Difference between revisions of "2015-11 Paris attacks"

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(A start at tidying)
("Islamic Extremism" is not a motive - so move motives to main text for more serious treatment)
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|injuries=352
 
|injuries=352
 
|ON_perpetrators=Abdelhamid Abaaoud
 
|ON_perpetrators=Abdelhamid Abaaoud
−
|motive=* Islamic extremism
 
−
* Ideological objection to Paris as a capital of "abomination and perversion"<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Times|date=14 November 2015|title=Paris attacks: Bloody atrocity signals shift in Isis strategy|access-date=14 November 2015|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2135be4-8ac5-11e5-a549-b89a1dfede9b.html}}</ref>
 
−
* Retaliation for Opération Chammal (French airstrikes in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elgot |first1=Jessica |last2=Phipps |first2=Claire |last3=Bucks |first3=Jonathan |date=14 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks: Islamic State says killings were response to Syria strikes |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/nov/14/paris-terror-attacks-attackers-dead-mass-killing-live-updates |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=14 November 2015 |quote=The group says the killings were in response to airstrikes against its militants in Syria, adding France would remain a "key target".}}</ref>
 
−
* Foreign policy of [[François Hollande]] in relation to Muslims worldwide.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/live/paris-attacks-live-updates/this-is-because-of-all-the-harm-done-by-hollande-to-muslims/ ‘This Is Because of all the Harm Done by Hollande to Muslims’], ''The New York Times''.</ref>
 
 
|locations=Paris, France, Saint-Denis, France 1: near, Stade de France, 2: Rue Bichat and rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge, Le Carillon) 3: Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Café Bonne Bière, La Casa Nostra), 4: The, Bataclan, theatre 5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)
 
|locations=Paris, France, Saint-Denis, France 1: near, Stade de France, 2: Rue Bichat and rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge, Le Carillon) 3: Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Café Bonne Bière, La Casa Nostra), 4: The, Bataclan, theatre 5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)
 
}}
 
}}
 
'''Mass murder in Paris''' was perpetrated on Friday 13 November 2015, when a series of coordinated terrorist attacks — consisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings, and hostage-taking — occurred in the French capital and in Saint-Denis, one of its northern suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris attacks: More than 100 killed in gunfire and blasts, French media say |publisher=CNN |date=14 November 2015 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/13/world/paris-shooting/index.html |accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>
 
'''Mass murder in Paris''' was perpetrated on Friday 13 November 2015, when a series of coordinated terrorist attacks — consisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings, and hostage-taking — occurred in the French capital and in Saint-Denis, one of its northern suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paris attacks: More than 100 killed in gunfire and blasts, French media say |publisher=CNN |date=14 November 2015 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/13/world/paris-shooting/index.html |accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>
  
−
==Official narrative
+
==Official narrative==
 
Beginning at 21:16 hours (CET), there were six mass shootings in central Paris and three separate suicide bombings outside the Stade de France football stadium, where [[France]] were playing [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soudain, l'une des bombes explose en plein match |url=http://www.20min.ch/ro/news/monde/story/Soudain--l-une-des-bombes-explose-en-plein-match-27994743 |website=20 minutes (Switzerland) |accessdate=14 November 2015 |quote=On entend clairement, sur cette vidéo, la détonation de 21h16}}</ref>
 
Beginning at 21:16 hours (CET), there were six mass shootings in central Paris and three separate suicide bombings outside the Stade de France football stadium, where [[France]] were playing [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Soudain, l'une des bombes explose en plein match |url=http://www.20min.ch/ro/news/monde/story/Soudain--l-une-des-bombes-explose-en-plein-match-27994743 |website=20 minutes (Switzerland) |accessdate=14 November 2015 |quote=On entend clairement, sur cette vidéo, la détonation de 21h16}}</ref>
  
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==Religious raid?==
 
==Religious raid?==
−
The Paris attacks happened on the first day of the Muslim lunar month of ''Safar'', which in 2015 fell on 13 November.<ref>{{cite web | last=Taheri | first=Amir | title=The jihadis' master plan to break us | website=New York Post | date=2015-11-15 | url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/15/the-jihadis-master-plan-to-break-us/ | accessdate=2015-11-16}}</ref> Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Safar migrates throughout the seasons. Safar has a religious significance within Islam, as it is named after Prophet Muhammad's “ghazwa” (religious raid) against the "infidel" at Safwan in 623. Islamic State has referred to the Paris attacks as a "ghazwa" (religious raid). When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, a ''ghazwa'''s function is to weaken and demoralise an enemy in preparation for their eventual conquest and subjugation.<ref>Cambridge History of Islam, p.&nbsp;269</ref>
+
The Paris attacks happened on the first day of the Muslim lunar month of ''Safar'', which in 2015 fell on 13 November.<ref>{{cite web | last=Taheri | first=Amir | title=The jihadis' master plan to break us | website=New York Post | date=2015-11-15 | url=http://nypost.com/2015/11/15/the-jihadis-master-plan-to-break-us/ | accessdate=2015-11-16}}</ref> Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Safar migrates throughout the seasons. Safar has a religious significance within Islam, as it is named after Prophet Muhammad's “ghazwa” (religious raid) against the "infidel" at Safwan in 623. Islamic State has referred to the Paris attacks as a "ghazwa" (religious raid). When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, a ''ghazwa'''s function is to weaken and demoralise an enemy in preparation for their eventual conquest and subjugation.<ref>Cambridge History of Islam, p.&nbsp;269</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Motive==
 +
The {{ccm}} have suggested that the bombers were "Islamic extremists" who objected to Paris as a capital of "abomination and perversion"<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Financial Times|date=14 November 2015|title=Paris attacks: Bloody atrocity signals shift in Isis strategy|access-date=14 November 2015|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2135be4-8ac5-11e5-a549-b89a1dfede9b.html}}</ref>. The ''[[New York Times]]'' suggested that it might be retaliation for the foreign policy of [[François Hollande]] in relation to Muslims worldwide.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/live/paris-attacks-live-updates/this-is-because-of-all-the-harm-done-by-hollande-to-muslims/ ‘This Is Because of all the Harm Done by Hollande to Muslims’], ''The New York Times''.</ref> The ''[[Guardian]]'' suggested it was retaliation for [[Opération Chammal]] (French airstrikes in [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elgot |first1=Jessica |last2=Phipps |first2=Claire |last3=Bucks |first3=Jonathan |date=14 November 2015 |title=Paris attacks: Islamic State says killings were response to Syria strikes |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/nov/14/paris-terror-attacks-attackers-dead-mass-killing-live-updates |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=14 November 2015 |quote=The group says the killings were in response to airstrikes against its militants in Syria, adding France would remain a "key target".}}</ref>
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Revision as of 02:31, 17 November 2015

Event.png Mass murder in Paris (Deep event) Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Parisattacks.png
Locations of the attacks
Date13 November 2015 - 14 November 2015
LocationParis,  France,  Saint-Denis,  France 1: near,  Stade de France,  2: Rue Bichat and rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge,  Le Carillon) 3: Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Café Bonne Bière,  La Casa Nostra),  4: The,  Bataclan,  theatre 5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)
Blamed onAbdelhamid Abaaoud
Type• Mass shooting
• bombing
• hostage-taking
• suicide attack
Deaths139
Injured (non-fatal)352

Mass murder in Paris was perpetrated on Friday 13 November 2015, when a series of coordinated terrorist attacks — consisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings, and hostage-taking — occurred in the French capital and in Saint-Denis, one of its northern suburbs.[1]

Official narrative

Beginning at 21:16 hours (CET), there were six mass shootings in central Paris and three separate suicide bombings outside the Stade de France football stadium, where France were playing Germany.[2]

The deadliest attack was at the Bataclan theatre, where attackers took hostages and engaged in a stand-off with police which ended at 00:58 hours on Saturday 14 November 2015.[3]

Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks.[4][5][6]

The Daily Mail reports Western "Security experts" as claiming that Friday's these attacks may have been triggered by the reported killing of Jihadi John. by a US drone strike 24 hours earlier on Thursday 12 November 2015. However the planning, coordination and weapons/explosives distribution logistics of the attacks demonstrate that the gestation period of the attacks had to have been much more than 24 hours.[7]

On 16 November 2015, the third day of national mourning in France, the suspected mastermind behind the attacks was named as Abdelhamid Abaaoud, a 27 year old Belgian of Moroccan origin.[8] Five of the jihadis who died in the attacks have been identified, and a manhunt has been launched for Salah Abdeslam, a municipal employee in the Brussels suburb of Molenbeek, who is believed to have rented a car in Belgium used in the Paris attacks.[9]

Victims

139 people were killed, of which

  • 129 immediate victims:
    • Bataclan: 89
    • Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge: 11
    • La Casa Nostra: 5
    • Stade de France: 6
    • La Belle Équipe: 18
  • 3 subsequent deaths
  • 7 perpetrators[10] ,[11][12] 89 of them at the Bataclan theatre.[13][14] A further 415 were admitted to hospital with injuries sustained in the attacks, including 80 people described as being seriously injured.[15] In addition to the victims, seven attackers died, and the authorities continued to search for any accomplices remaining at large. The attacks were the deadliest in France since the Second World War,[16][17] and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings in 2004.

France is at war

In an immediate response, French President François Hollande announced an unprecedented state of emergency, the first since the 2005 French riots,[18] and placed temporary controls on the country's borders.[19] People and organisations expressed solidarity including through social media. President Hollande declared the attacks an "act of war",[20][21][22] and on 15 November 2015 launched France's largest single airstrike of Opération Chammal, its contribution to the anti-ISIS bombing campaign, by striking numerous targets in Al-Raqqah, Syria in retaliation.[23]

Weapon they fear most is tolerance

On 15 November 2015, writer and broadcaster Iain Macwhirter wrote an article advocating the use of tolerance as a weapon:

“France is at war,” said François Hollande on the morning after the worst attack on French soil since the Second World War. But at war with what? Islamic State isn’t a country. They don’t invade with armies, but with fear.

You can’t go to war with an organisation that doesn’t stand and fight and nor can you punish people who’ve already sacrificed their lives. Hollande said the perpetrators of the Paris attacks will be pursued “without mercy”. But you can’t sentence a suicide bomber to death.

IS are terrorists whose primary objective is not to occupy but to polarise; to encourage repressive measures from the state against Muslims, and to force non-Muslim communities to regard followers of Islam as ‘enemies within’.

They know that the influx into Europe of large numbers of migrants from North Africa and the Middle East is reawakening latent xenophobia in French society. IS are doing a recruiting job for the far right Front Nationale of Marine Le Pen who is expected to win next month’s regional elections in Northern France. They want Europe to rebuild its borders and end free movement.

The Paris attacks seem to have been consciously targeted at concerts and cafes attended by urban liberals who celebrate multiculturalism and for whom religious or racial intolerance is abhorrent. It was retaliation against the Paris that came out in force to express solidarity with the victims of Charlie Hebdo in January.

“They curse our prophet” said the IS statement. The rhetoric may be mediaeval but the tactics are twenty first century. These are digital zealots, connoisseurs of popular culture, who may even possess a grim sense of irony. Their main attack in Paris was at a rock concert fronted by the American garage band "Eagles of Death Metal".

But it was real death metal flying into their bodies of dozens of young Parisians from Kalashnikovs wielded by young Muslim fanatics. The message was clear: the young people in the West play at death; IS do the real thing.

IS says that it is targeting Paris in part because of the bombing in Syria, but principally because it is “the capital of adultery and vice”. The cover of the "Eagles of Death Metal"’s latest album “Zipper Down” depicts a woman in a leather bomber jacket revealing her breasts. The imagery will not be lost on the legions of young impressionable Muslims on the Internet.

This is culture wars with Kalashnikovs. The only way to defeat IS, as with all terror, is to withstand it. The people of Paris understand this instinctively. On BBC radio yesterday a young parisian announced that “everybody is going to go out and eat cheese and drink wine like we always do on Saturdays”. That’s the spirit.

Hurling militant rhetoric and more drones at IS only makes it stronger. The best way to combat this kind of threat, is to keep calm and carry on. That’s how Britain withstood the IRA’s mainland bombing campaign which killed as many people and nearly blew up the Prime Minister in 1984.

The one thing the terrorists want is for governments to launch another War on Terror, just as America did after 9/11. So let’s hear no more of it. The weapon Islamic extremists fear most is tolerance.[24]

Background

France's military has been involved in airstrikes in Iraq and Syria since 19 September 2014, known by the codename Operation Chammal. In October 2015, France struck targets in Syria for the first time.[25] ISIS specifically mentioned the airstrikes when they claimed responsibility for the attacks in Paris.[26]

France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo events and the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks. France had also increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December 2015, and had restored border checks a week before the attacks. The Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the 11th arrondissement of Paris, where the Bataclan theatre is situated. France witnessed other, smaller, attacks throughout 2015, including the stabbing of three soldiers in Nice guarding a Jewish community centre in February;[27] an attempt to blow up a factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier in June, resulting in the death of an employee;[28] and a shooting and stabbing spree on a Thalys train in August 2015.[29]

Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joël Laloux,[30][31] owned the Bataclan theatre for more than 40 years until they sold it in September 2015.[32] The venue had been threatened several times because of their public support of Israel. In 2011, a group calling itself "Army of Islam" threatened the theatre because of this support.[33][34][35]

Recent mass murders

Islamic State and its branches claimed responsibility for numerous deadly attacks which took place in the weeks leading up to the mass murder in Paris. On 12 November 2015, twin suicide bombings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people. On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268, carrying mostly Russian passengers crashed in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, killing 224 people, for which IS's Sinai Province claimed responsibility. On the day of the Paris attacks, IS's lead executioner, Jihadi John, was reported to have been killed by a US drone strike[36] and IS lost control of Sinjar in Iraq to Kurdish forces.[37]

Religious raid?

The Paris attacks happened on the first day of the Muslim lunar month of Safar, which in 2015 fell on 13 November.[38] Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Safar migrates throughout the seasons. Safar has a religious significance within Islam, as it is named after Prophet Muhammad's “ghazwa” (religious raid) against the "infidel" at Safwan in 623. Islamic State has referred to the Paris attacks as a "ghazwa" (religious raid). When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, a ghazwa's function is to weaken and demoralise an enemy in preparation for their eventual conquest and subjugation.[39]

Motive

The commercially-controlled media have suggested that the bombers were "Islamic extremists" who objected to Paris as a capital of "abomination and perversion"[40]. The New York Times suggested that it might be retaliation for the foreign policy of François Hollande in relation to Muslims worldwide.[41] The Guardian suggested it was retaliation for Opération Chammal (French airstrikes in Syria and Iraq[42]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Paris attacks: More than 100 killed in gunfire and blasts, French media say". CNN. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  2. ↑ "Soudain, l'une des bombes explose en plein match". 20 minutes (Switzerland). Retrieved 14 November 2015. On entend clairement, sur cette vidéo, la détonation de 21h16Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  3. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  4. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  5. ↑ "L'organisation État islamique revendique les attentats de Paris" (in French). France 24. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  6. ↑ "Islamic State releases official statement: 'We did it and Paris is just the start of the storm'". DiscloseTv. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  7. ↑ "Was Paris terror revenge for Jihadi John? ISIS executioner's drone death may have accelerated attacks on France, experts say"
  8. ↑ "Abdelhamid Abaaoud: What we know about the Belgian man identified as suspected 'mastermind' of Paris attacks"
  9. ↑ "Paris terror attacks: who are the suspects?"
  10. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  11. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  12. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  13. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  14. ↑ "Paris shootings and explosions near the Stade de France kill 18". BBC News. 13 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  15. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  16. ↑ Fraser, Isabelle; Henderson, Barney. "Paris shooting: terrorists attack French capital – as it happened on Friday Nov 13". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  17. ↑ Slaughter, Graham. "Paris on edge: Recent terror attacks in France". CTV News. CTV news. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  18. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  19. ↑ Dalton, Matthew; Varela, Thomas; Landauro, Inti (14 November 2015). "Paris Attacks Were an 'Act of War' by Islamic State, French President François Hollande Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 November 2015. Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks on a social media account, but didn't provide specific information that would allow the claim to be verified. It said the attacks were retaliation for French airstrikes against the group in Syria and Iraq.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  20. ↑ "Paris attacks: Hollande blames Islamic State for 'act of war'". BBC News. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  21. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  22. ↑ "Hollande says Paris attacks 'an act of war' by Islamic State". Thomson Reuters Foundation. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  23. ↑ Rubin, Alissa. "France Strikes ISIS Targets in Syria in Retaliation for Attacks". New York Times. Retrieved 16 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  24. ↑ "The only weapon IS fear is tolerance"
  25. ↑ "Middle east – 'Terrorists have no passports,' French PM says of Syria air strikes". France 24. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  26. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  27. ↑ "French soldiers wounded in Nice Jewish centre attack". BBC News. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  28. ↑ Walker, Peter; Malik, Shiv (26 June 2015). "France launches terror inquiry after decapitated body found in factory attack". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  29. ↑ Chrisafis, Angelique (22 August 2015). "France train attack: Americans overpower gunman on Paris express". The Guardian. Paris, France. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  30. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  31. ↑ "History of le Bataclan". Bataclan. Retrieved 15 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  32. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  33. ↑ "Pourquoi le Bataclan est-il régulièrement visé ?". Le Point. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  34. ↑ "French mag: Bataclan an Islamist target due to Jewish owners". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  35. ↑ "Fransk magasin: – Bataclan har jødiske eiere". Aftenposten. Retrieved 14 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  36. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  37. ↑ Jason Hanna and Ed Payne, CNN (13 November 2015). "Sinjar has been liberated from ISIS, Kurds say". CNN. Retrieved 13 November 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  38. ↑ Taheri, Amir (2015-11-15). "The jihadis' master plan to break us". New York Post. Retrieved 2015-11-16.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  39. ↑ Cambridge History of Islam, p. 269
  40. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  41. ↑ ‘This Is Because of all the Harm Done by Hollande to Muslims’, The New York Times.
  42. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
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