Backdoor

Backdoor
Interest of	Dragos Ruiu
A covert means of gaining unauthorised and/or unmonitored access to a computing system.

A backdoor to a computing system is a means intended to provide unauthorised access. Zero day exploits may be used to plausibly deny that a backdoor was deliberately installed and abused. The extent to which modern electronic equipment is routinely backdoored is matter of speculation, but there are examples that clearly show that some pieces of hardware are manufactured with backdoors and the intention to keep the vulnerability, even if it is reported as a bug.

Hardware backdoors by manufacturers

Although there are countless brands of computers, the differences between them are superficial; almost all modern computing devices rely on CPUs from a very small number of manufacturers. Some design flaws may be deliberate, or after discovery are kept secret for as long as possible.

Smartphones

Smartphones connect to cell towers on a hardware level using a so called base band processor (not the CPU). The ccc, a German computer club, has reported that (NSA) backdoors exist on this level. Arguably, the operating systems (Android and iOS) are designed on a system level (i.e. update functionality and API structure and tools for app development) as well as the application level (browsers, etc.) to spy and backdoor the user.

Intel

Modern chips from Intel all include the Intel Management Engine (IME), which is provides an extra feature set. This might be usable as a low level backdoor. Although the lack of public documentation hinders its understanding, hackers have reverse engineered it to some extent. From a user perspective the IME "sounds like a bad joke, or a scene inspired by George Orwell's work" because it is closed source, exempt from power off, has full memory access, continuously runs in the background and embedded on the CPU core dye. From the perspective of deep state actors, this is another step toward a centralized deep point of control and manipulation shielded from public scrutiny.

UEFI

Computers use an inbuilt low level system to load a full operating system (such as Windows). Previous referred to as BIOS, modern computers use UEFI, which can support remote diagnostics and repair of computers, even with no operating system installed. It may have design flaws and harbour backdoors.

Deliberate design flaws

It stands to reason that some "bugs" and design flaws in commercially available hardware are deliberate ("planned features"), to give state actors speedy access to any system. This has been demonstrated to be the case with the manufacturer Sercomm.

Hardware backdoors by intelligence agencies

USA

In 2014 it was revealed via Edward Snowden that the NSA routinely backdoors networking hardware exported from the USA. Rewriting the firmware of hard drives as part of an attack has been reported by Kaspersky in 2015.

China

Chinese intelligence has attached tiny chips, mainly to Supermicro boards, since at least 2008.

Guardian laptops

The peculiar destruction of Laptops from The Guardian that held part of the Snowden archive, which was reported about by Privacy International in 2014, showed that GCHQ targeted specific chips on the mainboard and related components, while it could have chosen to instead/or in addition shred the whole hardware to conceal this very specific action. Intelligence agencies, when they get initial access to a system through a browser may choose, depending on the capability and value of a target, to not write the data for their surveillance tools on the hard drive where it could more or less easily be found, but on these very chips whose firmware can likely be rewritten, as it is known to be the case with all USB components. This would make it possible to bypass all security monitoring and measures initiated on the level of the operating system running on the device. It is not clear if the restitution by GCHQ, the way it was done, was deliberate to communicate this very fact, or by mistake.

Bad bios

Bad bios was a complex malware that IT security researcher Dragos Ruiu reported about in 2013, which had the hallmarks of a very advanced attack that aims at persistence in the hardware. According to his account back then, the malware could infect computers via USB, could get persistence in the system while not using the regular storage space and it communicated with other infected devices via inaudible sound. All attack angles and "features" have at the time already been proven as possible by security researchers, the reporting however was never followed up on and Ruiu made no further comment.

Operating system

Full article: Operating system

Open source operating systems, by definition, allow public access to the source code, which allows for the discovery of backdoors. The most widely used open source operating system is Linux, generally reckoned to be less vulnerable to backdoors than closed source alternatives. Although Microsoft is not known to have made a formal admission, the discovery of a debugging symbol name "_NSAKEY" in Windows 98 is by some interpreted as evidence of an NSA backdoor in that system.

Software

Full article: Software

Some operating systems routinely ship with pre-installed malware and/or manufacturers' software of dubious pedigree. This applies not only to closed source OS, but also Android.

Installation

Installation of backdoors is a common payload of malware. Exodus is piece of spyware that eSurv produced to order for the Italian government. It was revealed to permanently create backdoors, lowering the security of the devices on which it was installed. Since this is illegal under Italian law, once this was publicised, the Italian police began an investigation into eSurv.

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