Iran/Nuclear weapons

Iran/Nuclear weapons
Type	timeline
Interest of	• Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan • Erik van Sabben

Stuxnet was developed by NSA and Unit 8200 to try to sabotage Iranian efforts to enrich uranium.

Timeline of warnings of alleged Iranian nuclear weapons program

Earliest warnings: 1979-84

Fear of Iran joining the 'nuclear club' predates the 1979 Islamic revolution, when the pro-West Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was negotiated with the US, France and West Germany and embarked on a nuclear-energy spending spree that led to the building of some 20 reactors.

• Late 1970s: US receives intelligence that the Shah had "set up a clandestine nuclear weapons development program."

• 1979: Shah deposed in the Iranian revolution which ushers in the Islamic Republic. The US then stops supplying highly enriched uranium (HEU) to Iran. The revolutionary government guided by Ayatollah Khomeini condemns nuclear weapons and energy, and for a time stops all nuclear projects.

• 1984: Soon after West German engineers had visit the unfinished Bushehr nuclear reactor, Jane's Defence Weekly quotes West German intelligence sources as saying that Iran's production of a bomb "is entering its final stages." US Senator [Alan Cranston]] claims "Iran is seven years away from making a weapon."

1992 - Israel paints Iran as Enemy No. 1

Following the 1979 revolution, Israel pursued a 'Persian wedge' against its local Arab enemies and cultivated substantial but secret business with the Islamic Republic. The 'Persian Wedge' program came to nothing and, from the early 1990's when Israel's own posession of a clandestine nuclear arsenal was already well known and understood, concerted efforts by Tel Aviv to portray Iran as a new and existential threat began.

• 1992: Israeli parliamentarian Benjamin Netanyahu tells his colleagues that Iran is 3 to 5 years from being able to produce a nuclear weapon – and that the threat had to be "uprooted by an international front headed by the US."

• 1992: Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres tells French TV that Iran is set to have nuclear warheads by 1999. "Iran is the greatest threat and greatest problem in the Middle East," Peres warns, "because it seeks the nuclear option while holding a highly dangerous stance of extreme religious militancy."

• 1992: Joseph Alpher, a former official of Israel's Mossad spy agency, says "Iran has to be identified as Enemy No. 1. Iran's nascent nuclear program "really gives Israel the jitters."

1992-97 - US joins the warnings

Alarm bells are already being sounded in Washington. In early 1992 a task force of the House Republican Research Committee claimed that there was a "98 percent certainty that Iran already had all (or virtually all) of the components required for two or three operational nuclear weapons."

Similar predictions received airtime, including one from then-CIA chief Robert Gates that Iran's nuclear program could be a "serious problem" in five years or less.

• 1992: Leaked copy of the Pentagon's "Defense Strategy for the 1990s" makes little reference to Iran, despite laying out seven scenarios for potential future conflict that stretch from Iraq to North Korea.

• 1995: The New York Times conveys the fears of senior US and Israeli officials that "Iran is much closer to producing nuclear weapons than previously thought" – about five years away – and that Iran’s nuclear bomb is “at the top of the list” of dangers in the coming decade. The report speaks of an "acceleration of the Iranian nuclear program," claims that Iran "began an intensive campaign to develop and acquire nuclear weapons" in 1987, and says Iran was "believed" to have recruited scientists from the former Soviet Union and Pakistan to advise them.

• 1997: The Christian Science Monitor reports that US pressure on Iran's nuclear suppliers had "forced Iran to adjust its suspected timetable for a bomb. Experts now say Iran is unlikely to acquire nuclear weapons for eight or 10 years."

Rhetoric escalates against 'axis of evil': 1998-2002

Iran was putting the pieces of its strategic puzzle together. A US spy satellite detected the launch of an Iranian medium-range missile, sparking speculation about the danger posed to Israel.

• 1998: The New York Times said that Israel was less safe as a result of the launch even though Israel alone in the Middle East possessed both nuclear weapons and the long-range missiles to drop them anywhere. "The major reaction to this is going to be from Israel, and we have to worry what action the Israelis will take," the Times quoted a former intelligence official as saying. An unidentified expert said: "This test shows Iran is bent on acquiring nuclear weapons, because no one builds an 800-mile missile to deliver conventional warheads."

• 1998: The same week, former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld reports to Congress that Iran could build an intercontinental ballistic missile – one that could hit the US – within five years. The CIA gave a timeframe of 12 years.

• 2002: CIA warns that the danger from nuclear-tipped missiles, especially from Iran and North Korea, is higher than during the cold war. Robert Walpole, then a top CIA officer for strategic and nuclear programs, tells a Senate panel that Iran's missile capability had grown more quickly than expected in the previous two years – putting it on par with North Korea. The threat "will continue to grow as the capabilities of potential adversaries mature," he says.

• 2002: President George W. Bush labels Iran as part of the "axis of evil," along with Iraq and North Korea.

Revelations from inside Iran: 2002-05

In August 2002, the Iranian opposition group Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK, a.k.a. MKO) announced that Iran is building an underground uranium enrichment facility at Natanz, and a heavy water reactor at Arak. It is widely believed that the evidence had been passed to the MEK by Israeli intelligence.

Enrichment and reactors are not forbidden to Iran as a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), but the failure to disclose the work prompts an IAEA investigation and much closer scrutiny. Iran insists its efforts are peaceful, but is found in breach of its IAEA safeguards agreement, and accused by the IAEA of a "pattern of concealment."

• 2004: The US Secretary of State Colin Powell tells reporters that Iran had been working on technology to fit a nuclear warhead onto a missile. "We are talking about information that says they not only have [the] missiles but information that suggests they are working hard about how to put the two together," he said.

• 2005: US presents 1,000 pages of designs and other documentation allegedly retrieved from a computer laptop in Iran the previous year, which are said to detail high-explosives testing and a nuclear-capable missile warhead. The “alleged studies,” as they have since been called, are dismissed by Iran as forgeries by hostile intelligence services.

Back-tracking on the estimate: 2006-09

• 2006: The drums of war beat faster after the New Yorker’s Seymour Hersh quotes US sources saying that a strike on Iran is all but inevitable, and that there are plans to use tactical nuclear weapons against buried Iranian facilities.

• 2007: President Bush warns that a nuclear-armed Iran could lead to "World War III." US Vice President Dick Cheney had previously warned of "serious consequences" if Iran did not give up its nuclear program.

• 2007: A month later, an unclassified National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iran is released, which controversially judges with "high confidence" that Iran had given up its nuclear weapons effort in fall 2003. The report, meant to codify the received wisdom of America's 16 spy agencies, turns decades of Washington assumptions upside down. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad calls the report a "victory for the Iranian nation." U.S. President George W. Bush remained hawkish, despite the report, saying on Tuesday that, "Iran was dangerous, Iran is dangerous and Iran will be dangerous [...]".

• June 2008: The US Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton predicts that Israel will attack Iran before January 2009, taking advantage of a window before the next US president came to office.

• May 2009: US Senate Foreign Relations Committee reports states: "There is no sign that Iran's leaders have ordered up a bomb."

Israel's one-year timeframe disproved: 2010-11

Despite reports and intelligence assessments to the contrary, Israeli and many US officials continue to assume that Iran is determined to have nuclear weapons as soon as possible.

• August 2010: An article by Jeffrey Goldberg in The Atlantic's September issue is published online, outlining a scenario in which Israel would chose to launch a unilateral strike against Iran with 100 aircraft, "because a nuclear Iran poses the gravest threat since Hitler to the physical survival of the Jewish people." Drawing on interviews with "roughly 40 current and past Israeli decision makers about a military strike" and American and Arab officials, Mr. Goldberg predicts that Israel will launch a strike by July 2011. The story notes previous Israeli strikes on nuclear facilities in Iraq and Syria, and quotes Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu saying, "You don't want a messianic apocalyptic cult controlling atomic bombs. When the wide-eyed believer gets hold of the reins of power and the weapons of mass death, then the world should start worrying, and that's what is happening in Iran."

• 2010: US officials note that Iran's nuclear program has been slowed by four sets of UN Security Council sanctions and a host of US and EU measures. The Stuxnet computer virus also played havoc through 2011 with Iran's thousands of spinning centrifuges that enrich uranium.

• January 2011: When Meir Dagan steps down as Director of Mossad, he says that Iran would not be able to produce a nuclear weapon until 2015. "Israel should not hasten to attack Iran, doing so only when the sword is upon its neck," Mr. Dagan warned. Later he said that attacking Iran would be "a stupid idea.... The regional challenge that Israel would face would be impossible."

• January 2011: A report by the Federation of American Scientists on Iran's uranium enrichment says there is "no question” that Tehran already has the technical capability to produce a "crude" nuclear device.

• February 2011: NSA director James Clapper affirms in testimony before Congress that “Iran is keeping the option open to develop nuclear weapons in part by developing various nuclear capabilities and better position it to produce such weapons, should it choose to do so," Mr. Clapper said. "We do not know, however, if Iran will eventually decide to build nuclear weapons."

 

Related Quotation

Page	Quote	Author	Date
Ziad Abdelnour	“Iran? We will not let Iran become a nuclear power. We'll find a way, we'll find an excuse- to get rid of Iran. And I don't care what the excuse is. There is no room for rogue states in the world. Whether we lie about it, or invent something, or we don't... I don't care. The end justifies the means. What's right? Might is right, might is right. That's it. Might is right...”	Ziad Abdelnour	18 November 2005

 

Related Documents

Title	Type	Publication date	Author(s)	Description
Document:Evidence of Iranian Nukes may be Fake	article	18 November 2010	Gareth Porter
Document:Who Spies for Israel in Washington’s Nuclear Negotiations?	article	1 April 2015	James Petras	How Israel's interests are pursued in the corridors of US power in general and in the P5+1 nuclear negotiations with Iran in particular - with a credible list of suspects.
File:NIC Iran - Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities.pdf	report	November 2007

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