UKUSA

UKUSA   (Treaty)
Type	international
Exposed by	Nicky Hager
Membership	•  UK •  USA •  Australia •  Canada •  New Zealand
The 1946 secret agreement between the UK (including Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and USA concerning Communications intelligence sharing. Also known as The 5 Eyes. It is still operational.

UKUSA Countries
Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom United States of America

Harry Hinsley, Sir Edward Travis and Brig Tiltman, who helped negotiate the intelligence sharing agreement between Britain and the US, in Washington in November 1945 Photo: NATIONAL ARCHIVES

'UKUSA' is the somewhat obvious acronym accorded the March 1946 secret agreement between the UK and USA concerning Communications intelligence sharing and under which the global Echelon system was built. Both the agreement itself and the Echelon system continue in operation (July 2010) with the technical capabilities of Echelon undoubtedly vastly greater than envisaged for it at the outset. Part of the agreement states:

“It will be contrary to this agreement to reveal its existence to any third party whatever” and that “each party will seek the agreement of the other to any action with third parties and will take no action until its advisibility is agreed upon.”

This explains why, in spite of its existence being widely accepted for decades, it has never been officially acknowledged.

The consequent Ministerial 'Omerta' has recently produced moments of high farce, as in the matter of allegations of UK collusion in torture, with the then UK Home Secretary David Miliband going through all manner of contortions to explain why intelligence documents that proved Binyam Mohammed's allegations could not be made public. Pre-emptive deflection of attention on the agreement has often taken the form of emphasising an alleged UK-USA 'Special Relationship' - an ambiguous phrase usually understood in cultural/language etc terms but equally applicable in logic to the UKUSA agreement itself - all of which is illustrative of the devious workings of the bureaucratic mind when faced with a dilema.

The agreement has probably undergone it's own evolution too. However, as is amply illustrated by ministerial evasions it is not only still operational but highly valued by the UK - crocodile tears and backside-covering notwithstanding.

A series of documents relating to the setting up of the agreement and the first few years of its operation were declassified in June 2010 and are available on the UK National Archives web site . A more substantial collection covering the period 1940-1956 is available from the US NSA website.

A draft of the original agreement dated 1 November 1945 in available on the Wikispooks site and linked to below

"The 5 Eyes"

This phrase is used to refer to the members of UKUSA.

2014 Legal Challenge

In 2014 Privacy International brought a legal challenge to the European court of human rights, arguing that the UKUSA agreement should be made public. Rosa Curling, of the law firm Leigh Day, which represents PI, stated: "The UK's Freedom of Information Act precludes government authorities from disclosing to the public information directly or indirectly supplied by GCHQ. This absolute exemption is unlawful and contrary to article 10 of the European convention on human rights, which provides for the right to freedom of expression, which includes the right to receive information. It cannot be correct that all information, without exception, directly or indirectly supplied by GCHQ is exempt from public disclosure. With the credibility and public confidence in the activities of the UK's secret service at an all-time low, it is crucial that the [Strasbourg] court considers whether the current darkness in which GCHQ operates is allowed to continue."

Security and intelligence agencies

Although the UKUSA alliance is often associated with the ECHELON system, processed intelligence is reliant on multiple sources of information and the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence. The following table provides an overview of the government agencies involved and their respective responsibilities within the "Five Eyes" community:

Country	Signals intelligence	Defence intelligence	Security intelligence	Human intelligence
United States	National Security Agency (NSA)	DIA	FBI	CIA
United Kingdom	Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)	DIS	MI5	MI6
Australia	Australian Signals Directorate (ASD)	DIO	ASIO	ASIS
Canada	Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC)	CDI	CSIS	CSIS
New Zealand	Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB)	DDIS	SIS	SIS

 

Known members

All 5 of the members already have pages here:

Member	Description
Australia	A large island nation in the southern hemisphere which is pioneering universal surveillance of its citizenry.
Canada	If tar sands are counted, Canada possesses the 3rd largest oil reserves of any nation state.
New Zealand	An island state next to Australia which "has become a preferred bolthole for the ultra rich". Aggressively used contact tracing and lockdowns during the COVID-19 event.
UK	The biggest Island in Europe. It was a world power with massive influence for over 4 centuries.
US	The United States is the single biggest military spender in the world, with a higher 2020 expenditure than the next ten countries combined. Its infrastructure has been described to be in disrepair since the late 1980s.

 

Related Documents

Title	Type	Publication date	Author(s)	Description
Document:GCHQ and Me: My Life Unmasking British Eavesdroppers	Article	3 August 2015	Duncan Campbell	No one at the May 2015 conference on intelligence, security and privacy argued against greater openness. Thanks to Edward Snowden and those who courageously came before, the need for public accountability and review has become unassailable.
Document:Julian Assange at Moment of Truth	Video transcript	15 September 2014	Julian Assange	Speech by Julian Assange to the Moment of Truth event in New Zealand on 15 September 2014
Document:UK Intelligence And Security Report, 2003	report	June 2003	Richard M. Bennett Katie Bennett	A compendious summary of the UK Intelligence And Security agencies, including people, events and places.
File:Hw-80-2.pdf	agreement	1 November 1945	US UK	The 1945 draft UK-USA agreement
File:Secret Power.pdf	book	1996	Nicky Hager	A detailed account of how the integration of New Zealand into the UKUSA global signals interception system was achieved with neither the knowledge not consent of the country's senior politicians - in particular Prime minister David Lange who wrote the foreword to this book. It also deals with the infamous Rainbow Warrior incident in detail

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External Links

• The Document that formalised the 'special-relationship' with the US
• Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence - The Guardian 25 June 2010