Difference between revisions of "Phoenix Program"
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| − | [[Douglas Valentine]] | + | The '''Phoenix Program''', as described by [[Douglas Valentine]], was a research program into the utility of extreme violence for purposes of [[social control]]. The [[Vietnam War]] allowed the [[CIA]] to carry out systematic terrorisation of whole populations, using [[murder]], [[torture]] and [[rape]], developing expertise which they refined in [[Latin America]] in the [[1970s]] before applying them in [[Mexico]] and increasingly in [[USA]] itself.<ref name=ug693>http://www.unwelcomeguests.net/693</ref> |
[[image:Phoenix Program chopper.png|left|260px]] | [[image:Phoenix Program chopper.png|left|260px]] | ||
==Official narrative== | ==Official narrative== | ||
In 2015, citing [[Alfred McCoy]], [[Wikipedia]] suggests that by 1972, Phoenix operatives had neutralized 81,740 suspected NLF operatives, informants and supporters, of whom between 26,000 and 41,000 were killed.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Alfred W. McCoy|McCoy, Alfred W.]]|title=A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror|publisher=Macmillan|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8050-8041-4|page=68|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVwUYSBwtKcC&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref name=hersh03>{{cite journal |authorlink=Seymour Hersh |last=Hersh|first=Seymour|title=Moving Targets|journal=The New Yorker|date=December 15, 2003|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/12/15/031215fa_fact?currentPage=all|accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref> Typically, it has a section entitled "Allegations of torture". | In 2015, citing [[Alfred McCoy]], [[Wikipedia]] suggests that by 1972, Phoenix operatives had neutralized 81,740 suspected NLF operatives, informants and supporters, of whom between 26,000 and 41,000 were killed.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Alfred W. McCoy|McCoy, Alfred W.]]|title=A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror|publisher=Macmillan|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8050-8041-4|page=68|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVwUYSBwtKcC&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref name=hersh03>{{cite journal |authorlink=Seymour Hersh |last=Hersh|first=Seymour|title=Moving Targets|journal=The New Yorker|date=December 15, 2003|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/12/15/031215fa_fact?currentPage=all|accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref> Typically, it has a section entitled "Allegations of torture". | ||
| + | ==Research== | ||
| + | The CIA had a long standaing interest in interrogation techniques, including death threats and torture or prisoners. While the physical pain is relatively predictable, mental factors are crucial. If the effects on individuals are complex, how much more complex the effects on groups such as a village or an entire nation. When does psychopathic violence cause populations to submit, when to resist? Such distinctions are clearly of great importance to any group ready to try to control subject populations by any means necessary. [[William Casey]], station chief in Saigon, decided to make these issues the subject of formal research{{cn}}. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The research was not only on subject populations, but upon those doing the torturing - while sadism can be learned, healthy non-sociopathic subjects can be crippled by [[PTSD]] after being involved in such atrocities. This observation helped the perpetrators understand the need for enemy images to desensitize personnel, hence campaigns such as the "[[war on terrorism]]". | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Later application== | ||
| + | Lessons learned from the Phoenix Program facilitated [[US intervention]]s worldwide, as refined techniques were applied across the world in a range of violent US-backed interventions in a range of locations from South America to [[Indonesia]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==South America== | ||
| + | In the [[1970s]], the CIA used the tactics of Phoenix Program to suppress democratic self-expression in [[South America]].<ref name=ug693/> One of the legacies of such brutal government policies is the fact that South America now boasts the most widespread opposition to repression such as [[torture]] and [[kidnapping]] worldwide. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==North America== | ||
| + | The amoral calculus of might is right is increasingly being applied in Mexico and in USA itself.<ref name=ug693/> | ||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
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Revision as of 05:17, 16 September 2016
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| Date | 1965 - 1972 |
|---|---|
| Location | Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia |
| Interest of | Jim Steele, Douglas Valentine |
The Phoenix Program, as described by Douglas Valentine, was a research program into the utility of extreme violence for purposes of social control. The Vietnam War allowed the CIA to carry out systematic terrorisation of whole populations, using murder, torture and rape, developing expertise which they refined in Latin America in the 1970s before applying them in Mexico and increasingly in USA itself.[1]
Contents
Official narrative
In 2015, citing Alfred McCoy, Wikipedia suggests that by 1972, Phoenix operatives had neutralized 81,740 suspected NLF operatives, informants and supporters, of whom between 26,000 and 41,000 were killed.[2][3] Typically, it has a section entitled "Allegations of torture".
Research
The CIA had a long standaing interest in interrogation techniques, including death threats and torture or prisoners. While the physical pain is relatively predictable, mental factors are crucial. If the effects on individuals are complex, how much more complex the effects on groups such as a village or an entire nation. When does psychopathic violence cause populations to submit, when to resist? Such distinctions are clearly of great importance to any group ready to try to control subject populations by any means necessary. William Casey, station chief in Saigon, decided to make these issues the subject of formal research[citation needed].
The research was not only on subject populations, but upon those doing the torturing - while sadism can be learned, healthy non-sociopathic subjects can be crippled by PTSD after being involved in such atrocities. This observation helped the perpetrators understand the need for enemy images to desensitize personnel, hence campaigns such as the "war on terrorism".
Later application
Lessons learned from the Phoenix Program facilitated US interventions worldwide, as refined techniques were applied across the world in a range of violent US-backed interventions in a range of locations from South America to Indonesia.
South America
In the 1970s, the CIA used the tactics of Phoenix Program to suppress democratic self-expression in South America.[1] One of the legacies of such brutal government policies is the fact that South America now boasts the most widespread opposition to repression such as torture and kidnapping worldwide.
North America
The amoral calculus of might is right is increasingly being applied in Mexico and in USA itself.[1]
Related Document
| Title | Type | Publication date | Author(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Document:Masters of Persuasion | article | 2005 | David Guyatt |
- ↑ a b c http://www.unwelcomeguests.net/693
- ↑ McCoy, Alfred W. (2006). A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Macmillan. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8050-8041-4.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
- ↑ Hersh, Seymour (December 15, 2003). "Moving Targets". The New Yorker. Retrieved 20 November 2013.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
