |publisher=msn news |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref>
+
Tutu warned of corruption shortly after the re-election of the [[African National Congress]] government of South Africa, saying that they "stopped the gravy train just long enough to get on themselves."<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/mandela/interviews/tutu.html "Interview with Tutu"]</ref> In August 2006 Tutu publicly urged [[Jacob Zuma]], the South African politician (now President) who had been accused of sexual crimes and corruption, to drop out of the ANC's presidential succession race. He said in a public lecture that he would not be able to hold his "head high" if Zuma became leader after being accused both of rape and corruption. In September 2006, Tutu repeated his opposition to Zuma's candidacy as ANC leader due to Zuma's "moral failings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5384310.stm "South Africa is losing its way – Tutu"]</ref> In November 2013 he warned that politicians and activists were stoking anger which resulted in a spate of sometimes violent protests, that he identified as an assault on South Africa's democracy.<ref>[http://news.howzit.msn.com/top-news/tutu-warns-of-%E2%80%98assault%E2%80%99-on-democracy "Tutu Warns of ‘Assault’ on Democracy"]</ref>
 
 
==== Complications accompanying initiation rituals ====
 
[[Ulwaluko|Initiation rituals]] amongst the [[Xhosa people]] have led to the death of over 825 boys since 1995, many others suffered complications including penile amputation. Following the death of 43 boys during December 2013, Tutu urged traditional leadership and government to intervene, and “to draw on the skills of qualified medical practitioners to enhance our traditional circumcision practices.” He furthermore emphasized the cultural importance of the ritual as educational institution, preparing initiates “to contribute to building a better society for all.”<ref>[http://www.ulwaluko.co.za/News_files/Press%20statement%20Tutu.pdf Press statement Desmond Tutu]</ref>
 
 
 
==== Criticism of Tutu ====
 
The head of the Congress of South African Students condemned Tutu as a "loose cannon" and a "scandalous man" – a reaction which prompted an angry Mbeki to side with Tutu. Zuma's personal advisor responded by accusing Tutu of having double standards and "selective amnesia" (as well as being old). Elias Khumalo claims that Tutu "had found it so easy to accept the apology from the apartheid government that committed unspeakable atrocities against millions of South Africans", yet now "cannot find it in his heart to accept the apology from this humble man who has erred".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=282735&area=/insight/insight__national/|title=Zuma camp lashes out at 'old' Tutu|publisher=''[[Mail & Guardian]]''|date= 1 September 2006 |accessdate=1 September 2006}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Chair of The Elders===
 
===Chair of The Elders===
On 18 July 2007, in [[Johannesburg]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Graça Machel]], and Tutu convened [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]], a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, kindness, leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday.
+
On 18 July 2007, in [[Johannesburg]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Graça Machel]], and Tutu convened The Elders, a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, kindness, leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday.
 +
:"This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken," Mandela commented. "Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair."<ref>[http://theelders.org/article/nelson-mandela-and-desmond-tutu-announce-elders "Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders"]</ref>
  
"This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken," Mandela commented. "Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://theelders.org/article/nelson-mandela-and-desmond-tutu-announce-elders |title= Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders |publisher=TheElders.org |date=18 July 2007 |accessdate=11 March 2013}}</ref>
+
Desmond Tutu was Chair of The Elders from the founding of the group in July 2007 to May 2013. Upon stepping down and becoming an Honorary Elder, he said:
 +
:"As Elders we should always oppose presidents for Life. After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down."<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/article/kofi-annan-appointed-chair-elders "Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders"]</ref> [[Kofi Annan]] currently serves as Chair and Gro Harlem Brundtland as Deputy Chair. The other members of the group are [[Martti Ahtisaari]], Ela Bhatt, Lakhdar Brahimi, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, [[Jimmy Carter]], Hina Jilani, [[Graça Machel]], [[Mary Robinson]] and Ernesto Zedillo.
  
Tutu served as Chair of The Elders from the founding of the group in July 2007 to May 2013. Upon stepping down and becoming an Honorary Elder, he said: "As Elders we should always oppose presidents for Life. After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theelders.org/article/kofi-annan-appointed-chair-elders |title=  Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders |publisher=TheElders.org |date=10 May 2013 |accessdate=23 May 2013}}</ref> [[Kofi Annan]] currently serves as Chair and [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] as Deputy Chair. The other members of the group are [[Martti Ahtisaari]], [[Ela Bhatt]], [[Lakhdar Brahimi]], [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Hina Jilani]], [[Graça Machel]], [[Mary Robinson]] and [[Ernesto Zedillo]].
+
Several other leaders were previously affiliated with The Elders. Former Elder Muhammad Yunus stepped down as a member of the group in September 2009, stating that he was unable to do justice to his membership due to the demands of his work.<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/article/muhammad-yunus-steps-down "Muhammad Yunus steps down"]</ref> [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] is a former honorary Elder. During her period under house arrest, the Elders kept an empty chair at each of their meetings to mark their solidarity with Suu Kyi and Burma’s other political prisoners. In line with the requirement that members of The Elders should not hold public office, Suu Kyi stepped down as an honorary Elder following her election to parliament on 1 April 2012.<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/article/elders-congratulate-aung-san-suu-kyi "The Elders congratulate Aung San Suu Kyi ahead of her appearance in parliament in Burma/Myanmar"]</ref> [[Li Zhaoxing]] was present at the launch of The Elders but did not formally join the group.
  
Several other leaders were previously affiliated with The Elders. Former Elder [[Muhammad Yunus]] stepped down as a member of the group in September 2009, stating that he was unable to do justice to his membership due to the demands of his work.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theelders.org/article/muhammad-yunus-steps-down |title= Muhammad Yunus steps down |publisher=TheElders.org |date=21 September 2009 |accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref> [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] is a former honorary Elder. During her period under house arrest, the Elders kept an empty chair at each of their meetings to mark their solidarity with Suu Kyi and [[Burma]]’s other political prisoners. In line with the requirement that members of The Elders should not hold public office, Suu Kyi stepped down as an honorary Elder following her election to parliament on 1 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theelders.org/article/elders-congratulate-aung-san-suu-kyi |title= The Elders congratulate Aung San Suu Kyi ahead of her appearance in parliament in Burma/Myanmar |publisher=TheElders.org |date=19 April 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref> [[Li Zhaoxing]] was present at the launch of The Elders but did not formally join the group.
+
The Elders work globally, on thematic as well as geographically specific subjects. The Elders' priority issue areas include the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Korean Peninsula, Sudan and South Sudan, sustainable development, and Women's rights.<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/our-work "The Elders: Our Work"]</ref>
  
The Elders work globally, on thematic as well as geographically specific subjects. The Elders' priority issue areas include the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], the [[Korean Peninsula]], [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]], [[sustainable development]], and [[Women's rights|equality for girls and women]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theelders.org/our-work |title= The Elders: Our Work |publisher=TheElders.org |accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>
+
Tutu led The Elders' visit to Sudan in October 2007 – their first mission after the group was founded – to foster peace in the Darfur crisis. "Our hope is that we can keep Darfur in the spotlight and spur on governments to help keep peace in the region," said Tutu.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/World/News/Tutu-denounces-rights-abuses-20071210 "Tutu denounces rights abuses"]</ref> He has also travelled with Elders delegations to the Ivory Coast, Cyprus, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan and the Middle East.<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/desmond-tutu "Desmond Tutu"]</ref> Tutu has been particularly involved in The Elders' initiative on child marriage, attending the Clinton Global Initiative in New York in September 2011 to launch ''Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage''.<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/article/elders-turn-spotlight-neglected-issue-child-marriage "The Elders to turn spotlight on neglected issue of child marriage"]</ref>
  
Tutu led The Elders' visit to Sudan in October 2007 – their first mission after the group was founded – to foster peace in the [[Darfur crisis]]. "Our hope is that we can keep Darfur in the spotlight and spur on governments to help keep peace in the region," said Tutu.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.news24.com/World/News/Tutu-denounces-rights-abuses-20071210 |title= Tutu denounces rights abuses |publisher=News24 |date=10 December 2007 |accessdate=11 March 2013}}</ref> He has also travelled with Elders delegations to [[Cote d’Ivoire]], [[Cyprus]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[South Sudan]] and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theelders.org/desmond-tutu |title= Desmond Tutu |publisher=TheElders.org |accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref> Tutu has been particularly involved in The Elders' initiative on [[child marriage]], attending the [[Clinton Foundation|Clinton Global Initiative]] in New York in September 2011 to launch ''Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theelders.org/article/elders-turn-spotlight-neglected-issue-child-marriage |title= The Elders to turn spotlight on neglected issue of child marriage |publisher=TheElders.org |date=16 September 2011 |accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>
+
The Elders are independently funded by a group of donors: Sir Richard Branson and Jean Oelwang (Virgin Unite), Peter Gabriel (The Peter Gabriel Foundation), Kathy Bushkin Calvin (the United Nations Foundation), Jeremy Coller and Lulit Solomon (J Coller Foundation), Niclas Kjellström-Matseke (Swedish Postcode Lottery), Randy Newcomb and Pam Omidyar (Humanity United), Jeff Skoll and Sally Osberg (Skoll Foundation), Jovanka Porsche (HP Capital Partners), Julie Quadrio Curzio (Quadrio Curzio Family Trust), Amy Towers (The Nduna Foundation), Shannon Sedgwick Davis (The Bridgeway Foundation) and Marieke van Schaik (Nationale Postcode Loterij). Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau, former CEO of The Elders, sits on the Advisory Council in her capacity as Advisory Committee Chair of ''Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage''.<ref>[http://theelders.org/about/donors "The Elders: Donors"]</ref>
  
The Elders are independently funded by a group of donors: Sir [[Richard Branson]] and Jean Oelwang ([[Virgin Unite]]), [[Peter Gabriel]] (The Peter Gabriel Foundation), [[Kathy Calvin|Kathy Bushkin Calvin]] (The [[United Nations Foundation]]), [[Jeremy Coller]] and Lulit Solomon (J Coller Foundation), Niclas Kjellström-Matseke (Swedish Postcode Lottery), Randy Newcomb and Pam Omidyar (Humanity United), [[Jeff Skoll]] and Sally Osberg ([[Skoll Foundation]]), Jovanka Porsche (HP Capital Partners), Julie Quadrio Curzio (Quadrio Curzio Family Trust), Amy Towers (The Nduna Foundation), Shannon Sedgwick Davis (The Bridgeway Foundation) and Marieke van Schaik ([[Nationale Postcode Loterij|Dutch Postcode Lottery]]). [[Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau|Mabel van Oranje]], former CEO of The Elders, sits on the Advisory Council in her capacity as Advisory Committee Chair of ''Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://theelders.org/about/donors |title= The Elders: Donors |publisher=TheElders.org |accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>
+
===Role in the developing world===
 +
Desmond Tutu has focused on drawing awareness to issues such as poverty, AIDS and non-democratic governments in the developing world. In particular he has focused on issues in Zimbabwe and Palestine. Tutu has been vocal in his criticism of human rights abuses in Zimbabwe as well as the South African government's policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe. In 2007 he said the "quiet diplomacy" pursued by the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) had "not worked at all" and he called on Britain and the West to pressure SADC, including South Africa, which was chairing talks between President Mugabe's Zanu-PF party and the opposition Movement for Democratic Change to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtutu119.xml "Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown"]</ref> Tutu has often criticised [[Robert Mugabe]] in the past and he once described the leader as "a cartoon figure of an archetypical African dictator". In 2008, he called for the international community to intervene in Zimbabwe – by force if necessary.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7479696.stm "Tutu urges Zimbabwe intervention"]</ref> Mugabe, on the other hand, has called Tutu an "angry, evil and embittered little bishop".<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2631943.ece "Working with a rabble-rouser"]</ref>
  
===Role in the developing world=== <!-- The third world' is no longer a relevant term after the fall of global communism, 'developed' and 'developing' are now more acceptable' -->
+
Tutu has often stated that all leaders in Africa should condemn Zimbabwe: "What an awful blot on our copy book. Do we really care about human rights, do we care that people of flesh and blood, fellow Africans, are being treated like rubbish, almost worse than they were ever treated by rabid racists?" After the Zimbabwean presidential elections in April 2008, Tutu expressed his hope that Mugabe would step down after it was initially reported that Mugabe had lost the elections. Tutu reiterated his support of the democratic process and hoped that Mugabe would adhere to the voice of the people.<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=739329 "Mugabe must step down with dignity"]</ref>
[[File:Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets an HIV test on The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit that brings healthcare right to your doorstep.jpg|thumb|Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets an HIV test on The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit.]]
 
  
Tutu has focused on drawing awareness to issues such as poverty, AIDS and non-democratic governments in the Third World. In particular he has focused on issues in Zimbabwe and Palestine.
+
Tutu called Mugabe "someone we were very proud of", as he "did a fantastic job, and it’s such a great shame, because he had a wonderful legacy. If he had stepped down ten or so years ago he would be held in very, very high regard. And I still want to say we must honour him for the things that he did do, and just say what a shame."
  
====Zimbabwe====
+
Tutu stated that he feared that riots would break out in Zimbabwe if the election results were ignored. He proposed that a peace-keeping force should be sent to the region to ensure stability.
Tutu has been vocal in his criticism of human rights abuses in [[Zimbabwe]] as well as the South African government's policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe. In 2007 he said the "quiet diplomacy" pursued by the [[Southern Africa Development Community]] (SADC) had "not worked at all" and he called on Britain and the West to pressure SADC, including South Africa, which was chairing talks between President Mugabe's [[Zanu-PF]] party and the opposition [[Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai|Movement for Democratic Change]], to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtutu119.xml|title=Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown|date= 19 September 2007|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |accessdate=4 April 2008 |first1=Peta | last1=Thornycroft | first2=Sebastien | last2=Berger}}</ref> Tutu has often criticised [[Robert Mugabe]] in the past and he once described the leader as "a cartoon figure of an archetypical African dictator".<ref name=usazim/> In 2008, he called for the international community to intervene in Zimbabwe – by force if necessary.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7479696.stm|title = Tutu urges Zimbabwe intervention |date = 29 June 2008 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Mugabe, on the other hand, has called Tutu an "angry, evil and embittered little bishop".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2631943.ece|title=Working with a rabble-rouser|date= 10 October 2007| author=John Allen|work=The Times |location=UK |accessdate=22 January 2008 }}</ref>
 
  
Tutu has often stated that all leaders in Africa should condemn Zimbabwe: "What an awful blot on our copy book. Do we really care about human rights, do we care that people of flesh and blood, fellow Africans, are being treated like rubbish, almost worse than they were ever treated by rabid racists?"<ref name=usazim/> After the Zimbabwean presidential elections in April 2008, Tutu expressed his hope that Mugabe would step down after it was initially reported that Mugabe had lost the elections. Tutu reiterated his support of the democratic process and hoped that Mugabe would adhere to the voice of the people.<ref name=retire>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=739329|title=‘Mugabe must step down with dignity'|date= 2 April 2008|work=The Times |location=UK |accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
+
==Israeli apartheid==
 +
Desmond Tutu has acknowledged the significant role Jews played in the anti-apartheid struggle in [[South Africa]] and has voiced support for [[Israel]]'s security concerns, speaking against suicide bombing.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/comment/0,10551,706911,00.html "Apartheid in the Holy Land"]</ref> He is the chief advocate of the doctrine of Supersessionism, the biblical interpretation that the Christian Church supersedes or replaces Israel in God's plan, and that the New Covenant nullifies the biblical promises made to Israel.<ref>[http://www.acjna.org/acjna/articles_detail.aspx?id=530 "Supersessionism"]</ref> Consequently he is also an active and prominent proponent of the campaign for divestment from Israel,<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020715/tutu "Israeli apartheid"]</ref> likening Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the treatment of Black South Africans under apartheid. Tutu drew this comparison on a Christmas visit to Jerusalem in 1989, when he said that he is a "black South African, and if I were to change the names, a description of what is happening in Gaza and the West Bank could describe events in South Africa."<ref>"Tutu says Israel's policy in territories remind him of SA" 1 February 1989, ''Jerusalem Post''</ref> He made similar comments in 2002, speaking of "the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1957644.stm "Tutu condemns Israeli apartheid"]</ref>
  
Tutu called Mugabe "someone we were very proud of", as he "did a fantastic job, and it’s such a great shame, because he had a wonderful legacy. If he had stepped down ten or so years ago he would be held in very, very high regard. And I still want to say we must honour him for the things that he did do, and just say what a shame."<ref name=retire/>
+
In 1988, the American Jewish Committee noted that Tutu was strongly critical of Israel's military and other connections with apartheid-era South Africa, and quoted him as saying that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", on the grounds that it "excludes people on ethnic or other grounds over which they have no control". While the AJC was critical of some of Tutu's views, it dismissed "insidious rumours" that he had made antisemitic statements.<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1988_3_SpecialArticles.pdf "South African Jews and the Apartheid Crisis"]</ref> The exact wording of Tutu's statement was reported differently in different sources. A ''Toronto Star'' article from the period indicates that he described Zionism "as a policy that looks like it has many parallels with racism, the effect is the same.")<ref>"Israelis uneasy about Tutu's Yule visit" ''Toronto Star''</ref>
  
Tutu stated that he feared that riots would break out in Zimbabwe if the election results were ignored. He proposed that a [[Peacekeeping|peace-keeping force]] should be sent to the region to ensure stability.<ref name=retire/>
+
Tutu preached a message of forgiveness during a 1989 trip to Israel's Yad Vashem museum, saying "Our Lord would say that in the end the positive thing that can come is the spirit of forgiving, not forgetting, but the spirit of saying: God, this happened to us. We pray for those who made it happen, help us to forgive them and help us so that we in our turn will not make others suffer."<ref>"Tutu Urges Jews to Forgive The Nazis" 27 December 1989</ref> Some found this statement offensive, with Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center calling it "a gratuitous insult to Jews and victims of Nazism everywhere."<ref>"Tutu assailed" ''Chicago Sun-Times'' 30 December 1989</ref> Tutu was subjected to racial slurs during this visit to Israel, with vandals writing "Black Nazi pig" on the walls of the St George's Cathedral in East Jerusalem, where he was staying.
  
====Solomon Islands====
+
In 2002, when delivering a public lecture in support of divestment, Tutu said "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden?" He argued that Israel could never live in security by oppressing another people, and stated, "People are scared in this country [the US], to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful – very powerful. Well, so what? For goodness sake, this is God's world! We live in a moral universe. The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists." The latter statement was criticised by some Jewish groups, including the Anti-Defamation League <ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/4933_94.htm "ADL Blasts Appointment of Desmond Tutu As Head of U.N. Fact Finding Mission To Gaza"]</ref><ref>"Bigotry and a corruption of the truth" Melanie Phillips</ref> When he edited and reprinted parts of his speech in 2005, Tutu replaced the words "[[Jewish]] lobby" with "pro-[[Israel lobby]]".
In 2009, Tutu assisted in the establishing of the Solomon Islands' [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Solomon Islands)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]], modelled after the South African body of the same name.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25401194-16953,00.html "Solomon Islands gets Desmond Tutu truth help"], ''The Australian'', 29 April 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.solomontimes.com/news.aspx?nwID=3512 "Archbishop Tutu to Visit Solomon Islands"], ''Solomon Times'', 4 February 2009</ref> He spoke at its official launch in [[Honiara]] on 29 April 2009, emphasising the need for forgiveness to build lasting peace.<ref name="RNZI_46259">{{cite web |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=46259 |title=Solomons Truth and Reconciliation Commission launched |date=29 April 2009 |work=[[Radio New Zealand International]] |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref>
 
  
===Israel and Palestine===
+
US attorney [[Alan Dershowitz]] referred to Tutu as a "racist and a bigot" during the controversial Durban II conference in April 2009.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=24&art_id=nw20090420195412760C586681 "Tutu slammed at racism conference – World News &#124; IOL News"]</ref>
Tutu has acknowledged the significant role Jews played in the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa and has voiced support for Israel's security concerns, speaking against [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombing]].<ref name="tutu">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/comment/0,10551,706911,00.html|title=Apartheid in the Holy Land|date= 29 April 2002|work=The Guardian |location=UK |accessdate=28 November 2006 |first=Desmond |last=Tutu}}MOS</ref> He is the chief advocate of the doctrine of [[Supersessionism]], the biblical interpretation that the Christian Church supersedes or replaces Israel in God's plan, and that the New Covenant nullifies the biblical promises made to Israel.<ref>http://www.acjna.org/acjna/articles_detail.aspx?id=530</ref> Consequently he is also an active and prominent proponent of the campaign for [[divestment from Israel]],<ref name=tutuNation>{{cite journal
 
|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020715/tutu |title=Israeli apartheid|date= 27 June 2002| authors = Desmond Tutu and Ian Urbina| issue =275| pages =4–5|journal=The Nation |accessdate=28 November 2006}}</ref> [[Israeli Apartheid|likening Israel's treatment]] of [[Palestinians]] to the treatment of Black South Africans under [[apartheid]].<ref name="tutu"/> Tutu drew this comparison on a Christmas visit to Jerusalem in 1989, when he said that he is a "black South African, and if I were to change the names, a description of what is happening in Gaza and the West Bank could describe events in South Africa."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ruby|first=Walter|title=Tutu says Israel's policy in territories remind him of SA|date=1 February 1989 |publisher=''Jerusalem Post''}}</ref> He made similar comments in 2002, speaking of "the humiliation of the [[Palestinians]] at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1957644.stm |title=Tutu condemns Israeli apartheid|date= 29 April 2002|publisher=BBC |accessdate=28 November 2006}}</ref>
 
  
In 1988, the [[American Jewish Committee]] noted that Tutu was strongly critical of Israel's military and other connections with apartheid-era South Africa, and quoted him as saying that [[Zionism]] has "very many parallels with racism", on the grounds that it "excludes people on ethnic or other grounds over which they have no control". While the AJC was critical of some of Tutu's views, it dismissed "insidious rumours" that he had made antisemitic statements.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Shimoni| first = Gideon| title = South African Jews and the Apartheid Crisis| journal=American Jewish Year Book|volume = 88| page = 50| publisher=American Jewish Committee| year = 1988| url = http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1988_3_SpecialArticles.pdf | format = PDF}}</ref> (The exact wording of Tutu's statement was reported differently in different sources. A ''[[Toronto Star]]'' article from the period indicates that he described Zionism "as a policy that looks like it has many parallels with racism, the effect is the same.")<ref>{{cite news|last = Barthos|first = Gordon|title = Israelis uneasy about Tutu's Yule visit |work=Toronto Star| date = 20 December 1989| url = }}</ref>
+
===Global March to Jerusalem===
 +
As of March 2012, Desmond Tutu was a member of the Advisory Board for Global March to Jerusalem (GM2J).<ref>[http://gm2j.com/main/south-african-personalities/] "Global March 2 Jerusalem – South African Personalities". Retrieved 16 March 2012.</ref> According to Paul Larudee, founding member of GM2J, the aim was to "march from many starting points and converge on Jerusalem, either reaching that destination or getting as close to it as possible" on 30 March 2012 as an act of non-violent resistance to what he describes as Israel's "Judaization of Jerusalem".<ref>[http://mondoweiss.net/2012/02/global-march-to-challenge-the-judaization-of-jerusalem.html "Global March to challenge the 'Judaization' of Jerusalem"]</ref>
  
Tutu preached a message of forgiveness during a 1989 trip to Israel's [[Yad Vashem]] museum, saying "Our Lord would say that in the end the positive thing that can come is the spirit of forgiving, not forgetting, but the spirit of saying: God, this happened to us. We pray for those who made it happen, help us to forgive them and help us so that we in our turn will not make others suffer."<ref name=forgive>{{cite news|title = Tutu Urges Jews to Forgive The Nazis|work=San Francisco Chronicle| date = 27 December 1989| url = }}</ref> Some found this statement offensive, with Rabbi Marvin Hier of the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] calling it "a gratuitous insult to Jews and victims of Nazism everywhere."<ref>{{cite news |title = Tutu assailed|page=13 |work=Chicago Sun-Times| date = 30 December 1989}}</ref> Tutu was subjected to racial slurs during this visit to Israel, with vandals writing "Black Nazi pig" on the walls of the St. George's Cathedral in East Jerusalem, where he was staying.<ref name=forgive/>
+
===Palestinian Christians===
 +
In 2003, Tutu accepted the role as patron of Sabeel International,<ref>http://www.comeandsee.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=464</ref> a Christian [[liberation theology]] organisation which supports the concerns of the Palestinian Christian community and has actively lobbied the international Christian community for divestment from Israel.<ref>http://www.sabeel.org/documents/A%20nonviolence%20sabeel%20second%20revision.pdf </ref> In the same year, Tutu received an International Advocate for Peace Award from the [[Cardozo School of Law]], an affiliate of [[Yeshiva University]], sparking scattered student protests and condemnations from representatives of the Simon Wiesenthal Center and Anti-Defamation League.<ref>http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=7706&print=yes </ref> A 2006 opinion piece in the ''Jerusalem Post'' newspaper described him as "a friend, albeit a misguided one, of Israel and the Jewish people".<ref>Derfner, Larry (15 October 2006). Anti-Semite and Jew. Jerusalem Post. p. 15.</ref> The [[Zionist Organization of America]] has led a campaign to protest Tutu's appearances at North American campuses.
  
In 2002, when delivering a public lecture in support of divestment, Tutu said "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden?"<ref name="tutu"/> He argued that Israel could never live in security by oppressing another people, and stated, "People are scared in this country [the US], to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful – very powerful. Well, so what? For goodness sake, this is God's world! We live in a moral universe. The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists."<ref name="tutu"/> The latter statement was criticised by some Jewish groups, including the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref name="ADL on Beit Hanoun ">{{cite press release |title=ADL Blasts Appointment of Desmond Tutu As Head of U.N. Fact Finding Mission To Gaza| publisher=Anti-Defamation League |year=2006 |url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/4933_94.htm |accessdate=4 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Melanie |title=Bigotry and a corruption of the truth |work=Daily Mail |location=UK |date=6 May 2002}}</ref> When he edited and reprinted parts of his speech in 2005, Tutu replaced the words "Jewish lobby" with "pro-Israel lobby".<ref>{{cite book| last =Tutu | first =Desmond (forward) |editor=Michael Prior |title = Speaking the Truth: Zionism, Israel, and Occupation| publisher=Olive Branch Press| year = 2005| page = 12 }}</ref>
+
===Gaza===
 +
Desmond Tutu was appointed as the UN Lead for an investigation into the Israeli bombings in the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident. Israel refused Tutu's delegation access, so the investigation didn't occur until 2008.
  
US attorney [[Alan Dershowitz]] referred to Tutu as a "racist and a bigot" during the controversial [[Durban II]] conference in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Independent Newspapers Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=24&art_id=nw20090420195412760C586681 |title=Tutu slammed at racism conference – World News &#124; IOL News |publisher=IOL.co.za |date=20 April 2009 |accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref>
+
During that fact-finding mission, Tutu called the [[Gaza]] blockade an abomination<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7425082.stm</ref> and compared Israel's behaviour to the military junta in Burma.
  
====Global March to Jerusalem====
+
During the 2008–2009 Gaza War, Tutu called the Israeli offensive "[[war crimes]]".
As of March 2012, Tutu was a member of the Advisory Board for Global March to Jerusalem (GM2J).<ref>[http://gm2j.com/main/south-african-personalities/] "Global March 2 Jerusalem – South African Personalities". Retrieved 16 March 2012.</ref> According to Paul Larudee, founding member of GM2J, the aim was to "march from many starting points and converge on Jerusalem, either reaching that destination or getting as close to it as possible" on 30 March 2012 as an act of nonviolent resistance to what he describes as Israel's [[Judaization of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mondoweiss.net/2012/02/global-march-to-challenge-the-judaization-of-jerusalem.html |title=Global March to challenge the 'Judaization' of Jerusalem |publisher=Mondoweiss.net |date=22 February 2012}}</ref>
 
  
====Palestinian Christians====
+
===Protests in the United States===
In 2003, Tutu accepted the role as patron of [[Sabeel]] International,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comeandsee.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=464|title=Desmond Tutu lends his name to Sabeel|date=18 June 2003|publisher=comeandsee.com|accessdate=4 December 2006}}</ref> a Christian [[liberation theology]] organisation which supports the concerns of the Palestinian Christian community and has actively lobbied the international Christian community for divestment from Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabeel.org/documents/A%20nonviolence%20sabeel%20second%20revision.pdf |format=PDF|title=A call for morally responsible investment: A Nonviolent Response to the Occupation|date=April 2005|publisher=Sabeel|accessdate=3 October 2007}}</ref> In the same year, Tutu received an International Advocate for Peace Award from the [[Cardozo School of Law]], an affiliate of [[Yeshiva University]], sparking scattered student protests and condemnations from representatives of the Simon Wiesenthal Center and Anti-Defamation League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=7706&print=yes |title=Tutu Honor Too Too Much?|publisher=''Jewish Week''}}</ref> A 2006 opinion piece in the ''Jerusalem Post'' newspaper described him as "a friend, albeit a misguided one, of Israel and the Jewish people".<ref>{{cite news|author=Derfner, Larry|title=Anti-Semite and Jew|date=15 October 2006|publisher=''Jerusalem Post''|page=15}}</ref> The [[Zionist Organization of America]] has led a campaign to protest Tutu's appearances at North American campuses.
+
In 2011, 27 members of the American Psychiatric Association boycotted the group's annual meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii to protest against the selection of Tutu as speaker, as they objected to Tutu’s statement that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", his description of Israel as an apartheid state, his call for academic and cultural boycotts of Israel, a position which conflicts with APA’s policy, and what the members regarded as his "strongly anti-Semitic comments" and "falsehoods about Israel". APA president Carol Bernstein invited Tutu to speak about South Africa’s [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] for the Karl Menninger lecture.<ref>[http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/news/content/article/10168/1788049 Boycotts and Protests To Meet APA Keynote Speaker, Desmond Tutu]. ''Psychiatric Times''. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://thejewishchronicle.net/view/full_story/11343662/article-Pittsburgh-psychiatrist-opposed-to-Desmond-Tutu-speech-at-national-meeting-?instance=lead_story_left_column Pittsburgh psychiatrist opposed to Desmond Tutu speech at national meeting]. ''The Jewish Chronicle''. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/hawaiinews/20110512__Controversy_surrounds_Tutus_isle_appearance.html "Controversy surrounds Tutu's isle appearance"]. ''Honolulu Star Advertiser''. (12 May 2011). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
  
====Gaza====
+
In 2007, the president of the University of St Thomas in Minnesota cancelled a planned speech by Tutu, on the grounds that his presence might offend some members of the local Jewish community.<ref>http://www.startribune.com/462/story/1463394.html</ref> Many faculty members opposed this decision, and with some describing Tutu as the victim of a smear campaign. The group Jewish Voice for Peace led an email campaign calling on St Thomas to reconsider its decision,<ref>http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html</ref> which the president did and invited Tutu to campus.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071013055725/http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm </ref> Tutu declined the re-invitation, speaking instead at the Minneapolis Convention Center at an event hosted by Metro State University.<ref>http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/04/12/tutu2/</ref> However, Tutu later addressed the issue two days later while making his final appearance at Metro State.
Tutu was appointed as the UN Lead for an investigation into the Israeli bombings in the [[Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident]]. Israel refused Tutu's delegation access, so the investigation didn't occur until 2008.
 
  
During that fact-finding mission, Tutu called the Gaza blockade an abomination<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7425082.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Middle East &#124; Tutu: Gaza blockade abomination |date=29 May 2008 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=31 October 2010}}
+
"There were those who tried to say 'Tutu shouldn’t come to [St.Thomas] to speak.' I was 10,000 miles away and I thought to myself, 'Ah, no,’ because there were many here who said 'No, come and speak,’" Tutu said. "People came and stood and had demonstrations to say 'Let Tutu speak.' [Metropolitan State] said 'Whatever, he can come and speak here.' Professor Toffolo and others said 'We stand for him.' So let us stand for them."<ref>http://www.nathanielminor.com/writing/tutu.html</ref>
</ref> and compared Israel's behaviour to the military junta in Burma.
 
  
During the 2008–2009 [[Gaza War]], Tutu called the Israeli offensive "war crimes".
+
==China==
 +
Tutu wrote to the Chinese government demanding the release of dissident [[Yang Jianli]] in 2007.<ref>[http://www.yangjianli.com/articles/yangjianli20070925_en.htm Yang Jianli's Meeting with Archbishop Desmond Tutu in Boston].</ref> He criticised China for not doing more against the [[Darfur genocide]].<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-514484/Now-Archbishop-Desmond-Tutu-urges-boycott-Beijing-Olympics-Chinas-failure-act-Darfur.html Now Archbishop Desmond Tutu urges boycott of Beijing Olympics over China's failure to act in Darfur]. ''Daily Mail''. 14 February 2008</ref> During the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]], Tutu praised the 14th Dalai Lama and said that the government of China should "listen to [his] pleas for... no further violence".<ref>Tutu, Desmond. [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/desmond_tutu/2008/03/statement_on_tibet_and_china.html Statement on Tibet and China]. ''Washington Post'', 25 March 2008</ref> He later spoke to a rally calling on heads of states worldwide not to attend the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony "for the sake of the beautiful people of Tibet".<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7337925.stm</ref>
  
====Protests against Tutu in the United States====
+
==United Nations role==
In 2011, 27 members of the American Psychiatric Association boycotted the group's annual meeting in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] to protest against the selection of Tutu as speaker, as they objected to Tutu’s statement that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", his description of Israel as an apartheid state, his call for academic and cultural boycotts of Israel, a position which conflicts with APA’s policy, and what the members regarded as his "strongly anti-Semitic comments" and "falsehoods about Israel". APA president Carol Bernstein invited Tutu to speak about South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission for the [[Karl Menninger|Menninger]] lecture.<ref>[http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/news/content/article/10168/1788049 Boycotts and Protests To Meet APA Keynote Speaker, Desmond Tutu]. ''Psychiatric Times''. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://thejewishchronicle.net/view/full_story/11343662/article-Pittsburgh-psychiatrist-opposed-to-Desmond-Tutu-speech-at-national-meeting-?instance=lead_story_left_column Pittsburgh psychiatrist opposed to Desmond Tutu speech at national meeting]. ''The Jewish Chronicle''. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/hawaiinews/20110512__Controversy_surrounds_Tutus_isle_appearance.html "Controversy surrounds Tutu's isle appearance"]. ''Honolulu Star Advertiser''. (12 May 2011). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
+
In 2003, Desmond Tutu was elected to the board of directors of the [[International Criminal Court]]'s Trust Fund for Victims.<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR300072003?open&of=ENG-391</ref> He was named a member of the UN advisory panel on genocide prevention in 2006.<ref name=bday>http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2009103,00.html</ref>
  
In 2007, the president of the [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]] in [[Minnesota]] cancelled a planned speech by Tutu, on the grounds that his presence might offend some members of the local Jewish community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Furst|first=Randy |url=http://www.startribune.com/462/story/1463394.html|title=St. Thomas won't host Tutu|date=4 October 2007|publisher=''Minneapolis Star Tribune''}}</ref> Many faculty members opposed this decision, and with some describing Tutu as the victim of a [[smear campaign]]. The group [[Jewish Voice for Peace]] led an email campaign calling on St. Thomas to reconsider its decision,<ref>{{cite web|last=Furst|first=Randy |url=http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html|title=St. Thomas urged to reconsider its decision not to invite Tutu|date=15 October 2007|publisher=''Minneapolis Star Tribune''|accessdate=7 October 2007}}</ref> which the president did and invited Tutu to campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm |title=UST president says he made wrong decision, invites Tutu to campus|publisher=University of St. Thomas Bulletin|accessdate=7 October 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013055725/http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 13 October 2007}}</ref> Tutu declined the re-invitation, speaking instead at the Minneapolis Convention Center at an event hosted by Metro State University.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mador|first=Jessica|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/04/12/tutu2/|title=Desmond Tutu avoids politics while talking about peace|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|date=12 April 2008|accessdate=6 May 2008}}</ref> However, Tutu later addressed the issue two days later while making his final appearance at Metro State.
+
Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to the [[Gaza Strip]] town of Beit Hanoun, where, in a November 2006 incident the Israel Defense Forces killed 19 civilians after troops wound up a week-long incursion aimed at curbing Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel from the town.<ref>http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1162378513178</ref> Tutu planned to travel to the Palestinian territory to "assess the situation of victims, address the needs of survivors and make recommendations on ways and means to protect Palestinian civilians against further Israeli assaults," according to the president of the UN Human Rights Council, Luis Alfonso De Alba.<ref>http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856613&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull</ref> Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions.<ref>http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/11/news/UN_GEN_UN_Israel_Tutu.php </ref>
 +
However, Tutu and British academic Christine Chinkin are now due to visit the Gaza Strip via Egypt and will file a report at the September 2008 session of the Human Rights Council.<ref>http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2328948,00.html</ref>
  
"There were those who tried to say 'Tutu shouldn’t come to [St.Thomas] to speak.' I was 10,000 miles away and I thought to myself, 'Ah, no,’ because there were many here who said 'No, come and speak,’" Tutu said. "People came and stood and had demonstrations to say 'Let Tutu speak.' [Metropolitan State] said 'Whatever, he can come and speak here.' Professor Toffolo and others said 'We stand for him.' So let us stand for them."<ref>{{cite web|last=Minor|first=Nathaniel|url=http://www.nathanielminor.com/writing/tutu.html|title=Tutu talks at Metro State|publisher=The Aquin, St. Thomas' student newspaper|date=17 July 2009|accessdate=17 July 2009}}</ref>
+
===Against poverty===
 
+
Before the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries. Tutu also called on an end to expensive taxes on anti-[[AIDS]] drugs.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm</ref>
===China===
 
Tutu wrote to the Chinese government demanding the release of dissident [[Yang Jianli]] in 2007.<ref>[http://www.yangjianli.com/articles/yangjianli20070925_en.htm Yang Jianli's Meeting with Archbishop Desmond Tutu in Boston].</ref> He criticised China for not doing more against the [[Darfur genocide]].<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-514484/Now-Archbishop-Desmond-Tutu-urges-boycott-Beijing-Olympics-Chinas-failure-act-Darfur.html Now Archbishop Desmond Tutu urges boycott of Beijing Olympics over China's failure to act in Darfur]. ''Daily Mail''. 14 February 2008</ref> During the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]], Tutu praised the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and said that the government of China should "listen to [his] pleas for... no further violence".<ref>Tutu, Desmond. [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/desmond_tutu/2008/03/statement_on_tibet_and_china.html Statement on Tibet and China]. ''Washington Post'', 25 March 2008</ref> He later spoke to a rally calling on heads of states worldwide not to attend the [[2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] "for the sake of the beautiful people of Tibet".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7337925.stm|title=San Francisco set for torch relay|publisher=BBC |date=9 April 2008|accessdate=9 April 2008}}</ref>
 
 
 
=== Tibet ===
 
The [[Dalai Lama]] was not granted a visa to South Africa to participate in the 80th birthday party of fellow [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner Tutu on 7 October 2011. He said his application for a visa had not come through on time despite having been made to Pretoria several weeks earlier.<ref>[http://blogs.reuters.com/africanews/2011/10/04/was-south-africa-right-to-deny-dalai-lama-a-visa/ Was South Africa right to deny Dalai Lama a visa?] 4 October 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15228604 Dalai Lama criticises China in South Africa video link] bbc 8 October 2011</ref> In 2009 Beijing had warned against allowing the Dalai Lama into the country.
 
 
 
===United Nations role===
 
In 2003, Tutu was elected to the board of directors of the [[International Criminal Court]]'s Trust Fund for Victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR300072003?open&of=ENG-391|title=Amnesty International welcomes the election of a Board of Directors|date=12 September 2003|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=1 August 2007}}</ref> He was named a member of the UN advisory panel on genocide prevention in 2006.<ref name=bday>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2009103,00.html |title=Desmond Tutu turns 75|date=6 October 2006| publisher=News24|accessdate=22 January 2008}}</ref>
 
 
 
However, Tutu has also criticised the UN, particularly on the issue of [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]]. Tutu expressed support for the West Papuan independence movement, criticising the UN's role in the takeover of West Papua by Indonesia. Tutu said: "For many years the people of South Africa suffered under the yoke of oppression and apartheid. Many people continue to suffer brutal oppression, where their fundamental dignity as human beings is denied. One such people is the people of West Papua."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://westpapuaaction.buz.org/unreview/|title = Statement by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, South Africa|publisher=West Papuan Action|date = 23 February 2004|accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref>
 
 
 
Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to the [[Gaza Strip]] town of [[Beit Hanoun]], where, in a [[Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident|November 2006 incident]] the [[Israel Defense Forces]] killed 19 civilians after troops wound up a week-long incursion aimed at curbing [[2006 Israel-Gaza conflict|Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel]] from the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1162378513178 | title=Tutu to head UN rights mission to Gaza |date=29 November 2006 |last=Slosberg |first = Jacob| publisher=''Jerusalem Post''}}</ref> Tutu planned to travel to the Palestinian territory to "assess the situation of victims, address the needs of survivors and make recommendations on ways and means to protect Palestinian civilians against further Israeli assaults," according to the president of the UN [[Human Rights Council]], [[Luis Alfonso De Alba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856613&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull| title=Israel may give no-no to Tutu's trip to Beit Hanun|date=19 December 2006| coauthors =Keinon, Herb | last = Hoffman| first = Gil| publisher=''Jerusalem Post''}}</ref> Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/11/news/UN_GEN_UN_Israel_Tutu.php | title=Desmond Tutu says Israel refused fact-finding mission to Gaza|date=11 December 2006|work=International Herald Tribune}}</ref>
 
However, Tutu and British academic Christine Chinkin are now due to visit the [[Gaza Strip]] via Egypt and will file a report at the September 2008 session of the [[Human Rights Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tutu heads for Gaza Strip|url = http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2328948,00.html |publisher=News24 |date = 26 May 2008| accessdate=31 May 2008}}</ref>
 
 
 
====Against poverty====
 
Before the [[31st G8 summit]] at Gleneagles, Scotland, in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries. Tutu also called on an end to expensive taxes on anti-AIDS drugs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm |title=Archbishop Tutu calls for G8 help|date=17 March 2005|publisher=BBC |accessdate=23 January 2008}}</ref>
 
  
 
Following this summit, the G8 leaders promised to increase aid to developing countries by $48bn a year by 2010. Further, they gave their word of honour that they would do the best they could to achieve universal access to prevention and treatment for the millions and millions of people globally threatened by HIV/AIDS.
 
Following this summit, the G8 leaders promised to increase aid to developing countries by $48bn a year by 2010. Further, they gave their word of honour that they would do the best they could to achieve universal access to prevention and treatment for the millions and millions of people globally threatened by HIV/AIDS.
  
Before the [[32nd G8 summit]] in Heiligendamm, Germany, in 2007, Tutu called on the G8 to focus on poverty in the Third World. Following the [[Millennium Summit|United Nations Millennium Summit]] in 2000, it appeared that world leaders were determined as never before to set and meet specific goals regarding [[extreme poverty]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.worldaidscampaign.info/index.php/en/media__1/press_releases/desmond_tutu_keep_your_promises|title=Desmond Tutu: Keep your Promises|date=19 October 2006|publisher=World Aids Campaign|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
+
Before the 32nd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany, in 2007, Tutu called on the G8 to focus on poverty in the Third World. Following the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, it appeared that world leaders were determined as never before to set and meet specific goals regarding extreme poverty.<ref>http://www.worldaidscampaign.info/index.php/en/media__1/press_releases/desmond_tutu_keep_your_promises</ref>
 
 
====Against unilateralism====
 
In January 2003, Tutu attacked British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]'s stance in supporting American President [[George W. Bush]] over Iraq. Tutu asked why Iraq was being singled out when Europe, India and Pakistan also had many weapons of mass destruction.<ref>{{cite news|title = Tutu condemns Blair's Iraq stance|publisher=BBC |date=5 January 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2628607.stm |accessdate=23 January 2008}}</ref> In 2012, Tutu pulled out of an event in South Africa at which Blair was also due to appear, citing what he described as the former UK prime minister's "morally indefensible" decision to attack Iraq,<ref>{{cite news |last= Hope |first= Christopher |date= 28 August 2012 |title= Archbishop Desmond Tutu pulls out of event with Tony Blair because of Iraq War |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9504259/Archbishop-Desmond-Tutu-pulls-out-of-event-with-Tony-Blair-because-of-Iraq-War.html |publisher= [[telegraph.co.uk]] |accessdate=28 August 2012 }}</ref> and called for him to face trial for alleged war crimes at the [[International Criminal Court|Hague]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Tutu |first= Desmond |date= 2 September 2012 |title= Why I had no choice but to spurn Tony Blair |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/02/desmond-tutu-tony-blair-iraq |newspaper= [[The Observer]] |accessdate=2 September 2012 }}</ref> Blair defended himself at the conference,<ref>{{cite web |author= J. Brooks Spector |date= 31 August 2012 |title= Discovering Tony Blair |url= http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-31-discovering-tony-blair |publisher= DailyMaverick.co.za |accessdate=2 September 2012 }}</ref> while [[Juan Cole]] observed that "Blair was paid thousands of dollars to attend the conference; if Tutu had gone, he would have spoken [[gratis]]."<ref>{{cite web |last= Cole |first= Juan |authorlink= Juan Cole |date= 2 September 2012 |title= Tutu Slams Tony Blair for Illegal Iraq War, Boycotts Leadership Conference |url= http://www.juancole.com/2012/09/tutu-slams-tony-blair-for-illegal-iraq-war-boycotts-leadership-conference.html |publisher= [[Informed Comment]] |accessdate=2 September 2012 }}</ref>
 
  
In October 2004, Tutu appeared in a play at [[Off Broadway]], New York, called ''[[Honor Bound to Defend Freedom|Guantanamo – Honor-bound to Defend Freedom]]''. This play was highly critical of the US handling of detainees at [[Guantánamo Bay, Cuba|Guantanamo Bay]]. Tutu played Lord Justice Steyn, a judge who questions the legal justification of the detention regime.<ref>{{cite news|title = Tutu in anti-Guantanamo theatre|publisher=BBC |date=2 October 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3709288.stm |accessdate=23 January 2008 |first=Jeremy |last=Cooke}}</ref>
+
===Against Interventionism===
 +
In January 2003, Desmond Tutu attacked British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]'s stance in supporting American President [[George W. Bush]] over [[Iraq]]. Tutu asked why Iraq was being singled out when Europe, India and Pakistan also had many [[weapons of mass destruction]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2628607.stm </ref> In 2012, Tutu pulled out of an event in South Africa at which Blair was also due to appear, citing what he described as the former UK prime minister's "morally indefensible" decision to attack Iraq,<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9504259/Archbishop-Desmond-Tutu-pulls-out-of-event-with-Tony-Blair-because-of-Iraq-War.html</ref> and called for him to face trial for alleged war crimes at the [[International Criminal Court]] at The Hague.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/02/desmond-tutu-tony-blair-iraq </ref> Blair defended himself at the conference,<ref>http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-31-discovering-tony-blair</ref> while [[Juan Cole]] observed that "Blair was paid thousands of dollars to attend the conference; if Tutu had gone, he would have spoken [[gratis]]."<ref>http://www.juancole.com/2012/09/tutu-slams-tony-blair-for-illegal-iraq-war-boycotts-leadership-conference.html</ref>
  
In January 2005, Tutu added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at [[Camp X-Ray]] in [[Guantánamo Bay]], Cuba, referring to detentions without trial as "utterly unacceptable." Tutu compared these detentions to those under Apartheid. Tutu also emphasised that when South Africa had used those methods the country had been condemned; however when powerful countries such as Britain and the United States of America had invoked such power, the world was silent and in that silence accepted their methods even though the left charged that they violated essential human rights.<ref>{{cite news|title = Tutu calls for Guantanamo release|publisher=BBC |date=12 January 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4167369.stm |accessdate=22 January 2008}}</ref>
+
In January 2005, Desmond Tutu added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Camp X-Ray in [[Guantánamo Bay]], Cuba, referring to detentions without trial as "utterly unacceptable." Tutu compared these detentions to those under Apartheid. Tutu also emphasised that when South Africa had used those methods the country had been condemned; however when powerful countries such as Britain and the United States of America had invoked such power, the world was silent and in that silence accepted their methods even though the left charged that they violated essential human rights.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4167369.stm </ref>
  
In February 2006, Tutu repeated these statements after a UN report was published which called for the closure of the camp. Tutu stated that the Guantanamo camp was a stain on the character of the United States, while the legislation in Britain which gave a 28-day detention period for terror suspects was "excessive" and "untenable". Tutu claimed that arguments being made in Britain and the United States were similar to those the South African apartheid regime had used. "It is disgraceful and one cannot find strong enough words to condemn what Britain and the United States and some of their allies have accepted," said Tutu. Tutu also attacked Tony Blair's failed attempt to hold terrorist suspects in Britain for up to 90 days without charge. "Ninety days for a South African is an awful déjà-vu because we had in South Africa in the bad old days a 90-day detention law," he said. Under apartheid, as at Guantanamo, people were held for "unconscionably long periods" and then released, he said.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tutu calls for Guantanamo closure|publisher=BBC |date=17 February 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4723512.stm |accessdate=22 January 2008}}</ref>
+
In February 2006, Tutu repeated these statements after a UN report was published which called for the closure of the camp. Tutu stated that the Guantanamo camp was a stain on the character of the [[United States]], while the legislation in Britain which gave a 28-day detention period for terror suspects was "excessive" and "untenable". Tutu claimed that arguments being made in Britain and the United States were similar to those the South African apartheid regime had used. "It is disgraceful and one cannot find strong enough words to condemn what Britain and the United States and some of their allies have accepted," said Tutu. Tutu also attacked Tony Blair's failed attempt to hold terrorist suspects in Britain for up to 90 days without charge. "Ninety days for a South African is an awful déjà-vu because we had in South Africa in the bad old days a 90-day detention law," he said. Under apartheid, as at Guantanamo, people were held for "unconscionably long periods" and then released, he said.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4723512.stm</ref>
  
In 2007, Tutu stated that the global "war on terror" could not be won if people were living in desperate conditions. Tutu said that the global disparity between rich and poor people creates instability.<ref name = povertyterror>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/16/talkasia.tutu/|title=Tutu: Poverty fuelling terror|date= 16 September 2007| publisher=CNN|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
+
In 2007, Tutu stated that the global "[[war on terror]]" could not be won if people were living in desperate conditions. Tutu said that the global disparity between rich and poor people creates instability.<ref name = povertyterror>http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/16/talkasia.tutu/</ref>
  
====HIV, AIDS and TB====
+
===HIV, AIDS and TB===
Tutu's supporters consider him a tireless campaigner for health and human rights, and he has been particularly vocal in support of controlling TB and HIV.<ref name=tbhiv>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbhiv-create.org/NewsUpdates/archbishop_desmond_tutu.htm|title=Archbischop Desmond Tutu urges TB/HIV workers to continue to relieve suffering from dual scourges|publisher=Desmond Tutu HIV Centre|date=28 September 2005|accessdate=24 April 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He is Patron of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, a registered Section 21 non-profit organisation,{{clarify|date=January 2011}} has served as the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance and is patron of [[TB Alert]], a UK charity working internationally.<ref>[http://www.tbalert.org/about/people.php TB Alert website]. Tbalert.org (23 January 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> In 2003 the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre was founded in [[Cape Town]], while the Desmond Tutu TB Centre was founded in 2003 at [[Stellenbosch University]]. Tutu suffered from TB in his youth and has been active in assisting those afflicted, especially as TB and HIV/AIDS deaths have become intrinsically linked in South Africa. "Those of you who work to care for people suffering from AIDS and TB are wiping a tear from God’s eye," Tutu said.<ref name=tbhiv/>
+
Desmond Tutu's supporters consider him a tireless campaigner for health and [[human rights]], and he has been particularly vocal in support of controlling TB and HIV. He is Patron of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, a registered Section 21 non-profit organisation,{{clarify|date=January 2011}} has been the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance and is patron of [[TB Alert]], a UK charity working internationally.<ref>[http://www.tbalert.org/about/people.php TB Alert website]. Tbalert.org (23 January 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> In 2003 the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre was founded in [[Cape Town]], while the Desmond Tutu TB Centre was founded in 2003 at Stellenbosch University. Tutu suffered from TB in his youth and has been active in assisting those afflicted, especially as TB and HIV/AIDS deaths have become intrinsically linked in South Africa. "Those of you who work to care for people suffering from AIDS and TB are wiping a tear from God’s eye," Tutu said.
  
On 20 April 2005, after Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected as [[Pope Benedict XVI]], Tutu said he was sad that the Roman Catholic Church was unlikely to change its opposition to condoms amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa: "We would have hoped for someone more open to the more recent developments in the world, the whole question of the ministry of women and a more reasonable position with regards to condoms and HIV/AIDS."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm|title=Africans hail conservative Pope|publisher=BBC News |date=20 April 2005|accessdate=26 May 2006}}</ref>
+
On 20 April 2005, after Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected as Pope Benedict XVI, Tutu said he was sad that the Roman Catholic Church was unlikely to change its opposition to condoms amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa: "We would have hoped for someone more open to the more recent developments in the world, the whole question of the ministry of women and a more reasonable position with regards to condoms and HIV/AIDS."<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm</ref>
  
In 2007, statistics were released that indicated HIV and AIDS numbers were lower than previously thought in South Africa. However, Tutu described these statistics as "cold comfort" as it was unacceptable that 600 people died of AIDS in South Africa every day. Tutu also rebuked the government for wasting time by discussing what caused HIV/AIDS, which particularly attacks Mbeki and Health Minister [[Manto Tshabalala-Msimang]] for their [[AIDS denialism|denialist stance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_2230486,00.html|title=Aids stats 'cold comfort'- Tutu|publisher=News24|date=30 November 2007|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref>
+
In 2007, statistics were released that indicated HIV and AIDS numbers were lower than previously thought in South Africa. However, Tutu described these statistics as "cold comfort" as it was unacceptable that 600 people died of AIDS in South Africa every day. Tutu also rebuked the government for wasting time by discussing what caused HIV/AIDS, which particularly attacks Mbeki and Health Minister [[Manto Tshabalala-Msimang]] for their [[AIDS denialism|denialist stance]].<ref>http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_2230486,00.html</ref>
  
====Church reform====
+
==Church reform==
{{details|Appointment of Church of England bishops}}
+
In 2002, Tutu called for a reform of the Anglican Communion in regard to how its leader, the Archbishop of Canterbury, is chosen. The ultimate appointment is made by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the British Prime Minister, who is in turn selecting from two candidates nominated by the Church of England's nominations commission.
In 2002, Tutu called for a reform of the [[Anglican Communion]] in regard to how its leader, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], is chosen. The ultimate appointment is made by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the British Prime Minister, who is in turn selecting from two candidates nominated by the Church of England's nominations commission.
 
  
Tutu said that the selection process will be properly democratic and representative only when the link between church and state is broken. In February 2006 Tutu took part in the 9th Assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]], held in [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil. There he manifested his commitment to [[ecumenism]] and praised the efforts of Christian churches to promote dialogue to diminish their differences. For Tutu, "a united church is no optional extra."
+
Tutu said that the selection process will be properly democratic and representative only when the link between church and state is broken. In February 2006 Tutu took part in the 9th Assembly of the World Council of Churches, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There he manifested his commitment to ecumenism and praised the efforts of Christian churches to promote dialogue to diminish their differences. For Tutu, "a united church is no optional extra."
  
====Bible====
+
===Bible===
 
Tutu says he reads the Bible every day and recommends that people read it as a collection of books, not a single constitutional document:
 
Tutu says he reads the Bible every day and recommends that people read it as a collection of books, not a single constitutional document:
 
"You have to understand is that the Bible is really a library of books and it has different categories of material," he said.
 
"You have to understand is that the Bible is really a library of books and it has different categories of material," he said.
"There are certain parts which you have to say no to. The Bible accepted slavery. St Paul said women should not speak in church at all and there are people who have used that to say women should not be ordained. There are many things that you shouldn't accept."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/15/ctw.tutu.climate.interview/index.html| title=Tutu urges leaders to agree climate deal|date=15 December 2009|accessdate=15 December 2009 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
+
"There are certain parts which you have to say no to. The Bible accepted slavery. St Paul said women should not speak in church at all and there are people who have used that to say women should not be ordained. There are many things that you shouldn't accept."<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/15/ctw.tutu.climate.interview/index.html</ref>
  
====Gay rights====
+
===Gay rights===
In the debate about [[Anglican views of homosexuality]], Tutu has opposed traditional Christian disapproval of homosexuality. Commenting days after the election of [[Gene Robinson]], an openly gay man, to be a bishop in the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] on 5 August 2003, Tutu said, "In our Church here in South Africa, that doesn't make a difference. We just say that at the moment, we believe that they should remain celibate and we don't see what the fuss is about."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.gay.com/headlines/4846|title=Desmond Tutu: gay bishop row is just "fuss"|publisher=Gay.com UK|date=11 August 2006|accessdate=26 May 2006}}</ref> Tutu has remarked that it is sad the church is spending time disagreeing on sexual orientation "when we face so many devastating problems – poverty, HIV/AIDS, war and conflict".<ref name = spero>{{cite web |url=http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idCategory=33&idsub=128&id=2141 |title=Tutu calls on Anglicans to accept gay bishop |publisher=Spero News |date=14 November 2005 |accessdate=26 May 2006}}</ref>
+
In the debate about [[Anglican views of homosexuality]], Tutu has opposed traditional Christian disapproval of homosexuality. Commenting days after the election of [[Gene Robinson]], an openly gay man, to be a bishop in the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] on 5 August 2003, Tutu said, "In our Church here in South Africa, that doesn't make a difference. We just say that at the moment, we believe that they should remain celibate and we don't see what the fuss is about."<ref>http://uk.gay.com/headlines/4846</ref> Tutu has remarked that it is sad the church is spending time disagreeing on sexual orientation "when we face so many devastating problems – poverty, HIV/AIDS, war and conflict".<ref name = spero>http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idCategory=33&idsub=128&id=2141 </ref>
  
Tutu has increased his criticism of conservative attitudes to homosexuality within his own church, equating what advocates call [[homophobia]] with racism, saying at a conference in Nairobi that he is "deeply disturbed that in the face of some of the most horrendous problems facing Africa, we concentrate on 'what do I do in bed with whom'".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-3528.html|title=Tutu stands up for gays|publisher=Pink News|date=19 January 2007}}</ref> In an interview with BBC Radio 4 on 18 November 2007, Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality and declared: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm |title=Desmond Tutu chides Church for gay stance |publisher=BBC |date=18 November 2007}}</ref> Tutu has said that in future anti-gay laws would be regarded as just as wrong as apartheid laws.<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/20/desmond-tutu-anti-gay-laws-as-wrong-as-apartheid/ Desmond Tutu: Anti-gay laws ‘as wrong as apartheid’]. Retrieved 21 July 2012</ref>
+
Tutu has increased his criticism of conservative attitudes to homosexuality within his own church, equating what advocates call [[homophobia]] with racism, saying at a conference in Nairobi that he is "deeply disturbed that in the face of some of the most horrendous problems facing Africa, we concentrate on 'what do I do in bed with whom'".<ref>http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-3528.html</ref> In an interview with BBC Radio 4 on 18 November 2007, Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality and declared: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God."<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm </ref> Tutu has said that in future anti-gay laws would be regarded as just as wrong as apartheid laws.<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/20/desmond-tutu-anti-gay-laws-as-wrong-as-apartheid/ Desmond Tutu: Anti-gay laws ‘as wrong as apartheid’]. Retrieved 21 July 2012</ref>
  
 
Tutu has lent his name to the fight against homophobia in Africa and around the world. He stated at the launching of the book ''Sex, Love and Homophobia'' that homophobia is a "crime against humanity" and "every bit as unjust" as apartheid. He added that "we struggled against apartheid in South Africa, supported by people the world over, because black people were being blamed and made to suffer for something we could do nothing about; our very skins... It is the same with sexual orientation. It is a given."<ref>Baird, Vanessa; Tutu, Desmond, Archbishop (foreword); Perry, Grayson (Preface): ''Sex, Love and Homophobia'', foreword, [[Amnesty International]], 2004.</ref>
 
Tutu has lent his name to the fight against homophobia in Africa and around the world. He stated at the launching of the book ''Sex, Love and Homophobia'' that homophobia is a "crime against humanity" and "every bit as unjust" as apartheid. He added that "we struggled against apartheid in South Africa, supported by people the world over, because black people were being blamed and made to suffer for something we could do nothing about; our very skins... It is the same with sexual orientation. It is a given."<ref>Baird, Vanessa; Tutu, Desmond, Archbishop (foreword); Perry, Grayson (Preface): ''Sex, Love and Homophobia'', foreword, [[Amnesty International]], 2004.</ref>
  
Tutu has been more supportive on recent years of non-celibate gay Christian clergy, praising [[Gene Robinson]] and even writing the foreword for his autobiography, ''In the Eye of the Storm'' (2008).<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28577590?selectedversion=NBD44600598 2008, English, Book edition: In the eye of the storm / Gene Robinson ; foreword by Desmond Tutu. Robinson, V. Gene, 1947-]</ref> He said of Robinson: "For someone in the eye of the storm buffeting our beloved Anglican Communion, Gene Robinson is so serene; he is not a wild-eyed belligerent campaigner. I was so surprised at his generosity toward those who have denigrated him and worse. Gene Robinson is a wonderful human being, and I am proud to belong to the same church as he."<ref>[https://www.lincoln.org/play/event/20488-god-believes-in-love-bishop-gene-robinson-lecture]</ref> He also wrote to the Revd Grayde Parsons praising the [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)]]'s decision to allow non-celibate male and female clergy.<ref>[http://covnetpres.org/2011/10/archbishop-tutu-praises-the-pcusa/ Archbishop Tutu praises the PCUSA, 12 October 2011]</ref>
+
Tutu has been more supportive on recent years of non-celibate gay Christian clergy, praising Gene Robinson and even writing the foreword for his autobiography, ''In the Eye of the Storm'' (2008).<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28577590?selectedversion=NBD44600598 2008, English, Book edition: In the eye of the storm / Gene Robinson ; foreword by Desmond Tutu. Robinson, V. Gene, 1947-]</ref> He said of Robinson: "For someone in the eye of the storm buffeting our beloved Anglican Communion, Gene Robinson is so serene; he is not a wild-eyed belligerent campaigner. I was so surprised at his generosity toward those who have denigrated him and worse. Gene Robinson is a wonderful human being, and I am proud to belong to the same church as he."<ref>[https://www.lincoln.org/play/event/20488-god-believes-in-love-bishop-gene-robinson-lecture]</ref> He also wrote to the Revd Grayde Parsons praising the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)'s decision to allow non-celibate male and female clergy.<ref>[http://covnetpres.org/2011/10/archbishop-tutu-praises-the-pcusa/ Archbishop Tutu praises the PCUSA, 12 October 2011]</ref>
 
 
Tutu supported the creation of the [[Harvey Milk Foundation]] after being a co-recipient of 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom with Milk and meeting his nephew, [[Stuart Milk]], who accepted the medal on behalf of his uncle. Tutu remains involved as a founding member of the foundation's advisory board.<ref name="HMF-Advisory">{{cite web|url=http://milkfoundation.org/about/advisory-board-members-bio |title=Harvey Milk Foundation – Advisory Board|work=[[Harvey Milk Foundation]]|accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref>
 
  
In July 2013, Tutu said that he would rather go to hell than a homophobic heaven:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694 | title =Archbishop Tutu 'would not worship a homophobic God' | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.com | date =July 26, 2013}}</ref>
+
In July 2013, Tutu said that he would rather go to hell than a homophobic heaven:<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694</ref>
  
 
{{cquote|I would refuse to go to a homophobic heaven. No, I would say sorry, I mean I would much rather go to the other place. I would not worship a God who is homophobic and that is how deeply I feel about this. I am as passionate about this campaign as I ever was about apartheid. For me, it is at the same level.}}
 
{{cquote|I would refuse to go to a homophobic heaven. No, I would say sorry, I mean I would much rather go to the other place. I would not worship a God who is homophobic and that is how deeply I feel about this. I am as passionate about this campaign as I ever was about apartheid. For me, it is at the same level.}}
  
====Women's rights====
+
===Women's rights===
On 8 March 2009, Tutu joined the "Africa for women's rights" campaign launched by the [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (FIDH), the African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS), Femmes Africa Solidarité (FAS), Women's Aid Collective (WACOL), Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF), Women and Law in South Africa (WLSA) and a hundred other African human rights and [[women's rights]] organisations. This campaign for the fulfilment of women's human rights, and the end of violence and discrimination against women, aims to generate mass mobilisation and draw maximum attention, to increase pressure on African states to ratify the international and regional women's human rights protection instruments, without reservation, and to respect them, in domestic laws and in practice.
+
On 8 March 2009, Tutu joined the "Africa for women's rights" campaign launched by the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), the African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS), Femmes Africa Solidarité (FAS), Women's Aid Collective (WACOL), Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF), Women and Law in South Africa (WLSA) and a hundred other African human rights and women's rights organisations. This campaign for the fulfilment of women's human rights, and the end of violence and discrimination against women, aims to generate mass mobilisation and draw maximum attention, to increase pressure on African states to ratify the international and regional women's human rights protection instruments, without reservation, and to respect them, in domestic laws and in practice.
 
 
====Family planning====
 
In 1994, Tutu said that he approved of artificial contraception and that abortion was acceptable in a number of situations, such as incest and rape. He specifically welcomed the aims of the [[International Conference on Population and Development]] in Cairo.<ref>[http://www.population-security.org/tutu-94-06.htm Tutu Challenges Vatican On Birth Control, Abortion]. Population-security.org (16 June 1976). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> He accepted the full legalisation of [[abortion in South Africa]], in 1996, despite some personal reservations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.wfn.org/1996/05/msg00707.html |title=wfn.org &#124; Archbishop Tutu on Abortion Law Reform |publisher=Archive.wfn.org |date=6 May 1996 |accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref>
 
  
==== Climate change ====
+
===Family planning===
[[File:TutuCOP17.JPG|thumb|Archbishop Tutu at the COP17 ''We Have Faith: Act Now for Climate Justice Rally'', 27 November 2011 in Durban, South Africa]]
+
In 1994, Tutu said that he approved of artificial contraception and that abortion was acceptable in a number of situations, such as incest and rape. He specifically welcomed the aims of the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.<ref>[http://www.population-security.org/tutu-94-06.htm Tutu Challenges Vatican On Birth Control, Abortion]. Population-security.org (16 June 1976). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref> He accepted the full legalisation of abortion in South Africa, in 1996, despite some personal reservations<ref>http://archive.wfn.org/1996/05/msg00707.html </ref>
Tutu was at the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Copenhagen. He made a speech in front of many at the event. Tutu is also a "Climate Ally" in the "tck tck tck Time for Climate Justice" campaign of the [[Global Humanitarian Forum]] and a [[350.org]] messenger.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/ | title=International day of demonstrations on climate change | date=26 October 2009 | work=CNN}}</ref> He also helped to lead a rally in 2011 in Durban, South Africa (We Have Faith:Act Now for Climate Justice Rally) in the run up to the [[COP17]] negotiations; where he advocated for all governments to sign a binding document to ensure that climate justice is realised for all people. He focused on the needs of those most affected by climate change (namely those in developing nations) and the corporate greed feeding the current climate crisis.
 
  
====US immigration laws====
+
==Climate change==
On 28 April 2011, Tutu published a strongly worded article about Arizona Senate Bill 1070, which criminalises illegal immigration into the US State of Arizona, and requires Arizona police to request immigration documentation of any person suspected of committing a crime, a clause which would require immigrants and citizens to carry documentation on their person at all times. He stated that he was "saddened today at the prospect of a young Hispanic immigrant in Arizona going to the grocery store and forgetting to bring her passport and immigration documents with her. I cannot be dispassionate about the fact that the very act of her being in the grocery store will soon be a crime in the state she lives in. Or that should a policeman hear her accent and form a 'reasonable suspicion' that she is an illegal immigrant, she can – and will – be taken into custody until someone sorts it out, while her children are at home waiting for their dinner." He urged the State of Arizona to create a new model to deal with the pitfalls of illegal immigration, one that "is based on a deep respect for the essential human rights Americans themselves have grown up enjoying."{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
+
Desmond Tutu was at the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] (COP15) in Copenhagen. He made a speech in front of many at the event. Tutu was also a "Climate Ally" in the "tck tck tck Time for Climate Justice" campaign of the Global Humanitarian Forum and a 350.org messenger.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/ </ref> He also helped to lead a rally in 2011 in Durban, South Africa (We Have Faith:Act Now for Climate Justice Rally) in the run up to the [[COP17]] negotiations; where he advocated for all governments to sign a binding document to ensure that climate justice is realised for all people. He focused on the needs of those most affected by climate change (namely those in developing nations) and the corporate greed feeding the current [[climate crisis]].
  
===Iraq War===
+
===US immigration laws===
 +
On 28 April 2011, Tutu published a strongly worded article about Arizona Senate Bill 1070, which criminalises illegal immigration into the US State of Arizona, and requires Arizona police to request immigration documentation of any person suspected of committing a crime, a clause which would require immigrants and citizens to carry documentation on their person at all times. He stated that he was "saddened today at the prospect of a young Hispanic immigrant in Arizona going to the grocery store and forgetting to bring her passport and immigration documents with her. I cannot be dispassionate about the fact that the very act of her being in the grocery store will soon be a crime in the state she lives in. Or that should a policeman hear her accent and form a 'reasonable suspicion' that she is an illegal immigrant, she can – and will – be taken into custody until someone sorts it out, while her children are at home waiting for their dinner." He urged the State of Arizona to create a new model to deal with the pitfalls of illegal immigration, one that "is based on a deep respect for the essential human rights Americans themselves have grown up enjoying."
  
Tutu has been a staunch opponent since the start of the [[Iraq War]], saying that it has "destabilised and polarised the world to a greater extent than any other conflict in history". In September 2012, Tutu called for [[George W. Bush|George Bush]] and [[Tony Blair]] to be tried for their role in the conflict by the [[International Criminal Court]] and that they should be made to "answer for their actions".<ref>{{Citation
+
==Iraq War==
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201209030510.html
+
Tutu has been a staunch opponent since the start of the [[2003 Iraq War]], saying that it has "destabilised and polarised the world to a greater extent than any other conflict in history". In September 2012, Tutu called for [[George W. Bush|George Bush]] and [[Tony Blair]] to be tried for their role in the conflict by the [[International Criminal Court]] and that they should be made to "answer for their actions".<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201209030510.html</ref>
| title= Africa: Iraq War – Desmond Tutu Urges International Court to Prosecute Blair, Bush
 
| year =  2012
 
| publisher = [[AllAfrica.com]]
 
| publication-place = Africa
 
| accessdate=27 September 2012
 
}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Imprisonment of Chelsea Manning===
 
===Imprisonment of Chelsea Manning===
Together with [[Mairead Maguire]] and [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]], Tutu published a letter in support of [[Chelsea Manning]], saying (in November 2012, nine months prior to Manning [[coming out]] as a [[trans woman]] in August 2013),
+
Together with Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Desmond Tutu published a letter in support of [[Chelsea Manning]], saying (in November 2012, nine months prior to Manning coming out as a trans woman in August 2013):{{QB|"The words attributed to Manning reveal that he went through a profound moral struggle between the time he enlisted and when he became a [[whistleblower]]. Through his experience in [[Iraq]], he became disturbed by top-level policy that undervalued human life and caused the suffering of innocent civilians and soldiers. Like other courageous whistleblowers, he was driven foremost by a desire to reveal the truth" and, "The military prosecution has not presented evidence that Private Manning injured anyone by releasing secret documents... Nor has the prosecution denied that his motivations were conscientious."<ref>''[http://www.thenation.com/article/171272/nobel-laureates-salute-bradley-manning# "Nobel Laureates Salute Bradley Manning"]''</ref>}}
 
 
"The words attributed to Manning reveal that he went through a profound moral struggle between the time he enlisted and when he became a [[whistleblower]]. Through his experience in [[Iraq]], he became disturbed by top-level policy that undervalued human life and caused the suffering of innocent civilians and soldiers. Like other courageous whistleblowers, he was driven foremost by a desire to reveal the truth"
 
and, "The military prosecution has not presented evidence that Private Manning injured anyone by releasing secret documents... Nor has the prosecution denied that his motivations were conscientious;"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/171272/nobel-laureates-salute-bradley-manning# |title=Nobel Laureates Salute Bradley Manning |deadurl=no |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref>
 
  
 
===Other humanitarian initiatives===
 
===Other humanitarian initiatives===
 +
In 2009 Tutu joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a movie against all wars and for a global peace.<ref>http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/15/desmond-tutu/ </ref><ref>http://www.soldatidipace.blogspot.com/</ref>
  
In 2009 Tutu joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a movie against all wars and for a global peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/15/desmond-tutu/ |title=Desmond Tutu&nbsp;— The Cast&nbsp;— Soldiers of Peace |publisher=Soldiersofpeacemovie.com |accessdate=18 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soldatidipace.blogspot.com/ |title=Soldati di Pace (Soldiers of Peace) |publisher=Soldatidipace Blog |date=18 October 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2009}}</ref>
+
Also in 2009, along with prominent chefs and celebrities like Daniel Boulud and Jean Rochefort, Desmond Tutu endorsed Action Against Hunger's No Hunger Campaign calling on the former Vice-President [[Al Gore]] to make a documentary film about world hunger.<ref>[http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/pressroom/releases/2009/10/15 Renowned Chefs Call for End to Hunger-Related Deaths]. Action Against Hunger (15 October 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
 
 
Also in 2009, along with prominent chefs and celebrities like [[Daniel Boulud]] and [[Jean Rochefort]], Desmond Tutu endorsed [[Action Against Hunger]]'s No Hunger Campaign calling on the former Vice-President [[Al Gore]] to make a documentary film about world hunger.<ref>[http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/pressroom/releases/2009/10/15 Renowned Chefs Call for End to Hunger-Related Deaths]. Action Against Hunger (15 October 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.</ref>
 
  
 
===Academic role===
 
===Academic role===
[[File:Desmond Tutu At NMRE 2009 - pic 2.jpg|thumb|right|Tutu delivering the keynote address at the University of the Western Cape's New Member Recognition Event, 2009]]
+
In 1998, he was appointed as the Robert R Woodruff Visiting Professor at Emory University, Atlanta. He returned to Emory University the following year as the William R. Cannon Visiting Distinguished Professor. In 2000, he founded the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation to raise funds for the Desmond Tutu Peace Centre in Cape Town. In 2001 he launched the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation USA, which is designed to work with universities nationwide to create leadership academies emphasising peace, social justice and reconciliation.
In 1998, he was appointed as the [[Robert W. Woodruff|Robert R Woodruff]] Visiting Professor at [[Emory University]], Atlanta. He returned to Emory University the following year as the William R. Cannon Visiting Distinguished Professor. In 2000, he founded the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation to raise funds for the Desmond Tutu Peace Centre in Cape Town. The following year he launched the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation USA, which is designed to work with universities nationwide to create leadership academies emphasising peace, social justice and reconciliation.
 
 
 
In 2001, the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust, with funding from the [[W.K. Kellogg Foundation]], launched the Desmond Tutu Footprints of the Legends Awards to recognise leadership in combating prejudice, human rights, research and poverty eradication. Since 2004, he has been a visiting professor at [[King's College London]]. In 2007, 2010 and 2013, he joined 600 college students and sailed around the world with the [[Semester at Sea]] program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsRelease.php?id=621 |title=Nobel Peace Prize Winner Archbishop Desmond Tutu to Sail with Semester at Sea for Entire Spring Semester|date=26 September 2006|publisher=University of Virginia|accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> Tutu addressed Gonzaga University's Class of 2012 on 13 May 2012 in Spokane, Washington.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gonzaga.edu/campus-resources/offices-and-services-a-z/university-events/commencement/default2012.asp}}</ref>
 
 
 
Tutu co-chairs [[1GOAL Education for All]] ''[[Advocacy group|campaign]]'' which was launched by [[Queen Rania of Jordan]] in August 2009 which aims to secure schooling for some 72 million children world-wide who cannot afford it, in accordance with the [[Millennium Development Goals|Millennium Goal Promise]] of [[Education For All]] by 2015 giving them an opportunity to get education through the [[FIFA]] 1Goal campaign.<ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/columnists/article531580.ece/From-the-soccer-pitch-to-the-schoolroom From the soccer pitch to the schoolroom – Another View]; By Desmond Tutu; 4 July 2010; [[Times LIVE]]</ref><ref>[http://www.sport24.co.za/Soccer/WorldCup/NationalNews/1Goal-to-educate-millions-20100703 1Goal to educate millions]; 4 July 2010; Johannesburg, Sport24, ([[News24]]). Retrieved 5 July 2010.</ref>
 
 
 
====Genome====
 
In the ongoing effort to research the diversity of the [[human genome]], Tutu donated some of his own cells to the project. They were sequenced as an example for a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] individual representing [[Sotho-Tswana]] and [[Nguni languages|Nguni]] speakers (publication: February 2010).<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08795.html Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa]; Schuster, Stephan C. ''Nature'' '''463''', 943–947 (18 February 2010)</ref>
 
  
===Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa===
+
In 2001, the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust, with funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, launched the Desmond Tutu Footprints of the Legends Awards to recognise leadership in combating prejudice, human rights, research and poverty eradication. Since 2004, he has been a visiting professor at King's College London. In 2007, 2010 and 2013, he joined 600 college students and sailed around the world with the Semester at Sea program.<ref>http://www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsRelease.php?id=621 </ref> Tutu addressed Gonzaga University's Class of 2012 on 13 May 2012 in Spokane, Washington.<ref>http://www.gonzaga.edu/campus-resources/offices-and-services-a-z/university-events/commencement/default2012.asp</ref>
Tutu currently serves as the honorary chair of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa's ([[AWEPA]]) Eminent Advisory Board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awepa.org/index.php/en/about-us/organisational-structure/eminent-advisory-board.html|title=Eminent Advisory Board}}</ref>
 
  
== Honours ==
+
Tutu co-chairs 1GOAL Education for All campaign which was launched by Queen Rania of [[Jordan]] in August 2009 which aims to secure schooling for some 72 million children world-wide who cannot afford it, in accordance with the Millennium Development Goal promise of Education For All by 2015 giving them an opportunity to get education through the FIFA 1Goal campaign.<ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/columnists/article531580.ece/From-the-soccer-pitch-to-the-schoolroom From the soccer pitch to the schoolroom – Another View]; By Desmond Tutu; 4 July 2010; Times LIVE</ref><ref>[http://www.sport24.co.za/Soccer/WorldCup/NationalNews/1Goal-to-educate-millions-20100703 1Goal to educate millions]; 4 July 2010; Johannesburg, Sport24, (News24). Retrieved 5 July 2010.</ref>
{{See also| List of honours for Desmond Tutu}}
 
[[File:Desmond Tutu at Penn.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]]]
 
[[File:Desmond Tutu Honorary Doctorate Vienna.jpg|thumb|250 px|Dr. Desmond Tutu at The Faculty of Protestant Theology in Vienna]]
 
On 16 October 1984, the then Bishop Tutu was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa".<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/press.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 1984|publisher=[[Norwegian Nobel Committee]]|accessdate=26 May 2006}}</ref> This was seen as a gesture of support for him and The South African Council of Churches which he led at that time. In 1987 Tutu was awarded the [[Pacem in Terris Award]].<ref>{{cite book|url = http://books.google.com/?id=S6UYpCoGUkgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=1987+Tutu+was+awarded+the+Pacem+in+Terris+Award|title = Desmond Tutu: A Biography |last = Gish|first = Steven|year = 1963|publisher=Greenwood Press|place = Westport, Connecticut|accessdate=6 June 2008|page = 126|isbn = 978-0-313-32860-2}}</ref> It was named after a 1963 [[encyclical]] letter by [[Pope John XXIII]] that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.<ref>{{cite press release |url = http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx|title = Habitat for Humanity Lebanon Chairman to receive prestigious Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award|date = 1 November 2007|accessdate=6 June 2008|publisher=Habitat for Humanity}}</ref> In 1992, he was awarded the [[Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award]]. His 2010 book, ''Made for Goodness'' was awarded a [[Nautilus Book Awards|Nautilus Book Award]].
 
  
In June 1999, Tutu was invited to give the annual Wilberforce Lecture in [[Kingston upon Hull]], commemorating the life and achievements of the anti-slavery campaigner [[William Wilberforce]]. Tutu used the occasion to praise the people of the city for their traditional support of freedom and for standing with the people of South Africa in their fight against apartheid. He was also presented with the [[freedom of the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wilberforcelecturetrust.co.uk/index.php/lectures/lecture-detail/1999-lecture-by-archbishop-desmond-tutu/|title = 1999 Lecture: Archbishop Desmond Tutu |accessdate=6 June 2008|publisher=Wilberforce Lecture Trust}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
+
===Genome===
 +
In the ongoing effort to research the diversity of the human genome, Tutu donated some of his own cells to the project. They were sequenced as an example for a Bantu individual representing Sotho-Tswana and Nguni speakers (publication: February 2010).<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08795.html Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa]; Schuster, Stephan C. ''Nature'' '''463''', 943–947 (18 February 2010)</ref>
  
In 1978 Tutu was awarded a fellowship of [[King's College London]], of which he is an alumnus. He returned to King's in 2004 as Visiting Professor in Post-Conflict Studies. The Students' Union nightclub, Tutu's, is named in his honour.<ref>King's College London, [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/history/people/tutu.html "Famous People: Desmond Tutu"].</ref>
+
===AWEPA===
 +
Tutu currently serves as the honorary chair of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa's (AWEPA) Eminent Advisory Board.<ref>http://awepa.org/index.php/en/about-us/organisational-structure/eminent-advisory-board.html</ref>
  
In 1996 Tutu was the first recipient of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury's Award for Outstanding Service to the Anglican Communion]], a new award created specially for him, and designated the highest possible award within the Anglican Communion, standing in precedence ahead of the previous highest award, the [[Cross of St Augustine]], gold division.
+
==Honours==
 +
On 16 October 1984, the then Bishop Tutu was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa".<ref>http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/press.html</ref> This was seen as a gesture of support for him and The South African Council of Churches which he led at that time. In 1987 Tutu was awarded the [[Pacem in Terris Award]].<ref>http://books.google.com/?id=S6UYpCoGUkgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=1987+Tutu+was+awarded+the+Pacem+in+Terris+Award</ref> It was named after a 1963 [[encyclical]] letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.<ref>http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx</ref> In 1992, he was awarded the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award. His 2010 book, ''Made for Goodness'' was awarded a Nautilus Book Award.
  
In November 1999 Tutu was awarded an honorary doctorate by the [[University of Fribourg]].
+
In June 1999, Tutu was invited to give the annual Wilberforce Lecture in Kingston upon Hull, commemorating the life and achievements of the anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce. Tutu used the occasion to praise the people of the city for their traditional support of freedom and for standing with the people of South Africa in their fight against apartheid. He was also presented with the freedom of the city.<ref>http://www.wilberforcelecturetrust.co.uk/index.php/lectures/lecture-detail/1999-lecture-by-archbishop-desmond-tutu/</ref>
  
In June 1999 Tutu was elected an Honorary Fellow of [[Sidney Sussex College]] in the [[University of Cambridge]], from which he has been awarded the Honorary Degree of [[Doctor of Divinity]].
+
In 1978 Tutu was awarded a fellowship of King's College London, of which he is an alumnus. He returned to King's in 2004 as Visiting Professor in Post-Conflict Studies. The Students' Union nightclub, Tutu's, is named in his honour.<ref>King's College London, [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/history/people/tutu.html "Famous People: Desmond Tutu"].</ref>
  
In 2006 Tutu was named an honorary patron of the [[University Philosophical Society]], [[Trinity College, Dublin]], for his tremendous contributions to peace and discourse.
+
In 1996 Tutu was the first recipient of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Award for Outstanding Service to the Anglican Communion, a new award created specially for him, and designated the highest possible award within the Anglican Communion, standing in precedence ahead of the previous highest award, the [[Cross of St Augustine]], gold division.
  
Freedom of the city awards have been conferred on Tutu in cities in Italy, Wales, England and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He has received numerous doctorates and fellowships at distinguished universities. He has been named a Grand Officer of the [[Légion d'honneur]] by France; Germany has awarded him the Order of Merit Grand Cross, and he received the [[Sydney Peace Prize]] in 1999. He is also the recipient of the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]], the King Hussein Prize and the Marion Doenhoff Prize for International Reconciliation and Understanding. In 2008, Governor [[Rod Blagojevich]] of [[Illinois]] proclaimed 13 May 'Desmond Tutu Day'. On his visit to Illinois, Tutu was awarded the Lincoln Leadership Prize and unveiled his portrait which will be displayed at the [[Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum|Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library]] in [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]].<ref>{{cite press release|title = Gov. Blagojevich Proclaims Today "Desmond Tutu Day" in Illinois|url = http://www.illinois.gov/pressreleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830|date =13 May 2008 |accessdate=6 June 2008|publisher=Illinois Government News Network}}</ref>
+
In November 1999 Tutu was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Fribourg.
  
In October 2008, Tutu received the [[Wallenberg Medal]] from the [[University of Michigan]] in recognition of his lifelong work in defence of human rights and dignity.
+
In June 1999 Tutu was elected an Honorary Fellow of Sidney Sussex College in the University of Cambridge, from which he has been awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Divinity.
  
In November 2008, Tutu was awarded the [[Fulbright Program#J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding|J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding]].
+
In 2006 Tutu was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin, for his tremendous contributions to peace and discourse.
  
On 8 May 2009, Tutu was the featured speaker during [[Michigan State University]]'s spring undergraduate convocation. During the commencement, an honorary doctor of humane letters degree was bestowed on Tutu. Two days later, he received an honorary doctor of divinity degree from the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Tutu, five others to receive honorary degrees at Carolina's May Commencement |url=http://uncnews.unc.edu/news/campus-and-community/tutu-five-others-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-carolinas-may-commencement.html|date=24 April 2009|accessdate=13 May 2009|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> The two schools had coincidentally met in the previous month's [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship]], a detail not missed by Tutu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uncnews.unc.edu/news/students/archbishop-emeritus-tutu-delivers-2009-commencement-address.html|title=Archbishop Emeritus Tutu delivers 2009 commencement address|date=10 May 2009|accessdate=13 May 2009|location=Chapel Hill, NC|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
+
Freedom of the city awards have been conferred on Tutu in cities in Italy, Wales, England and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He has received numerous doctorates and fellowships at distinguished universities. He has been named a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur by France; Germany has awarded him the Order of Merit Grand Cross, and he received the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999. He is also the recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize, the King Hussein Prize and the Marion Doenhoff Prize for International Reconciliation and Understanding. In 2008, Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois proclaimed 13 May 'Desmond Tutu Day'. On his visit to Illinois, Tutu was awarded the Lincoln Leadership Prize and unveiled his portrait which will be displayed at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield.<ref>http://www.illinois.gov/pressreleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830</ref>
  
In May 2009 Tutu was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary degree for Desmond Tutu|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/edinburgh-global/news-events/events/desmond-tutu|accessdate=18 May 2012}}</ref> In commemoration of this event the University established the Desmond Tutu Masters' Scholarship for students from Africa to do postgraduate Master's study within the School of Divinity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desmond Tutu Masters' Scholarship|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/divinity/studying/postgraduates/scholarships/general/tutu|accessdate=18 May 2012}}</ref>
+
In October 2008, Tutu received the Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan in recognition of his lifelong work in defence of human rights and dignity.
  
Tutu was awarded an honorary degree from [[Bangor University]], Bangor, [[Wales]], on 10 June 2009. During the ceremony, Tutu thanked the people of Wales for their role in helping end [[apartheid]].
+
In November 2008, Tutu was awarded the William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding.
 
 
On 12 June 2009 the University of Vienna conferred the degree [http://etf.univie.ac.at/desmondtutu "Doctor Theologiae honoris causa"] on Desmond Tutu. The Faculty of Protestant Theology and Senate based the decision on Tutu's outstanding achievement in developing and establishing what can be called "ubuntu-theology", his manifestation of what became known as "public theology". By integrating the principles of the South African ubuntu philosophy with his theological thinking, he made a major contribution beyond classical Liberation Theology.
 
 
 
Southwark Cathedral named two new varieties of rose in honour of Desmond and Leah Tutu at the 2009 RHS Flower Show at Hampton Court Palace. To celebrate the event, the [[Southwark Cathedral Merbecke Choir]] gave a concert in the presence of Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu and his wife Leah at Southwark Cathedral on 11 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Merbecke Choir: I sing of a rose|url = http://cathedral.southwark.anglican.org/worship/calendar-detail.php?c=2009-07-11&d=1 July 20091&id=4255|date =11 July 2009 |accessdate=30 June 2009|publisher=Southwark Cathedral}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Merbecke Choir: Hear Us|url=http://merbecke.org.uk/hearus.html|date =11 July 2009 |accessdate=30 June 2009|publisher=Southwark Cathedral}}</ref> The Archbishop joined the choir on stage for its encore – an arrangement of George Gershwin's 'Summertime'.
 
 
 
In 2009 he also received the Spiritual Leadership Award from the international [[Humanity's Team]] movement<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVHbSx69X7s&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fuser%2FHumanitysTeam&feature=player_profilepage#t=584/ "Archbishop Tutu Receives Spiritual Leadership Award From Humanity's Team"], Humanity's Team, award presentation, YouTube, 18 April 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS153163+10-Feb-2009+PRN20090210/ "Desmond Tutu to Receive Spiritual Leadership Award"], Humanity's Team through PR Newswire, carried by Reuters, 10 February 2009</ref> and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] from US President Barack Obama.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Names-Medal-of-Freedom-Recipients/ "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients"], White House Office of the Press Secretary, 30 July 2009</ref> In 2013 he received the £1.1m ($1.6m) [[Templeton Prize]] for "for his life-long work in advancing spiritual principles such as love and forgiveness".<ref>{{cite web| author=Staff| title=2013 Templeton Prize Laureate. Desmond Tutu | work=templetonprize.org | publisher=[[John Templeton Foundation]] | date=4 April 2013 | url=http://www.templetonprize.org/currentwinner.html | accessdate= 8 August 2013}}</ref>
 
 
 
Tutu was inducted into the [[Golden Key International Honour Society]] as an Honorary Member in 2001, by the University of Stellenbosch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenkey.org/GKIHS/GoldenKeyInDepth/WhatisGoldenKey/|title=What is Golden Key?|publisher=Golden Key International Honour Society|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref>
 
 
 
The Archbishop was named an Honorary Chairman of [[Building Tomorrow]]'s board of directors. Building Tomorrow engages young people in their mission to build schools for underserved children and communities in Uganda. Tutu has said, "I believe that education is the key to unlocking the door that will eradicate poverty and that young people have the power to make it happen."
 
  
 
===World Justice Project===
 
===World Justice Project===
 
+
Desmond Tutu serves as an Honorary Co-Chairman for the World Justice Project which works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.
Desmond Tutu serves as an Honorary Co-Chairman for the [[World Justice Project]] which works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the [[Rule of Law]] for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.
 
  
 
===The Forgiveness Project===
 
===The Forgiveness Project===
 +
Tutu is one of the patrons of The Forgiveness Project,<ref>http://theforgivenessproject.com/about-us/supporters/ </ref> a UK-based charity that uses real stories of victims and perpetrators of crime to facilitate conflict resolution, break the cycle of vengeance and encourage behavioural change. As a supporter of their work,<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bwykwi5MGU</ref> Tutu joined [[Anita Roddick]] at the launch of The Forgiveness Project's exhibition, the F Word, at the Oxo Tower Gallery in January 2004 and on 12 May 2010 delivered the charity's inaugural annual lecture.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marina-cantacuzino/desmond-tutu-meets-victim_b_575557.html </ref>
  
Tutu is one of the patrons of [[The Forgiveness Project]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://theforgivenessproject.com/about-us/supporters/ |title= Our Supporters' Programme; The Forgiveness Project}}</ref> a UK-based charity that uses real stories of victims and perpetrators of crime to facilitate conflict resolution, break the cycle of vengeance and encourage behavioural change. As a supporter of their work,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bwykwi5MGU |title= Archbishop Desmond Tutu Introduces The Forgiveness Project; YouTube| publisher=youtube.com |date=3 May 2010}}</ref> Tutu joined [[Anita Roddick]] at the launch of The Forgiveness Project's exhibition, the F Word, at the Oxo Tower Gallery in January 2004 and on 12 May 2010 delivered the charity's inaugural annual lecture.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marina-cantacuzino/desmond-tutu-meets-victim_b_575557.html |title= Desmond Tutu Meets Victims and Perpetrators of Violence; The Huffington Post| publisher=huffingtonpost.com |date=14 May 2010}}</ref>
+
Speaking to 800 people at St John's Smith Square in London on lecture's topic of "Is violence ever justified?" he talked about the process of truth and reconciliation, the transformative nature of forgiveness and the uniquely African concept of Ubuntu - 'I am me, because you are you', saying that when wars come to an end, only forgiveness enables people to fully move away from conflict.<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/forgiveness-cannot-be-demanded-says-tutu-1972201.html</ref>
  
Speaking to 800 people at St John's Smith Square in London on lecture's topic of "Is violence ever justified?" he talked about the process of truth and reconciliation, the transformative nature of forgiveness and the uniquely African concept of Ubuntu - 'I am me, because you are you', saying that when wars come to an end, only forgiveness enables people to fully move away from conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/forgiveness-cannot-be-demanded-says-tutu-1972201.html |title= Forgiveness cannot be demanded, says Tutu; The Independent| publisher=independent.co.uk |date=13 May 2010}}</ref>
+
Archbishop Tutu was joined on stage by Mary Blewitt who lost 50 members of her family in the Rwandan genocide; Jo Berry whose father was killed in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing; and [[Patrick Magee]], the former IRA activist who planted the bomb. The event was chaired by BBC broadcaster Edward Stourton.
 
 
Archbishop Tutu was joined on stage by Mary Blewitt who lost 50 members of her family in the Rwandan genocide; [[Jo Berry]] whose father was killed in the 1984 [[Brighton hotel bombing]]; and [[Patrick Magee (Irish republican)|Patrick Magee]], the former IRA activist who planted the bomb. The event was chaired by BBC broadcaster [[Edward Stourton (journalist)|Edward Stourton]]
 
  
 
==Media and film appearances==
 
==Media and film appearances==
[[File:Desmond tutu 20070607 2.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[German Evangelical Church Assembly]], 2007]]
 
[[File:Desmond tutu wef.jpg|thumb|Tutu at the [[World Economic Forum]] 2009]]
 
 
 
* ''I Am'', documentary by Tom Shadyac (2010)
 
* ''I Am'', documentary by Tom Shadyac (2010)
 
* ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson]]'' (for which Ferguson won a [[Peabody Award]]) (2009)
 
* ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson]]'' (for which Ferguson won a [[Peabody Award]]) (2009)
Line 343: Line 296:
  
 
==Writings==
 
==Writings==
 
+
Desmond Tutu is the author of seven collections of [[sermon]]s and other writings:
Tutu is the author of seven collections of [[sermon]]s and other writings:
 
 
 
 
* ''Crying in the Wilderness'', [[Eerdmans]], 1982. ISBN 978-0-8028-0270-5
 
* ''Crying in the Wilderness'', [[Eerdmans]], 1982. ISBN 978-0-8028-0270-5
 
* ''Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches'', Skotaville, 1983. ISBN 978-0-620-06776-8
 
* ''Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches'', Skotaville, 1983. ISBN 978-0-620-06776-8
Line 357: Line 308:
  
 
Tutu has also co-authored or made other contributions to numerous books:
 
Tutu has also co-authored or made other contributions to numerous books:
 
 
* ''Bounty in Bondage: Anglican Church in Southern Africa – Essays in Honour of Edward King, Dean of Cape Town'', with Frank England, Torguil Paterson, and Torquil Paterson (1989)
 
* ''Bounty in Bondage: Anglican Church in Southern Africa – Essays in Honour of Edward King, Dean of Cape Town'', with Frank England, Torguil Paterson, and Torquil Paterson (1989)
 
* ''Resistance Art in South Africa'', with Sue Williamson (1990)
 
* ''Resistance Art in South Africa'', with Sue Williamson (1990)
Line 386: Line 336:
 
* ''The Global Guide to Animal Protection'' (edited by [[Andrew Linzey]]). Foreword.  (2013)
 
* ''The Global Guide to Animal Protection'' (edited by [[Andrew Linzey]]). Foreword.  (2013)
  
Tutu has also written articles for ''Greater Good'', a magazine published by the [[Greater Good Science Center]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. His contributions include the interpretation of [[social psychology|scientific research]] into the roots of compassion, altruism and peaceful human relationships.
+
Tutu has also written articles for ''Greater Good'', a magazine published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism and peaceful human relationships.
 
 
A British children's author, [[Nick Butterworth]], dedicated his book ''The Whisperer'' to Tutu.
 
  
==See also==
+
A British children's author, Nick Butterworth, dedicated his book ''The Whisperer'' to Tutu.
* [[Black Nobel Prize laureates]]
 
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
 
* [[List of peace activists]]
 
* [[Ubuntu (philosophy)]]
 
  
==Notes==
+
==References==
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
  
 
==Further reading==
 
==Further reading==
 
* "Bishop Tutu’s Christology." ''Cross Currents'' 34 (1984): 492–99.
 
* "Bishop Tutu’s Christology." ''Cross Currents'' 34 (1984): 492–99.
* [[Shirley du Boulay]], ''Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless'' (Eerdmans, 1988).
+
* Shirley du Boulay, ''Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless'' (Eerdmans, 1988).
* [[Michael J. Battle]], ''Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu'' (Pilgrim Press, 1997).
+
* Michael J. Battle, ''Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu'' (Pilgrim Press, 1997).
 
* Steven D. Gish, ''Desmond Tutu: A Biography'' (Greenwood, 2004).
 
* Steven D. Gish, ''Desmond Tutu: A Biography'' (Greenwood, 2004).
* John Allen, ''Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu'' ([[Rider (imprint)|Rider]] Books, 2007).
+
* John Allen, ''Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu'' (Rider Books, 2007).
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
{{wikisource author|Desmond Tutu}}
 
{{wikiquote}}
 
{{Commons category|Desmond Tutu}}
 
 
* [http://www.desmondtutudiversitytrust.org.za/ Desmond Tutu Diversity Trust]
 
* [http://www.desmondtutudiversitytrust.org.za/ Desmond Tutu Diversity Trust]
 
* [http://www.tutu.org/ The Desmond Tutu Peace Centre]
 
* [http://www.tutu.org/ The Desmond Tutu Peace Centre]
 
* [http://www.tutufoundationuk.org/ Tutu Foundation UK]
 
* [http://www.tutufoundationuk.org/ Tutu Foundation UK]
 +
 +
[[Category:South Africa]]
 +
[[Category:Iraq War 2003]]
 +
[[Category:Lockerbie]]
  
 
{{PageCredit
 
{{PageCredit

Latest revision as of 15:00, 1 July 2023

Person.png Desmond Tutu   SourcewatchRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Desmond Tutu 1.jpg
Archbishop Desmond Tutu addressing a congregation of 2,000 at Nelson Mandela Memorial Service (March 2014)
Born7 October 1931
Klerksdorp, Western Transvaal, South Africa
Died26 December 2021 (Age 90)
Cape Town
Alma materKing's College London
Member ofJustice for Megrahi

Desmond Mpilo Tutu was a South African social rights activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. He was the first black Archbishop of Cape Town and bishop of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa).

Desmond Tutu died on 26 December 2021 at the Oasis Frail Care Centre in Cape Town, aged 90.[1]

Campaigner for the oppressed

Following the demise of apartheid in 1994, Archbishop Desmond Tutu was active in the defence of human rights and has used his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. He chaired the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and has campaigned to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, the imprisonment of Chelsea Manning, homophobia and transphobia.

Archbishop Tutu received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984; the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism in 1986; the Pacem in Terris Award in 1987; the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999; the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2007;[2] and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu is one of the original signatories of the Justice for Megrahi campaign which was established in November 2008 to have Abdelbaset al-Megrahi's wrongful conviction for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing overturned.

In August 2012, Archbishop Desmond Tutu announced his refusal to share a platform with former Prime Minister Tony Blair. Archbishop Tutu’s office said in a statement:

"Ultimately, the Archbishop is of the view that Mr Blair's decision to support the United States' military invasion of Iraq, on the basis of unproven allegations of the existence in Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, was morally indefensible. The Discovery Invest Leadership Summit has 'leadership' as its theme. Morality and leadership are indivisible. In this context, it would be inappropriate and untenable for the Archbishop to share a platform with Mr Blair.[3]

On 3 March 2014 at the Nelson Mandela Memorial Service in Westminster Abbey, Archbishop Desmond Tutu delivered the address, thanking international anti-apartheid campaigners "especially Bishop Trevor Huddlestone, the long-haired Peter Hain, Glenys and Neil Kinnock, and David Steel":

"Without the anti-apartheid movement, without you extraordinary human beings, Mandela could so easily have died in prison."

Archbishop Tutu described journeying to Ronald Reagan's Oval Office and to Margaret Thatcher's Downing Street in the 1980s, pleading for economic sanctions to be imposed against the apartheid South African regime, and his pleas "falling on deaf ears". He was "surprised and delighted" when the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986, overriding President Reagan's veto.[4]

Early life

Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal, the second of the three children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta, and the only son.[5] Tutu's family moved to Johannesburg when he was twelve. His father was a teacher and his mother was a cleaner and cook at a school for the blind.[6] Here he met Trevor Huddleston, who was a parish priest in the black slum of Sophiatown. "One day," said Tutu, "I was standing in the street with my mother when a white man in a priest's clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother. I couldn't believe my eyes—a white man who greeted a black working class woman!"

Although Tutu wanted to become a doctor, his family could not afford the training, and he followed his father's footsteps into teaching. Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 to 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School and at Munsienville High School in Mogale City. However, he resigned following the passage of the Bantu Education Act, in protest of the poor educational prospects for black South Africans. He continued his studies, this time in theology, at St Peter's Theology College in Rosettenville, Gauteng, Johannesburg, and in 1960 was ordained as an Anglican priest following in the footsteps of his mentor and fellow activist, Trevor Huddleston.

Tutu then travelled to King's College London, (1962–1966), where he received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in theology. During this time he worked as a part-time curate, first at St Alban's Church, Golders Green, and then at St Mary's Church in Bletchingley, Surrey.[7] He later returned to South Africa and from 1967 until 1972 used his lectures to highlight the circumstances of the African population. He wrote a letter to Prime Minister B J Vorster, in which he described the situation in South Africa as a "gunpowder barrel that can explode at any time": the letter was never answered. He became chaplain at the University of Fort Hare in 1967, a hotbed of dissent and one of the few quality universities for African students in the southern part of Africa. From 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the National University of Lesotho.

In 1972, Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches, at Bromley in Kent. He returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed Dean of St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg — the first black person to hold that position.

Personal life

On 2 July 1955, Tutu married Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a teacher whom he had met while at college. They had four children: Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Andrea Tutu, all of whom attended the Waterford Kamhlaba School in Swaziland.[8]

In 1975 he moved into what is now known as Tutu House in Soweto and he and his family were still living there in 2005.[9] It is said to be one of the few streets in the world where two Nobel Prize winners have lived.[10]

In 1997, Desmond Tutu was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent successful treatment in the US. He subsequently became patron of the South African Prostate Cancer Foundation, which was established in 2007.[11]

Beginning on his 79th birthday, Desmond Tutu entered a phased retirement from public life, starting with only one day per week in his office through February 2011. On 23 May 2011 in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, Tutu gave what was said to be his last major public speech outside of South Africa. Tutu honoured his commitments through May 2011 and added no more commitments.[12]

However, Desmond Tutu subsequently came out of retirement to give a commencement speech at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington, on 13 May 2012, and gave an address at Butler University's Desmond Tutu Center in Indianapolis, Indiana on 12 September of that year.[13]

Role during apartheid

In 1976, the protests in Soweto, also known as the Soweto Riots, against the government's use of Afrikaans as the compulsory language of instruction in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. From then on Tutu supported an economic boycott of his country. He vigorously opposed the "constructive engagement" policy of the Reagan administration in the United States, which advocated "friendly persuasion".[14] Tutu rather supported disinvestment, although it hit the poor hardest, for if disinvestment threw blacks out of work, Tutu argued, at least they would be suffering "with a purpose". In 1985, the US and the UK (two primary investors into South Africa) stopped any investments. As a result, disinvestment did succeed, causing the value of the Rand to plunge more than 35 percent, and pressuring the government toward reform. Tutu pressed the advantage and organised peaceful marches which brought 30,000 people onto the streets of Cape Town.[15]

Desmond Tutu was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches. From this position, he was able to continue his work against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. Through his writings and lectures at home and abroad, Tutu consistently advocated reconciliation between all parties involved in apartheid. Tutu's opposition to apartheid was vigorous and unequivocal, and he was outspoken both in South Africa and abroad. He often compared apartheid to Nazism; as a result the government twice revoked his passport, and he was jailed briefly in 1980 after a protest march. It was thought by many that Tutu's increasing international reputation and his rigorous advocacy of non-violence protected him from harsher penalties. Tutu was also harsh in his criticism of the violent tactics of some anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress and denounced "terrorism" and Communism.

When a new constitution was proposed for South Africa in 1983 to defend against the anti-apartheid movement, Tutu helped form the National Forum Committee to fight the constitutional changes.[16]

In 1990, Tutu and the ex-Vice-Chancellor of the University of the Western Cape Professor Jakes Gerwel founded the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust. The Trust – established to fund developmental programmes in tertiary education – provides capacity building at 17 historically disadvantaged institutions. Tutu's work as a mediator to prevent all-out racial war was evident at the funeral of South African Communist Party leader Chris Hani in 1993. Tutu spurred a crowd of 120,000 to repeat after him the chants, over and over: "We will be free!", "All of us!", "Black and white together!"[17]

In 1993, Tutu was a patron of the Cape Town Olympic Bid Committee. In 1994, he was an appointed a patron of the World Campaign Against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa, Beacon Millennium and Action from Ireland. In 1995, he was appointed a Chaplain and Sub-Prelate of the Venerable Order of Saint John by Queen Elizabeth II, and he became a patron of the American Harmony Child Foundation and the Hospice Palliative Care Association (HPCA) of South Africa.

Role since apartheid

After the fall of apartheid, Desmond Tutu headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. He retired as Archbishop of Cape Town in 1996 and was made Emeritus Archbishop of Cape Town, an honorary title that is unusual in the Anglican church.[18] His successor was Njongonkulu Ndungane. At a thanksgiving for Tutu upon his retirement as Archbishop in 1996, Nelson Mandela said that Tutu made an "immeasurable contribution to our nation".[19]

Tutu is generally credited with coining the term Rainbow Nation as a metaphor for post-apartheid South Africa after 1994 under African National Congress rule. The expression has since entered mainstream consciousness to describe South Africa's ethnic diversity.

Since his retirement, Tutu has worked as a global activist on issues pertaining to democracy, freedom and human rights. He is the patron of the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, the successor organisation of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. In this role he presents the annual South African Reconciliation Award. In 2006, Tutu launched a global campaign, organised by the aid organisation, Plan, to ensure that all children are registered at birth, as an unregistered child did not officially exist and was vulnerable to traffickers and during disasters.[20] Tutu is the Patron of the educational improvement charity Link Community Development.

Desmond Tutu had announced he would retire from public life when he turned 79 in October 2010.

"Instead of growing old gracefully, at home with my family – reading and writing and praying and thinking – too much of my time has been spent at airports and in hotels," the Nobel laureate said in a statement.[21]

Role in South Africa

Tutu is widely regarded as "South Africa's moral conscience"[22] and has been described by former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela as "sometimes strident, often tender, never afraid and seldom without humour, Desmond Tutu's voice will always be the voice of the voiceless". Since his retirement, Tutu has worked to critique the new South African government. Tutu has been vocal in condemnation of corruption, the ineffectiveness of the ANC-led government to deal with poverty, and the recent outbreaks of xenophobic violence in some townships in South Africa.

After a decade of freedom for South Africa, Tutu was honoured with the invitation to deliver the annual Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture. On 23 November 2004, Tutu gave an address entitled "Look to the Rock from Which You Were Hewn". This lecture, critical of the ANC-controlled government, stirred a pot of controversy between Tutu and Thabo Mbeki, calling into question "the right to criticise".[23]

On 10 May 2013, Tutu said he would no longer be able to vote for the African National Congress, citing inequality, violence, and corruption. "The ANC was very good at leading us in the struggle to be free from oppression," Archbishop Tutu wrote, "But it doesn't seem to me now that a freedom-fighting unit can ­easily make the transition to becoming a political party." He sharply criticised the decision of the South African government to delay the issuance of a visa to the Dalai Lama, accusing the government of "kowtowing to China".[24]

Tutu stated that Nelson Mandela would be dismayed that Afrikaners got excluded from memorial services to commemorate Mandela's death.[25] The spokesman for Tutu said the cleric changed his plans and would attend the funeral of Mandela, after not being officially invited himself.[26]

Corruption in South Africa

Desmond Tutu made a stinging attack on South Africa's political élite, saying the country was "sitting on a powder keg"[27] because of its failure to alleviate poverty a decade after apartheid's end. Tutu also said that attempts to boost black economic ownership were benefiting only an elite minority, while political "kowtowing" within the ruling ANC was hampering democracy. Tutu asked: :"What is black empowerment when it seems to benefit not the vast majority but an elite that tends to be recycled?"

Tutu criticised politicians for debating whether to give the poor an income grant of $16 (£12) a month and said the idea should be seriously considered. Tutu has often spoken in support of the Basic Income Grant (BIG) which has so far been defeated in parliament. After the first round of volleys were fired, South African Press Association journalist, Ben Maclennan reported Tutu's response as: "Thank you Mr President for telling me what you think of me, that I am a liar with scant regard for the truth, and a charlatan posing with his concern for the poor, the hungry, the oppressed and the voiceless."[28]

Tutu warned of corruption shortly after the re-election of the African National Congress government of South Africa, saying that they "stopped the gravy train just long enough to get on themselves."[29] In August 2006 Tutu publicly urged Jacob Zuma, the South African politician (now President) who had been accused of sexual crimes and corruption, to drop out of the ANC's presidential succession race. He said in a public lecture that he would not be able to hold his "head high" if Zuma became leader after being accused both of rape and corruption. In September 2006, Tutu repeated his opposition to Zuma's candidacy as ANC leader due to Zuma's "moral failings."[30] In November 2013 he warned that politicians and activists were stoking anger which resulted in a spate of sometimes violent protests, that he identified as an assault on South Africa's democracy.[31]

Chair of The Elders

On 18 July 2007, in Johannesburg, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Tutu convened The Elders, a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, kindness, leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday.

"This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken," Mandela commented. "Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair."[32]

Desmond Tutu was Chair of The Elders from the founding of the group in July 2007 to May 2013. Upon stepping down and becoming an Honorary Elder, he said:

"As Elders we should always oppose presidents for Life. After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down."[33] Kofi Annan currently serves as Chair and Gro Harlem Brundtland as Deputy Chair. The other members of the group are Martti Ahtisaari, Ela Bhatt, Lakhdar Brahimi, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Jimmy Carter, Hina Jilani, Graça Machel, Mary Robinson and Ernesto Zedillo.

Several other leaders were previously affiliated with The Elders. Former Elder Muhammad Yunus stepped down as a member of the group in September 2009, stating that he was unable to do justice to his membership due to the demands of his work.[34] Aung San Suu Kyi is a former honorary Elder. During her period under house arrest, the Elders kept an empty chair at each of their meetings to mark their solidarity with Suu Kyi and Burma’s other political prisoners. In line with the requirement that members of The Elders should not hold public office, Suu Kyi stepped down as an honorary Elder following her election to parliament on 1 April 2012.[35] Li Zhaoxing was present at the launch of The Elders but did not formally join the group.

The Elders work globally, on thematic as well as geographically specific subjects. The Elders' priority issue areas include the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Korean Peninsula, Sudan and South Sudan, sustainable development, and Women's rights.[36]

Tutu led The Elders' visit to Sudan in October 2007 – their first mission after the group was founded – to foster peace in the Darfur crisis. "Our hope is that we can keep Darfur in the spotlight and spur on governments to help keep peace in the region," said Tutu.[37] He has also travelled with Elders delegations to the Ivory Coast, Cyprus, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan and the Middle East.[38] Tutu has been particularly involved in The Elders' initiative on child marriage, attending the Clinton Global Initiative in New York in September 2011 to launch Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage.[39]

The Elders are independently funded by a group of donors: Sir Richard Branson and Jean Oelwang (Virgin Unite), Peter Gabriel (The Peter Gabriel Foundation), Kathy Bushkin Calvin (the United Nations Foundation), Jeremy Coller and Lulit Solomon (J Coller Foundation), Niclas Kjellström-Matseke (Swedish Postcode Lottery), Randy Newcomb and Pam Omidyar (Humanity United), Jeff Skoll and Sally Osberg (Skoll Foundation), Jovanka Porsche (HP Capital Partners), Julie Quadrio Curzio (Quadrio Curzio Family Trust), Amy Towers (The Nduna Foundation), Shannon Sedgwick Davis (The Bridgeway Foundation) and Marieke van Schaik (Nationale Postcode Loterij). Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau, former CEO of The Elders, sits on the Advisory Council in her capacity as Advisory Committee Chair of Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage.[40]

Role in the developing world

Desmond Tutu has focused on drawing awareness to issues such as poverty, AIDS and non-democratic governments in the developing world. In particular he has focused on issues in Zimbabwe and Palestine. Tutu has been vocal in his criticism of human rights abuses in Zimbabwe as well as the South African government's policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe. In 2007 he said the "quiet diplomacy" pursued by the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) had "not worked at all" and he called on Britain and the West to pressure SADC, including South Africa, which was chairing talks between President Mugabe's Zanu-PF party and the opposition Movement for Democratic Change to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met.[41] Tutu has often criticised Robert Mugabe in the past and he once described the leader as "a cartoon figure of an archetypical African dictator". In 2008, he called for the international community to intervene in Zimbabwe – by force if necessary.[42] Mugabe, on the other hand, has called Tutu an "angry, evil and embittered little bishop".[43]

Tutu has often stated that all leaders in Africa should condemn Zimbabwe: "What an awful blot on our copy book. Do we really care about human rights, do we care that people of flesh and blood, fellow Africans, are being treated like rubbish, almost worse than they were ever treated by rabid racists?" After the Zimbabwean presidential elections in April 2008, Tutu expressed his hope that Mugabe would step down after it was initially reported that Mugabe had lost the elections. Tutu reiterated his support of the democratic process and hoped that Mugabe would adhere to the voice of the people.[44]

Tutu called Mugabe "someone we were very proud of", as he "did a fantastic job, and it’s such a great shame, because he had a wonderful legacy. If he had stepped down ten or so years ago he would be held in very, very high regard. And I still want to say we must honour him for the things that he did do, and just say what a shame."

Tutu stated that he feared that riots would break out in Zimbabwe if the election results were ignored. He proposed that a peace-keeping force should be sent to the region to ensure stability.

Israeli apartheid

Desmond Tutu has acknowledged the significant role Jews played in the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa and has voiced support for Israel's security concerns, speaking against suicide bombing.[45] He is the chief advocate of the doctrine of Supersessionism, the biblical interpretation that the Christian Church supersedes or replaces Israel in God's plan, and that the New Covenant nullifies the biblical promises made to Israel.[46] Consequently he is also an active and prominent proponent of the campaign for divestment from Israel,[47] likening Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the treatment of Black South Africans under apartheid. Tutu drew this comparison on a Christmas visit to Jerusalem in 1989, when he said that he is a "black South African, and if I were to change the names, a description of what is happening in Gaza and the West Bank could describe events in South Africa."[48] He made similar comments in 2002, speaking of "the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about".[49]

In 1988, the American Jewish Committee noted that Tutu was strongly critical of Israel's military and other connections with apartheid-era South Africa, and quoted him as saying that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", on the grounds that it "excludes people on ethnic or other grounds over which they have no control". While the AJC was critical of some of Tutu's views, it dismissed "insidious rumours" that he had made antisemitic statements.[50] The exact wording of Tutu's statement was reported differently in different sources. A Toronto Star article from the period indicates that he described Zionism "as a policy that looks like it has many parallels with racism, the effect is the same.")[51]

Tutu preached a message of forgiveness during a 1989 trip to Israel's Yad Vashem museum, saying "Our Lord would say that in the end the positive thing that can come is the spirit of forgiving, not forgetting, but the spirit of saying: God, this happened to us. We pray for those who made it happen, help us to forgive them and help us so that we in our turn will not make others suffer."[52] Some found this statement offensive, with Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center calling it "a gratuitous insult to Jews and victims of Nazism everywhere."[53] Tutu was subjected to racial slurs during this visit to Israel, with vandals writing "Black Nazi pig" on the walls of the St George's Cathedral in East Jerusalem, where he was staying.

In 2002, when delivering a public lecture in support of divestment, Tutu said "My heart aches. I say why are our memories so short. Have our Jewish sisters and brothers forgotten their humiliation? Have they forgotten the collective punishment, the home demolitions, in their own history so soon? Have they turned their backs on their profound and noble religious traditions? Have they forgotten that God cares deeply about the downtrodden?" He argued that Israel could never live in security by oppressing another people, and stated, "People are scared in this country [the US], to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful – very powerful. Well, so what? For goodness sake, this is God's world! We live in a moral universe. The apartheid government was very powerful, but today it no longer exists." The latter statement was criticised by some Jewish groups, including the Anti-Defamation League [54][55] When he edited and reprinted parts of his speech in 2005, Tutu replaced the words "Jewish lobby" with "pro-Israel lobby".

US attorney Alan Dershowitz referred to Tutu as a "racist and a bigot" during the controversial Durban II conference in April 2009.[56]

Global March to Jerusalem

As of March 2012, Desmond Tutu was a member of the Advisory Board for Global March to Jerusalem (GM2J).[57] According to Paul Larudee, founding member of GM2J, the aim was to "march from many starting points and converge on Jerusalem, either reaching that destination or getting as close to it as possible" on 30 March 2012 as an act of non-violent resistance to what he describes as Israel's "Judaization of Jerusalem".[58]

Palestinian Christians

In 2003, Tutu accepted the role as patron of Sabeel International,[59] a Christian liberation theology organisation which supports the concerns of the Palestinian Christian community and has actively lobbied the international Christian community for divestment from Israel.[60] In the same year, Tutu received an International Advocate for Peace Award from the Cardozo School of Law, an affiliate of Yeshiva University, sparking scattered student protests and condemnations from representatives of the Simon Wiesenthal Center and Anti-Defamation League.[61] A 2006 opinion piece in the Jerusalem Post newspaper described him as "a friend, albeit a misguided one, of Israel and the Jewish people".[62] The Zionist Organization of America has led a campaign to protest Tutu's appearances at North American campuses.

Gaza

Desmond Tutu was appointed as the UN Lead for an investigation into the Israeli bombings in the Beit Hanoun November 2006 incident. Israel refused Tutu's delegation access, so the investigation didn't occur until 2008.

During that fact-finding mission, Tutu called the Gaza blockade an abomination[63] and compared Israel's behaviour to the military junta in Burma.

During the 2008–2009 Gaza War, Tutu called the Israeli offensive "war crimes".

Protests in the United States

In 2011, 27 members of the American Psychiatric Association boycotted the group's annual meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii to protest against the selection of Tutu as speaker, as they objected to Tutu’s statement that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", his description of Israel as an apartheid state, his call for academic and cultural boycotts of Israel, a position which conflicts with APA’s policy, and what the members regarded as his "strongly anti-Semitic comments" and "falsehoods about Israel". APA president Carol Bernstein invited Tutu to speak about South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission for the Karl Menninger lecture.[64][65][66]

In 2007, the president of the University of St Thomas in Minnesota cancelled a planned speech by Tutu, on the grounds that his presence might offend some members of the local Jewish community.[67] Many faculty members opposed this decision, and with some describing Tutu as the victim of a smear campaign. The group Jewish Voice for Peace led an email campaign calling on St Thomas to reconsider its decision,[68] which the president did and invited Tutu to campus.[69] Tutu declined the re-invitation, speaking instead at the Minneapolis Convention Center at an event hosted by Metro State University.[70] However, Tutu later addressed the issue two days later while making his final appearance at Metro State.

"There were those who tried to say 'Tutu shouldn’t come to [St.Thomas] to speak.' I was 10,000 miles away and I thought to myself, 'Ah, no,’ because there were many here who said 'No, come and speak,’" Tutu said. "People came and stood and had demonstrations to say 'Let Tutu speak.' [Metropolitan State] said 'Whatever, he can come and speak here.' Professor Toffolo and others said 'We stand for him.' So let us stand for them."[71]

China

Tutu wrote to the Chinese government demanding the release of dissident Yang Jianli in 2007.[72] He criticised China for not doing more against the Darfur genocide.[73] During the 2008 Tibetan unrest, Tutu praised the 14th Dalai Lama and said that the government of China should "listen to [his] pleas for... no further violence".[74] He later spoke to a rally calling on heads of states worldwide not to attend the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony "for the sake of the beautiful people of Tibet".[75]

United Nations role

In 2003, Desmond Tutu was elected to the board of directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.[76] He was named a member of the UN advisory panel on genocide prevention in 2006.[77]

Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun, where, in a November 2006 incident the Israel Defense Forces killed 19 civilians after troops wound up a week-long incursion aimed at curbing Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel from the town.[78] Tutu planned to travel to the Palestinian territory to "assess the situation of victims, address the needs of survivors and make recommendations on ways and means to protect Palestinian civilians against further Israeli assaults," according to the president of the UN Human Rights Council, Luis Alfonso De Alba.[79] Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions.[80] However, Tutu and British academic Christine Chinkin are now due to visit the Gaza Strip via Egypt and will file a report at the September 2008 session of the Human Rights Council.[81]

Against poverty

Before the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries. Tutu also called on an end to expensive taxes on anti-AIDS drugs.[82]

Following this summit, the G8 leaders promised to increase aid to developing countries by $48bn a year by 2010. Further, they gave their word of honour that they would do the best they could to achieve universal access to prevention and treatment for the millions and millions of people globally threatened by HIV/AIDS.

Before the 32nd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany, in 2007, Tutu called on the G8 to focus on poverty in the Third World. Following the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, it appeared that world leaders were determined as never before to set and meet specific goals regarding extreme poverty.[83]

Against Interventionism

In January 2003, Desmond Tutu attacked British Prime Minister Tony Blair's stance in supporting American President George W. Bush over Iraq. Tutu asked why Iraq was being singled out when Europe, India and Pakistan also had many weapons of mass destruction.[84] In 2012, Tutu pulled out of an event in South Africa at which Blair was also due to appear, citing what he described as the former UK prime minister's "morally indefensible" decision to attack Iraq,[85] and called for him to face trial for alleged war crimes at the International Criminal Court at The Hague.[86] Blair defended himself at the conference,[87] while Juan Cole observed that "Blair was paid thousands of dollars to attend the conference; if Tutu had gone, he would have spoken gratis."[88]

In January 2005, Desmond Tutu added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Camp X-Ray in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, referring to detentions without trial as "utterly unacceptable." Tutu compared these detentions to those under Apartheid. Tutu also emphasised that when South Africa had used those methods the country had been condemned; however when powerful countries such as Britain and the United States of America had invoked such power, the world was silent and in that silence accepted their methods even though the left charged that they violated essential human rights.[89]

In February 2006, Tutu repeated these statements after a UN report was published which called for the closure of the camp. Tutu stated that the Guantanamo camp was a stain on the character of the United States, while the legislation in Britain which gave a 28-day detention period for terror suspects was "excessive" and "untenable". Tutu claimed that arguments being made in Britain and the United States were similar to those the South African apartheid regime had used. "It is disgraceful and one cannot find strong enough words to condemn what Britain and the United States and some of their allies have accepted," said Tutu. Tutu also attacked Tony Blair's failed attempt to hold terrorist suspects in Britain for up to 90 days without charge. "Ninety days for a South African is an awful déjà-vu because we had in South Africa in the bad old days a 90-day detention law," he said. Under apartheid, as at Guantanamo, people were held for "unconscionably long periods" and then released, he said.[90]

In 2007, Tutu stated that the global "war on terror" could not be won if people were living in desperate conditions. Tutu said that the global disparity between rich and poor people creates instability.[91]

HIV, AIDS and TB

Desmond Tutu's supporters consider him a tireless campaigner for health and human rights, and he has been particularly vocal in support of controlling TB and HIV. He is Patron of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, a registered Section 21 non-profit organisation,[clarification needed] has been the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance and is patron of TB Alert, a UK charity working internationally.[92] In 2003 the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre was founded in Cape Town, while the Desmond Tutu TB Centre was founded in 2003 at Stellenbosch University. Tutu suffered from TB in his youth and has been active in assisting those afflicted, especially as TB and HIV/AIDS deaths have become intrinsically linked in South Africa. "Those of you who work to care for people suffering from AIDS and TB are wiping a tear from God’s eye," Tutu said.

On 20 April 2005, after Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected as Pope Benedict XVI, Tutu said he was sad that the Roman Catholic Church was unlikely to change its opposition to condoms amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa: "We would have hoped for someone more open to the more recent developments in the world, the whole question of the ministry of women and a more reasonable position with regards to condoms and HIV/AIDS."[93]

In 2007, statistics were released that indicated HIV and AIDS numbers were lower than previously thought in South Africa. However, Tutu described these statistics as "cold comfort" as it was unacceptable that 600 people died of AIDS in South Africa every day. Tutu also rebuked the government for wasting time by discussing what caused HIV/AIDS, which particularly attacks Mbeki and Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang for their denialist stance.[94]

Church reform

In 2002, Tutu called for a reform of the Anglican Communion in regard to how its leader, the Archbishop of Canterbury, is chosen. The ultimate appointment is made by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the British Prime Minister, who is in turn selecting from two candidates nominated by the Church of England's nominations commission.

Tutu said that the selection process will be properly democratic and representative only when the link between church and state is broken. In February 2006 Tutu took part in the 9th Assembly of the World Council of Churches, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There he manifested his commitment to ecumenism and praised the efforts of Christian churches to promote dialogue to diminish their differences. For Tutu, "a united church is no optional extra."

Bible

Tutu says he reads the Bible every day and recommends that people read it as a collection of books, not a single constitutional document: "You have to understand is that the Bible is really a library of books and it has different categories of material," he said. "There are certain parts which you have to say no to. The Bible accepted slavery. St Paul said women should not speak in church at all and there are people who have used that to say women should not be ordained. There are many things that you shouldn't accept."[95]

Gay rights

In the debate about Anglican views of homosexuality, Tutu has opposed traditional Christian disapproval of homosexuality. Commenting days after the election of Gene Robinson, an openly gay man, to be a bishop in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on 5 August 2003, Tutu said, "In our Church here in South Africa, that doesn't make a difference. We just say that at the moment, we believe that they should remain celibate and we don't see what the fuss is about."[96] Tutu has remarked that it is sad the church is spending time disagreeing on sexual orientation "when we face so many devastating problems – poverty, HIV/AIDS, war and conflict".[97]

Tutu has increased his criticism of conservative attitudes to homosexuality within his own church, equating what advocates call homophobia with racism, saying at a conference in Nairobi that he is "deeply disturbed that in the face of some of the most horrendous problems facing Africa, we concentrate on 'what do I do in bed with whom'".[98] In an interview with BBC Radio 4 on 18 November 2007, Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality and declared: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God."[99] Tutu has said that in future anti-gay laws would be regarded as just as wrong as apartheid laws.[100]

Tutu has lent his name to the fight against homophobia in Africa and around the world. He stated at the launching of the book Sex, Love and Homophobia that homophobia is a "crime against humanity" and "every bit as unjust" as apartheid. He added that "we struggled against apartheid in South Africa, supported by people the world over, because black people were being blamed and made to suffer for something we could do nothing about; our very skins... It is the same with sexual orientation. It is a given."[101]

Tutu has been more supportive on recent years of non-celibate gay Christian clergy, praising Gene Robinson and even writing the foreword for his autobiography, In the Eye of the Storm (2008).[102] He said of Robinson: "For someone in the eye of the storm buffeting our beloved Anglican Communion, Gene Robinson is so serene; he is not a wild-eyed belligerent campaigner. I was so surprised at his generosity toward those who have denigrated him and worse. Gene Robinson is a wonderful human being, and I am proud to belong to the same church as he."[103] He also wrote to the Revd Grayde Parsons praising the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)'s decision to allow non-celibate male and female clergy.[104]

In July 2013, Tutu said that he would rather go to hell than a homophobic heaven:[105]

I would refuse to go to a homophobic heaven. No, I would say sorry, I mean I would much rather go to the other place. I would not worship a God who is homophobic and that is how deeply I feel about this. I am as passionate about this campaign as I ever was about apartheid. For me, it is at the same level.

Women's rights

On 8 March 2009, Tutu joined the "Africa for women's rights" campaign launched by the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), the African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (ACDHRS), Femmes Africa Solidarité (FAS), Women's Aid Collective (WACOL), Women in Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF), Women and Law in South Africa (WLSA) and a hundred other African human rights and women's rights organisations. This campaign for the fulfilment of women's human rights, and the end of violence and discrimination against women, aims to generate mass mobilisation and draw maximum attention, to increase pressure on African states to ratify the international and regional women's human rights protection instruments, without reservation, and to respect them, in domestic laws and in practice.

Family planning

In 1994, Tutu said that he approved of artificial contraception and that abortion was acceptable in a number of situations, such as incest and rape. He specifically welcomed the aims of the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.[106] He accepted the full legalisation of abortion in South Africa, in 1996, despite some personal reservations[107]

Climate change

Desmond Tutu was at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) in Copenhagen. He made a speech in front of many at the event. Tutu was also a "Climate Ally" in the "tck tck tck Time for Climate Justice" campaign of the Global Humanitarian Forum and a 350.org messenger.[108] He also helped to lead a rally in 2011 in Durban, South Africa (We Have Faith:Act Now for Climate Justice Rally) in the run up to the COP17 negotiations; where he advocated for all governments to sign a binding document to ensure that climate justice is realised for all people. He focused on the needs of those most affected by climate change (namely those in developing nations) and the corporate greed feeding the current climate crisis.

US immigration laws

On 28 April 2011, Tutu published a strongly worded article about Arizona Senate Bill 1070, which criminalises illegal immigration into the US State of Arizona, and requires Arizona police to request immigration documentation of any person suspected of committing a crime, a clause which would require immigrants and citizens to carry documentation on their person at all times. He stated that he was "saddened today at the prospect of a young Hispanic immigrant in Arizona going to the grocery store and forgetting to bring her passport and immigration documents with her. I cannot be dispassionate about the fact that the very act of her being in the grocery store will soon be a crime in the state she lives in. Or that should a policeman hear her accent and form a 'reasonable suspicion' that she is an illegal immigrant, she can – and will – be taken into custody until someone sorts it out, while her children are at home waiting for their dinner." He urged the State of Arizona to create a new model to deal with the pitfalls of illegal immigration, one that "is based on a deep respect for the essential human rights Americans themselves have grown up enjoying."

Iraq War

Tutu has been a staunch opponent since the start of the 2003 Iraq War, saying that it has "destabilised and polarised the world to a greater extent than any other conflict in history". In September 2012, Tutu called for George Bush and Tony Blair to be tried for their role in the conflict by the International Criminal Court and that they should be made to "answer for their actions".[109]

Imprisonment of Chelsea Manning

Together with Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Desmond Tutu published a letter in support of Chelsea Manning, saying (in November 2012, nine months prior to Manning coming out as a trans woman in August 2013):

"The words attributed to Manning reveal that he went through a profound moral struggle between the time he enlisted and when he became a whistleblower. Through his experience in Iraq, he became disturbed by top-level policy that undervalued human life and caused the suffering of innocent civilians and soldiers. Like other courageous whistleblowers, he was driven foremost by a desire to reveal the truth" and, "The military prosecution has not presented evidence that Private Manning injured anyone by releasing secret documents... Nor has the prosecution denied that his motivations were conscientious."[110]

Other humanitarian initiatives

In 2009 Tutu joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a movie against all wars and for a global peace.[111][112]

Also in 2009, along with prominent chefs and celebrities like Daniel Boulud and Jean Rochefort, Desmond Tutu endorsed Action Against Hunger's No Hunger Campaign calling on the former Vice-President Al Gore to make a documentary film about world hunger.[113]

Academic role

In 1998, he was appointed as the Robert R Woodruff Visiting Professor at Emory University, Atlanta. He returned to Emory University the following year as the William R. Cannon Visiting Distinguished Professor. In 2000, he founded the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation to raise funds for the Desmond Tutu Peace Centre in Cape Town. In 2001 he launched the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation USA, which is designed to work with universities nationwide to create leadership academies emphasising peace, social justice and reconciliation.

In 2001, the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust, with funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, launched the Desmond Tutu Footprints of the Legends Awards to recognise leadership in combating prejudice, human rights, research and poverty eradication. Since 2004, he has been a visiting professor at King's College London. In 2007, 2010 and 2013, he joined 600 college students and sailed around the world with the Semester at Sea program.[114] Tutu addressed Gonzaga University's Class of 2012 on 13 May 2012 in Spokane, Washington.[115]

Tutu co-chairs 1GOAL Education for All campaign which was launched by Queen Rania of Jordan in August 2009 which aims to secure schooling for some 72 million children world-wide who cannot afford it, in accordance with the Millennium Development Goal promise of Education For All by 2015 giving them an opportunity to get education through the FIFA 1Goal campaign.[116][117]

Genome

In the ongoing effort to research the diversity of the human genome, Tutu donated some of his own cells to the project. They were sequenced as an example for a Bantu individual representing Sotho-Tswana and Nguni speakers (publication: February 2010).[118]

AWEPA

Tutu currently serves as the honorary chair of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa's (AWEPA) Eminent Advisory Board.[119]

Honours

On 16 October 1984, the then Bishop Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa".[120] This was seen as a gesture of support for him and The South African Council of Churches which he led at that time. In 1987 Tutu was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award.[121] It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations.[122] In 1992, he was awarded the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award. His 2010 book, Made for Goodness was awarded a Nautilus Book Award.

In June 1999, Tutu was invited to give the annual Wilberforce Lecture in Kingston upon Hull, commemorating the life and achievements of the anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce. Tutu used the occasion to praise the people of the city for their traditional support of freedom and for standing with the people of South Africa in their fight against apartheid. He was also presented with the freedom of the city.[123]

In 1978 Tutu was awarded a fellowship of King's College London, of which he is an alumnus. He returned to King's in 2004 as Visiting Professor in Post-Conflict Studies. The Students' Union nightclub, Tutu's, is named in his honour.[124]

In 1996 Tutu was the first recipient of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Award for Outstanding Service to the Anglican Communion, a new award created specially for him, and designated the highest possible award within the Anglican Communion, standing in precedence ahead of the previous highest award, the Cross of St Augustine, gold division.

In November 1999 Tutu was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Fribourg.

In June 1999 Tutu was elected an Honorary Fellow of Sidney Sussex College in the University of Cambridge, from which he has been awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Divinity.

In 2006 Tutu was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin, for his tremendous contributions to peace and discourse.

Freedom of the city awards have been conferred on Tutu in cities in Italy, Wales, England and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He has received numerous doctorates and fellowships at distinguished universities. He has been named a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur by France; Germany has awarded him the Order of Merit Grand Cross, and he received the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999. He is also the recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize, the King Hussein Prize and the Marion Doenhoff Prize for International Reconciliation and Understanding. In 2008, Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois proclaimed 13 May 'Desmond Tutu Day'. On his visit to Illinois, Tutu was awarded the Lincoln Leadership Prize and unveiled his portrait which will be displayed at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield.[125]

In October 2008, Tutu received the Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan in recognition of his lifelong work in defence of human rights and dignity.

In November 2008, Tutu was awarded the William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding.

World Justice Project

Desmond Tutu serves as an Honorary Co-Chairman for the World Justice Project which works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

The Forgiveness Project

Tutu is one of the patrons of The Forgiveness Project,[126] a UK-based charity that uses real stories of victims and perpetrators of crime to facilitate conflict resolution, break the cycle of vengeance and encourage behavioural change. As a supporter of their work,[127] Tutu joined Anita Roddick at the launch of The Forgiveness Project's exhibition, the F Word, at the Oxo Tower Gallery in January 2004 and on 12 May 2010 delivered the charity's inaugural annual lecture.[128]

Speaking to 800 people at St John's Smith Square in London on lecture's topic of "Is violence ever justified?" he talked about the process of truth and reconciliation, the transformative nature of forgiveness and the uniquely African concept of Ubuntu - 'I am me, because you are you', saying that when wars come to an end, only forgiveness enables people to fully move away from conflict.[129]

Archbishop Tutu was joined on stage by Mary Blewitt who lost 50 members of her family in the Rwandan genocide; Jo Berry whose father was killed in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing; and Patrick Magee, the former IRA activist who planted the bomb. The event was chaired by BBC broadcaster Edward Stourton.

Media and film appearances

  • I Am, documentary by Tom Shadyac (2010)
  • The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (for which Ferguson won a Peabody Award) (2009)
  • Fierce Light documentary by Velcrow Ripper (2008)
  • Iconoclasts Desmond Tutu and Richard Branson (2008)
  • I Am Because We Are (2008)
  • For the Bible Tells Me So (2007)
  • Virgin Radio (2007) – Tutu contacted Virgin Radio on 15 October 2007 in the "Who's Calling Christian" phone in where famous people ring in to raise a substantial amount of money for charity.
  • The Foolishness of God: Desmond Tutu and Forgiveness (2007) (post-production)
  • Our Story Our Voice (2007) (completed)
  • 2006 Trumpet Awards (2006) (TV)
  • Nobelity DVD (2006)
  • De skrev historie (1 episode, 2005)
  • The Shot That Shook the World (2005) (TV)
  • The Peace! DVD (2005) (V)
  • The Charlie Rose Show (1 episode, 2005)
  • Out of Africa: Heroes and Icons (2005) (TV)
  • Big Ideas That Changed the World (2005) (mini) TV Series
  • Breakfast with Frost (3 episodes, 2004–2005)
  • Tavis Smiley (1 episode, 2005)
  • The South Bank Show (1 episode, 2005)
  • Wall Street: A Wondering Trip (2004) (TV)
  • The Daily Show (1 episode, 2004)
  • Bonhoeffer (2003)
  • Long Night's Journey Into Day (2000)
  • Epidemic Africa (1999)
  • Cape Divided (1999)
  • A Force More Powerful (1999)
  • Gimme Hope Jo'anna the 1988 hit single by Eddy Grant, which was banned by the South African Government, mentions Tutu as "The Archbishop who's a peaceful man."
  • Tutu the 1986 album by Miles Davis is dedicated to Tutu. The title track, written by Marcus Miller, has become a jazz fusion standard.

Writings

Desmond Tutu is the author of seven collections of sermons and other writings:

  • Crying in the Wilderness, Eerdmans, 1982. ISBN 978-0-8028-0270-5
  • Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches, Skotaville, 1983. ISBN 978-0-620-06776-8
  • The Words of Desmond Tutu, Newmarket, 1989. ISBN 978-1-55704-719-9
  • The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution, Doubleday, 1994. ISBN 978-0-385-47546-4
  • Worshipping Church in Africa, Duke University Press, 1995. ASIN B000K5WB02
  • The Essential Desmond Tutu, David Phillips Publishers, 1997. ISBN 978-0-86486-346-1
  • No Future without Forgiveness, Doubleday, 1999. ISBN 978-0-385-49689-6
  • An African Prayerbook, Doubleday, 2000. ISBN 978-0-385-47730-7
  • God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time, Doubleday, 2004. ISBN 978-0-385-47784-0

Tutu has also co-authored or made other contributions to numerous books:

  • Bounty in Bondage: Anglican Church in Southern Africa – Essays in Honour of Edward King, Dean of Cape Town, with Frank England, Torguil Paterson, and Torquil Paterson (1989)
  • Resistance Art in South Africa, with Sue Williamson (1990)
  • The Rainbow People of God, with John Allen (1994)
  • Freedom from Fear: And Other Writings, with Václav Havel and Aung San Suu Kyi (1995)
  • Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu, with Michael J. Battle (1997)
  • Exploring Forgiveness, with Robert D. Enright and Joanna North (1998)
  • Love in Chaos: Spiritual Growth and the Search for Peace in Northern Ireland, with Mary McAleese (1999)
  • Race and Reconciliation in South Africa (Global Encounters: Studies in Comparative Political Theory), with William Vugt and G. Daan Cloete (2000)
  • South Africa: A Modern History, with T.R.H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders (2000)
  • At the Side of Torture Survivors: Treating a Terrible Assault on Human Dignity, with Bahman Nirumand, Sepp Graessner and Norbert Gurris (2001)
  • Place of Compassion, with Kenneth E. Luckman (2001)
  • Passion for Peace: Exercising Power Creatively, with Stuart Rees (2002)
  • Out of Bounds (New Windmills), with Beverley Naidoo (2003)
  • Fly, Eagle, Fly!, with Christopher Gregorowski and Niki Daly (2003)
  • Sex, Love and Homophobia: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Lives, with Amnesty International, Vanessa Baird and Grayson Perry (2004)
  • Toward a Jewish Theology of Liberation, Marc H. Ellis (2004) (Foreword)
  • Radical Compassion: The Life and Times of Archbishop Ted Scott, with Hugh McCullum (2004)
  • Third World Health: Hostage to First World Wealth, with Theodore MacDonald (2005)
  • Where God Happens: Discovering Christ in One Another and Other Lessons from the Desert Fathers, with Rowan Williams (2005)
  • Health, Trade and Human Rights, with Mogobe Ramose and Theodore H. MacDonald (2006)
  • The Soul of a New Cuisine: A Discovery of the Foods and Flavors of Africa, with Marcus Samuelsson, Heidi Sacko Walters and Gediyon Kifle (2006)
  • The Gospel According to Judas by Benjamin Iscariot, by Jeffrey Archer and Frank Moloney (2007) – Tutu narrates the audiobook version
  • Made for Goodness: And Why This Makes All The Difference, with Mpho Tutu (2010), winner of the Nautilus Book Award
  • God Is Not A Christian: And Other Provocations, with John Allen (2011)
  • Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril Foreword. Trinity University Press, (2011)
  • The Rise of the Reluctant Innovator (edited by Ken Banks). Foreword. London Publishing Partnership, (2013)
  • The Global Guide to Animal Protection (edited by Andrew Linzey). Foreword. (2013)

Tutu has also written articles for Greater Good, a magazine published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism and peaceful human relationships.

A British children's author, Nick Butterworth, dedicated his book The Whisperer to Tutu.

References

  1. "Desmond Tutu: Tributes pour in for Archbishop, a man of principle and a voice for the voiceless"
  2. "Tutu to be honoured with Gandhi Peace Award"
  3. "Archbishop Desmond Tutu pulls out of event with Tony Blair because of Iraq War"
  4. "Nelson Mandela memorial service held at Westminster Abbey"
  5. "Desmond Tutu - A Man with a Mission"
  6. "Presentation Speech of 1984 Nobel Prize for Peace"
  7. "Desmond Tutu. A Biography", 2004, ISBN 978-0-313-32860-2
  8. "Cape Town Child Welfare - Our Patron Archbishop Desmond Tutu"
  9. "blueplaques.co.za"
  10. "Vilakazi Street under siege – by snakes"
  11. "Taking the fight against prostate cancer to South Africans" Prostate Cancer Foundation of South Africa
  12. "St John's High School – Desmond Tutu at Saint John's"
  13. "Butler Offers Tutu Up as Living Relic, Rather Than Leader"
  14. "Tutu Urges U.S. Action"
  15. "Tutu's story"
  16. "The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution" Doubleday, 1994, ISBN 0-385-47546-2
  17. "Former aide John Allen’s authorised biography offers an intimate view of Desmond Tutu"
  18. "Tutu in Hay appeal for Zimbabwe". BBC News (28 May 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  19. "Fact Sheet: Archbishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu"
  20. "Tutu calls for child registration"
  21. "South Africa's Tutu Announces Retirement.". CNN. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  22. "Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe"
  23. "Controversy: Tutu, Mbeki & the freedom to criticise"
  24. "South Africa's Desmond Tutu: 'I will not vote for ANC'"
  25. "Excluding Afrikaners"
  26. "Mandela's funeral"
  27. "Tutu warns of poverty 'powder keg'"
  28. "Quotes of the Week"
  29. "Interview with Tutu"
  30. "South Africa is losing its way – Tutu"
  31. "Tutu Warns of ‘Assault’ on Democracy"
  32. "Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu announce The Elders"
  33. "Kofi Annan appointed Chair of The Elders"
  34. "Muhammad Yunus steps down"
  35. "The Elders congratulate Aung San Suu Kyi ahead of her appearance in parliament in Burma/Myanmar"
  36. "The Elders: Our Work"
  37. "Tutu denounces rights abuses"
  38. "Desmond Tutu"
  39. "The Elders to turn spotlight on neglected issue of child marriage"
  40. "The Elders: Donors"
  41. "Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown"
  42. "Tutu urges Zimbabwe intervention"
  43. "Working with a rabble-rouser"
  44. "Mugabe must step down with dignity"
  45. "Apartheid in the Holy Land"
  46. "Supersessionism"
  47. "Israeli apartheid"
  48. "Tutu says Israel's policy in territories remind him of SA" 1 February 1989, Jerusalem Post
  49. "Tutu condemns Israeli apartheid"
  50. "South African Jews and the Apartheid Crisis"
  51. "Israelis uneasy about Tutu's Yule visit" Toronto Star
  52. "Tutu Urges Jews to Forgive The Nazis" 27 December 1989
  53. "Tutu assailed" Chicago Sun-Times 30 December 1989
  54. "ADL Blasts Appointment of Desmond Tutu As Head of U.N. Fact Finding Mission To Gaza"
  55. "Bigotry and a corruption of the truth" Melanie Phillips
  56. "Tutu slammed at racism conference – World News | IOL News"
  57. [1] "Global March 2 Jerusalem – South African Personalities". Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  58. "Global March to challenge the 'Judaization' of Jerusalem"
  59. http://www.comeandsee.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=464
  60. http://www.sabeel.org/documents/A%20nonviolence%20sabeel%20second%20revision.pdf
  61. http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=7706&print=yes
  62. Derfner, Larry (15 October 2006). Anti-Semite and Jew. Jerusalem Post. p. 15.
  63. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7425082.stm
  64. Boycotts and Protests To Meet APA Keynote Speaker, Desmond Tutu. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  65. Pittsburgh psychiatrist opposed to Desmond Tutu speech at national meeting. The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  66. "Controversy surrounds Tutu's isle appearance". Honolulu Star Advertiser. (12 May 2011). Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  67. http://www.startribune.com/462/story/1463394.html
  68. http://www.startribune.com/local/11591286.html
  69. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013055725/http://www.stthomas.edu/bulletin/news/200741/Wednesday/Dease10_10_07.cfm
  70. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/04/12/tutu2/
  71. http://www.nathanielminor.com/writing/tutu.html
  72. Yang Jianli's Meeting with Archbishop Desmond Tutu in Boston.
  73. Now Archbishop Desmond Tutu urges boycott of Beijing Olympics over China's failure to act in Darfur. Daily Mail. 14 February 2008
  74. Tutu, Desmond. Statement on Tibet and China. Washington Post, 25 March 2008
  75. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7337925.stm
  76. http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR300072003?open&of=ENG-391
  77. http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2009103,00.html
  78. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1162378513178
  79. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856613&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
  80. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/11/news/UN_GEN_UN_Israel_Tutu.php
  81. http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2328948,00.html
  82. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4356821.stm
  83. http://www.worldaidscampaign.info/index.php/en/media__1/press_releases/desmond_tutu_keep_your_promises
  84. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2628607.stm
  85. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9504259/Archbishop-Desmond-Tutu-pulls-out-of-event-with-Tony-Blair-because-of-Iraq-War.html
  86. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/02/desmond-tutu-tony-blair-iraq
  87. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-31-discovering-tony-blair
  88. http://www.juancole.com/2012/09/tutu-slams-tony-blair-for-illegal-iraq-war-boycotts-leadership-conference.html
  89. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4167369.stm
  90. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4723512.stm
  91. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/16/talkasia.tutu/
  92. TB Alert website. Tbalert.org (23 January 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  93. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4463873.stm
  94. http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Aids_Focus/0,,2-7-659_2230486,00.html
  95. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/15/ctw.tutu.climate.interview/index.html
  96. http://uk.gay.com/headlines/4846
  97. http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?idCategory=33&idsub=128&id=2141
  98. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-3528.html
  99. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7100295.stm
  100. Desmond Tutu: Anti-gay laws ‘as wrong as apartheid’. Retrieved 21 July 2012
  101. Baird, Vanessa; Tutu, Desmond, Archbishop (foreword); Perry, Grayson (Preface): Sex, Love and Homophobia, foreword, Amnesty International, 2004.
  102. 2008, English, Book edition: In the eye of the storm / Gene Robinson ; foreword by Desmond Tutu. Robinson, V. Gene, 1947-
  103. [2]
  104. Archbishop Tutu praises the PCUSA, 12 October 2011
  105. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23464694
  106. Tutu Challenges Vatican On Birth Control, Abortion. Population-security.org (16 June 1976). Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  107. http://archive.wfn.org/1996/05/msg00707.html
  108. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/
  109. http://allafrica.com/stories/201209030510.html
  110. "Nobel Laureates Salute Bradley Manning"
  111. http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/15/desmond-tutu/
  112. http://www.soldatidipace.blogspot.com/
  113. Renowned Chefs Call for End to Hunger-Related Deaths. Action Against Hunger (15 October 2009). Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  114. http://www.virginia.edu/uvatoday/newsRelease.php?id=621
  115. http://www.gonzaga.edu/campus-resources/offices-and-services-a-z/university-events/commencement/default2012.asp
  116. From the soccer pitch to the schoolroom – Another View; By Desmond Tutu; 4 July 2010; Times LIVE
  117. 1Goal to educate millions; 4 July 2010; Johannesburg, Sport24, (News24). Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  118. Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa; Schuster, Stephan C. Nature 463, 943–947 (18 February 2010)
  119. http://awepa.org/index.php/en/about-us/organisational-structure/eminent-advisory-board.html
  120. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1984/press.html
  121. http://books.google.com/?id=S6UYpCoGUkgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=1987+Tutu+was+awarded+the+Pacem+in+Terris+Award
  122. http://www.habitat.org/newsroom/2007archive/11_01_2007_HFH_Freedom_Award.aspx
  123. http://www.wilberforcelecturetrust.co.uk/index.php/lectures/lecture-detail/1999-lecture-by-archbishop-desmond-tutu/
  124. King's College London, "Famous People: Desmond Tutu".
  125. http://www.illinois.gov/pressreleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=2&RecNum=6830
  126. http://theforgivenessproject.com/about-us/supporters/
  127. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bwykwi5MGU
  128. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marina-cantacuzino/desmond-tutu-meets-victim_b_575557.html
  129. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/forgiveness-cannot-be-demanded-says-tutu-1972201.html

Further reading

  • "Bishop Tutu’s Christology." Cross Currents 34 (1984): 492–99.
  • Shirley du Boulay, Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless (Eerdmans, 1988).
  • Michael J. Battle, Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu (Pilgrim Press, 1997).
  • Steven D. Gish, Desmond Tutu: A Biography (Greenwood, 2004).
  • John Allen, Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu (Rider Books, 2007).

External links

Wikipedia.png This page imported content from Wikipedia on 3 March 2014.
Wikipedia is not affiliated with Wikispooks.   Original page source here