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| − | {{short description|Nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues}} | + | {{group |
| − | {{third-party|date=July 2018}}
| + | |constitutes=Non-profit |
| − | {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
| + | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists |
| − | {{Infobox journal
| + | |image=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.png |
| − | | title = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
| + | |image_width=300px |
| − | | cover = Bulletin Atomic Scientists Cover.jpg
| + | |description= |
| − | | alt = Cover
| + | |headquarters= |
| − | | caption = The cover of the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' has featured the famous [[Doomsday Clock]] since it debuted in 1947, when it was set at seven minutes to midnight.
| + | |leaders= |
| − | | former_name = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago
| + | |start=1945 |
| − | | abbreviation = Bull. At. Sci.
| + | |interests=Nuclear weapon, Nuclear war, WW3 |
| − | | discipline = Science policy
| + | |website=https://thebulletin.org/ |
| − | | language =
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| − | | editor = John Mecklin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/press-release/john-mecklin-succeed-mindy-kay-bricker-editor-bulletin-atomic-scientists|title=John Mecklin to succeed Mindy Kay Bricker as Editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=2013-12-10}}</ref>
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| − | | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | |
| − | | country = [[United States]]
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| − | | history = 1945–present
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| − | | frequency = Bimonthly
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| − | | openaccess =
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| − | | license =
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| − | | impact = 1.368
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| − | | impact-year = 2018 | |
| − | | ISSN = 0096-3402 | |
| − | | eISSN = 1938-3282 | |
| − | | CODEN = BASIAP | |
| − | | JSTOR = | |
| − | | LCCN = 48034039 | |
| − | | OCLC = 470268256
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| − | | website = https://thebulletin.org/current-issue/ | |
| − | | link1 = https://thebulletin.org/
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| − | | link1-name = Free-access website
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| − | | link2 = https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rbul20/current
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| − | | link2-name = Taylor & Francis Online
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| | }} | | }} |
| − | The '''''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists''''' is a [[nonprofit organization]] concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. The ''Bulletin'' publishes content at both a free-access website and a bi-monthly, nontechnical [[academic journal]]. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former [[Manhattan Project]] scientists as the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago'' immediately following the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. The organization is also the keeper of the internationally recognized [[Doomsday Clock]], the time of which is announced each January. | + | The '''''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists''''' is a [[nonprofit organization]] concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity. The ''Bulletin'' publishes content at both a free-access website and a bi-monthly, nontechnical [[academic journal]]. |
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| − | == Background ==
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| − | One of the driving forces behind the creation of the ''Bulletin'' was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the [[Atomic Age]]. In 1945 the public interest in [[Nuclear warfsre|atomic warfare]] and [[Nuclear weaponry|weaponry]] inspired contributors to the ''Bulletin'' to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about.<ref name="Bombs Early Light" >{{cite book |last=Boyer |first=Paul S. |author-link=Paul Boyer (historian) |title=By the Bomb's Early Light |publisher=Pantheon |year=1985 |isbn=9780394528786 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 70] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70 }}</ref> To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear weapons, the ''Bulletin'' devised the [[Doomsday Clock]] in 1947, with an original setting of seven minutes to midnight.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wall | first = C. Edward | title = The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists| journal = Serials Review | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 11–15 | doi = 10.1080/00987913.1975.10762958 | date = October 1975 }}</ref>
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| − | The minute hand of the Clock first moved closer to midnight in response to changing world events in 1949, following the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] nuclear test. The Clock has been set forward and back over the years as circumstances have changed; {{asof|2020|lc=1}} it is set at 100 seconds to midnight.<ref name=james>{{cite news | last=James | first=Sara | title='If there's ever a time to wake up, it's now': Doomsday Clock moves 20-seconds closer to midnight | website=ABC News |publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-24/doomsday-clock-moves-closest-to-midnight-in-73-year-history/11896294 | access-date=24 January 2020|date=24 January 2020}}</ref> The Doomsday Clock is used to represent threats to humanity from a variety of sources: nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, climate change,<ref>{{cite web|last=Benedict|first=Kennette|title=Existential Threats, Fast and Slow|url=http://thebulletin.org/existential-threats-fast-and-slow|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=July 18, 2013|date=2013-07-18}}</ref> and disruptive technologies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldenberg |first=Suzanne |title=Doomsday Clock ticks one minute closer to midnight |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/10/doomsday-clock-ticks-closer-to-midnight |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 10, 2012}}</ref>
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| − | In 2015, the ''Bulletin'' unveiled its Doomsday Dashboard,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/doomsday-dashboard|title=Doomsday Dashboard|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> an interactive infographic that illustrates some of the data the ''Bulletin's'' Science and Security Board<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/science-and-security-board|title=Science and Security Board|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> takes into account when deciding the time of the Clock each year. As of August 2018, the ''Bulletin''<nowiki/>'s Board of Sponsors boasts 14 Nobel Laureates<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0|title=Board of Sponsors|date=March 30, 2017|website=The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref>
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| − | In the 1950s, the ''Bulletin'' was involved in the formation of the [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]], annual conferences of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society.
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| | ==History== | | ==History== |
| | + | The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by former [[Manhattan Project]] scientists as the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago'' immediately following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The organization is also the keeper of the internationally recognized Doomsday Clock, the time of which is announced each January. In the [[1950s]], the ''Bulletin'' was involved in the formation of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, annual conferences of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society. |
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| − | === Founders and contributors === | + | ===Purpose=== |
| − | The founder and first editor of the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' was [[Biophysics|biophysicist]] [[Eugene Rabinowitch]] (1901–1973). He founded the magazine with physicist [[Hyman Goldsmith]]. Rabinowitch was a professor of botany and biophysics at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] and was also a founding member of the Continuing Committee for the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.<ref name="Atomic Age">{{cite book | + | The ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons. The intention was to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. A second was to help the American people understand what nuclear energy and its possible applications to war meant. The ''Bulletin'' contributors believed the atom bomb would only be the first of many dangers. The aim of the ''Bulletin'' was to carry out the long, sustained effort of educating people about the realities of the scientific age. |
| − | |editor-last=Grodzins
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| − | |editor-first=Morton
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| − | |editor-link=Morton Grodzins
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| − | |editor2-last=Rabinowitch
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| − | |editor2-first=Eugene
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| − | |editor2-link=Eugene Rabinowitch
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| − | |year=1963
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| − | |title=The Atomic Age: Scientists in National and World Affairs
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| − | |location=New York
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| − | |publisher=Basic Book Publishing
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| − | |page=xv
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| − | |ref=Atomic Age
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| − | }}</ref> In addition to Rabinowitch and Goldsmith, contributors have included: [[Morton Grodzins]], [[Hans Bethe]], [[Anatoli Blagonravov]], [[Max Born]], [[Harrison Brown]], [[Stuart Chase]], [[Brock Chisholm]], [[E.U. Condon]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[E.K. Fedorov]], [[Bernard T. Feld]], [[James Franck]], [[Ralph E. Lapp]], [[Richard S. Leghorn]], [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], [[Lord Boyd Orr]], [[Michael Polanyi]], [[Louis Ridenour]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]], [[Leó Szilárd]], [[Edward Teller]], [[A.V. Topchiev]], [[Harold C. Urey]], [[Paul Weiss (nanoscientist)|Paul Weiss]], [[James L. Tuck]], among many others.<ref name="Atomic Age, xv-xviii">[[#Atomic Age|''The Atomic Age'']], pp. xv–xviii</ref>
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| − | In 1949, the Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science incorporated as a not-for-profit [[501(c)(3)]] organization to serve as the parent organization and fundraising mechanism of the ''Bulletin''. In 2003, the Board of Directors voted to change the foundation's name to Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
| + | ===Doomsday Clock=== |
| − | | + | Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the ''Bulletin.'' The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, ''Bulletin'' co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist [[Martyl Langsdorf]] to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. |
| − | ==Purpose== | + | {{PageCredit |
| − | The ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons.<ref name="Atomic Age, vii" >[[#Atomic Age|The Atomic Age]], p. vii</ref> The intention was to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. A second was to help the American people understand what nuclear energy and its possible applications to war meant. The ''Bulletin'' contributors believed the atom bomb would only be the first of many dangers.<ref name="Atomic Age, vii" /> The aim of the ''Bulletin'' was to carry out the long, sustained effort of educating people about the realities of the scientific age.
| + | |site=Wikipedia |
| − | | + | |date=01 February 2022 |
| − | The ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' seeks to educate citizens, policy makers, scientists, and journalists by providing non-technical, scientifically sound and policy-relevant information about nuclear weapons, climate change, and other global security issues. The ''Bulletin'' also serves as a reliable, high-quality global forum for diverse international opinions on the best means of reducing reliance on nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons|title=Would the United States ever actually use nuclear weapons?|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=2013-09-17}}</ref> Since its inception in 1945, the ''Bulletin'' has sought to educate the American public of the continual danger posed by nuclear weapons and other global dangers, most recently adding climate change and disruptive technologies in the life sciences to the list of concerns.
| + | |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists |
| − | | + | }} |
| − | The ''Bulletin''<nowiki/>'s leadership consists of three boards, and it was [https://thebulletin.org/2018/10/a-talk-with-the-bulletins-new-executive-chair-jerry-brown/ announced] on October 25, 2018 that California Governor [[Jerry Brown]] is joining the organization as executive chair.
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| − | ===Board of Sponsors===
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| − | The ''Bulletin'<nowiki/>''s Board of Sponsors is composed of accomplished science and security leaders from around the world. Members of the Board of Sponsors weigh in on critical issues, including the setting of the organization's [[Doomsday Clock]]. As of October 2018, the ''Bulletin'''''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'''s Board of Sponsors lists 14 Nobel Laureates.
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| − | ===Science and Security Board===
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| − | The ''Bulletin’s'' Science and Security Board is composed of globally-recognized leaders who have specific areas of expertise in nuclear risk, climate change, and disruptive technologies. Members of the Science and Security Board provide the ''Bulletin'' organization and editorial staff with perspectives on trends and issues in their respective fields. Among their duties is the annual setting of the Doomsday Clock, with input from the Board of Sponsors.
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| − | ==Doomsday Clock==
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| − | {{main|Doomsday Clock}}
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| − | [[File:Doomsday clock (2 minutes).svg|thumb|The ''Bulletin''{{'}}s logo of the Doomsday Clock.]]
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| − | Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the ''Bulletin.'' The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, ''Bulletin'' co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist [[Martyl Langsdorf]] to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine. Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist [[Alexander Langsdorf Jr.|Alexander Langsdorf]], first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/faq/|title=Doomsday Clock FAQ|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the ''Bulletin'' many times since its creation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benedict|first1=Kennette|title=Doomsday Clockwork|url=http://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clockwork8052|website=The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=2018-01-26}}</ref> | |
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| − | The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the ''Bulletin'' leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight.<ref name="Bulletin Staff">{{cite web|last=Bulletin Staff|title=Doomsday Clock Timeline|url=http://thebulletin.org/timeline|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> This proximity to midnight of the Doomsday Clock during the early 1950s shows the concern that the ''Bulletin'' contributors had about the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. The warnings of the ''Bulletin'' continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and the focus of the efforts shifted slightly from warning about the dangers of nuclear war to the necessity of disarmament. In 2007, the leadership began taking [[anthropogenic climate change]] into account in its Clock discussions. Throughout the history of the Doomsday Clock, it has moved closer to midnight, and farther away, depending upon the status of the world at that time.<ref name="Bulletin Staff"/> The Doomsday Clock has been getting closer to midnight since 1991, when it was set to 17 minutes to midnight after the superpowers reached agreement on a nuclear arms reductions.
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| − | {{Asof|2022|01|20}}, the Doomsday Clock stands at 100 seconds to midnight. It is the closest approach to midnight, after exceeding that of 1953 and 2018. The decision to move the hand of the Clock is made by the ''Bulletin's'' Science and Security Board, which meets in person twice a year, with subcommittees meeting more often; the announcement of the decision is made each January. Each November, just prior to the Science and Security Board's fall discussion, the ''Bulletin'' hosts an annual dinner and meeting in Chicago;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/support-the-bulletin/annual-dinner-and-meeting/about-the-event/|title=Annual Dinner and Meeting|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> both events are open to the public. Reflecting international events dangerous to humankind, the Clock's hand has been adjusted 23 times since its inception in 1947,{{update inline|date=June 2019}}<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/checkpoint-washington/post/doomsday-clock-ticks-closer-to-midnight/2012/01/10/gIQAXpKfoP_blog.html | title= Doomsday Clock ticks closer to midnight| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date= January 10, 2012 | access-date= January 10, 2012}}</ref> when it was initially set to seven minutes to midnight (11:53pm).
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| − | ==Present==
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| − | In more recent years, articles of the ''Bulletin'' have focused on many topics, ranging from the dangers of radiation following the [[Chernobyl disaster]] to the impact of the fall of the Soviet Union. In the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, other articles have focused on issues such as military spending<ref>{{cite web|last=Kingston|first=Reif|title=Pentagon Pushes for Billions to Refurbish Nuclear Bombs|url=http://thebulletin.org/pentagon-pushes-billions-refurbish-nuclear-bombs|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=October 25, 2013|date=2013-10-25}}</ref> and the continued funding of missile defense systems designed to thwart nuclear attacks but that in reality may not work.<ref>{{cite web|last=Podvig|first=Pavel|title=Shooting Down the Star Wars Myth|date=April 2, 2013|url=http://thebulletin.org/shooting-down-star-wars-myth|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref> With the ever-growing number of nuclear power plants and the demand for nuclear energy as a [[Climate change mitigation|solution to climate change]], the publication has focused a great deal on the costs and problems surrounding nuclear energy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=John|title=A False Fix for Climate Change|url=http://thebulletin.org/false-fix-climate-change|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=September 11, 2013|date=2013-09-11}}</ref> In 2015, the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' unveiled the Nuclear Fuel Cost Calculator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/introducing-nuclear-fuel-cycle-cost-calculator8361|title=Introducing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost Calculator|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=2015-05-31}}</ref>
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| − | Although the arms race and the Cold War, which were focuses of the ''Bulletin'' for many of the earlier years, are no longer occurring, the publication still focuses on the nuclear dangers that exist in the world today.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Detonations: Contemplating Catastrophe|url=http://thebulletin.org/nuclear-detonations-contemplating-catastrophe|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=September 12, 2013|author1=Siddharth Mallavarapu|author2=Jaime Aguirre Gómez|author3=Robert Mtonga}}</ref> As more countries such as Pakistan and India have tested nuclear weapons, the ''Bulletin'' has focused on the dangers posed by these countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vishwanathan|first=Arun|title=Nuclear Signals in South Asia|url=http://thebulletin.org/nuclear-signals-south-asia|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=August 9, 2013|date=2013-08-09}}</ref> The ''Bulletin's'' bi-monthly "Nuclear Notebook" is written by [[Federation of American Scientists]] experts Hans Kristensen and Matt Korda and tracks the number of nuclear weapons in the world by country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Notebook|url=http://thebulletin.org/search/article-subject/nuclear-notebook|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=May 17, 2013|author1=Hans Kristensen|author2=Robert S. Norris}}</ref> Robert "Stan" Norris, who was a founding co-author of the Nuclear Notebook, retired from the Notebook in 2018, although he is still a senior fellow at FAS. In 2015, the ''Bulletin'' added the Nuclear Notebook Interactive,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook-multimedia|title=Nuclear Notebook|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> an infographic that illustrates which countries have nuclear weapons and when they got them, and how many nuclear warheads they have in any given year. All nine nuclear-armed states are featured: the United States, Russia, China, India, Pakistan, France, Britain, Israel, and North Korea.
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| − | In the 21st Century, articles have covered threats to humanity from a variety of sources. The potential dangers of nuclear weapons<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Detonations: Contemplating Catastrophe|url=http://thebulletin.org/nuclear-detonations-contemplating-catastrophe|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=September 20, 2013|author1=Siddharth Mallavarapu|author2=Jaime Aguirre Gómez|author3=Robert Mtonga}}</ref> and energy,<ref>{{cite web|last=Barzashka|first=Ivanka|title=Converting a civilian enrichment plant into a nuclear weapons material facility|url=http://thebulletin.org/converting-civilian-enrichment-plant-nuclear-weapons-material-facility|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=October 31, 2013|date=2013-10-31}}</ref> military and political developments in the Post-Cold War world, political unrest in the Middle East (and its attendant potential for proliferation risks of nuclear and chemical weapons), myriad negative [[effects of climate change|consequences of climate change]], cyber warfare, and changes wrought by emerging technologies<ref>{{cite web|last=Gubrud|first=Mark|title=US Killer Robot Policy: Full Speed Ahead|url=http://thebulletin.org/us-killer-robot-policy-full-speed-ahead|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=September 20, 2013|date=2013-09-20}}</ref> have all been examined in the ''Bulletin'' in the most recent years. Examples include North Korea,<ref>{{cite web |last=Duff-Brown |first=Beth |title=Interview with Siegfried Hecker: North Korea complicates the long-term picture |url=http://thebulletin.org/interview-siegfried-hecker-north-korea-complicates-long-term-picture |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=April 5, 2013}}</ref> Middle East,<ref>{{cite web |title=Banning WMD from the Middle East |url=http://thebulletin.org/banning-wmd-middle-east |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=June 21, 2013 |first1=Mansour |last1=Salsabili |first2=Ehud |last2=Eiran |first3=Martin B. |last3=Malin |first4=Ayman |last4=Khalil}}</ref> Syria,<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Paul|title=How to Destroy Chemical Weapons|url=http://thebulletin.org/how-destroy-chemical-weapons|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=September 13, 2013|date=2013-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Blair |first=Charles |title=The Chemical Weapons of Syria |url=http://thebulletin.org/multimedia/chemical-weapons-syria |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> Fukushima,<ref>{{cite web|last=Suzuki|first=Tatsujiro|title=Suzuki's Fukushima Updates|url=http://thebulletin.org/suzukis-fukushima-updates|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=October 26, 2013}}</ref> Cybersecurity,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brenner |first=Joel |title=Eyes Wide Shut: The Growing Threat of Cyber Attacks on Industrial Control Systems |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/69/5/15.full.pdf |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=15–20 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=September–October 2013 |doi=10.1177/0096340213501372|bibcode=2013BuAtS..69e..15B |s2cid=145812935 }}</ref> and Climate Change.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carlson|first=Robert|title=From National Security to Natural Security|url=http://thebulletin.org/national-security-natural-security|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=December 11, 2013|date=2013-12-11}}</ref>
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| − | In January 2015, longtime Executive Director and Publisher [[Kennette Benedict]] retired. [[Rachel Bronson]] took over as president and CEO of the organization.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bronson|first1=Rachel|title=A Message to our Community|url=http://thebulletin.org/press-release/message-our-community8090|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=2015-03-17}}</ref> The editor of the ''Bulletin'' is John Mecklin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebulletin.org/about-us/staff |title=Bulletin Staff |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |access-date=July 20, 2013}}</ref>
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| − | ==Next Generation Program==
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| − | As part of the ''Bulletin's'' work to engage new audiences in issues related to nuclear threats, climate change, artificial intelligence, and biological threats, the publication launched its Next Generation Initiative to encourage young and emerging scholars to engage on these issues. Programs under the initiative have included writing workshops for graduate and undergraduate students, as well as the Voices of Tomorrow feature, which publishes articles and multimedia projects from emerging scholars and experts working in the ''Bulletin's'' interest areas. Two Voices of Tomorrow authors, Emma Bastin and Yangyang Cheng, had their work republished in ''[[Teen Vogue]].''
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| − | The capstone of the initiative is the Leonard M. Rieser Award,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/next-generation-program|title=Leonard M. Rieser Award|last=Bulletin Staff|publisher=The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> selected each December by the ''Bulletin{{'}}''s editorial team from among the year's Voices of Tomorrow submissions. The recipient of the Rieser Award receives $1,000 and a subscription to the ''Bulletin{{'}}''s bi-monthly magazine. In 2018, Erin Connolly and Kate Hewitt shared the award for their article "American students aren't taught nuclear weapons policy in school. Here's how to fix that problem."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-11|title=American students aren't taught nuclear weapons policy in school. Here's how to fix that problem.|url=https://thebulletin.org/2018/06/american-students-arent-taught-nuclear-weapons-policy-in-school-heres-how-to-fix-that-problem/|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref> Recent recipients include Yangyang Cheng,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/2017/04/let-science-be-science-again/|title=Let science be science again|last=Cheng|first=Yangyang|date=April 4, 2017|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> Nikita Perumal<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thebulletin.org/value-activism-reflections-columbia-university-climate-sit9429|title=The value in activism: Reflections from the Columbia University climate sit-in|date=May 12, 2016|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=July 26, 2017|language=en}}</ref> and Moritz Kütt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thebulletin.org/arms-control-lessons-volkswagen-scandal8851|title=Arms-control lessons from the Volkswagen scandal|date=November 5, 2015|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=July 26, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
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| − | == Online editions ==
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| − | The ''Bulletin'' has had a public-access website available online for some years, with a subscription magazine that comes out 6 times per year and is currently published by [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis Online]]. An e-newsletter is also available without charge by signing up via the ''Bulletin'' website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/receive-email-updates/|title=Newsletter|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=September 7, 2013}}</ref>
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| − | Backfiles of the subscription magazine are available in the John A. Simpson Collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebulletin.org/john-alexander-simpson/|title=John A. Simpson Archive|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|access-date=July 20, 2013}}</ref> The backfile from the first (1945) issue through the November 1998 issue of the ''Bulletin'' has also been made available free of charge via Google Books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebulletin.org/press-release/1945-1998-bulletin-backfile-available-google-books|title=1945–1998 ''Bulletin'' backfile available via Google Books|date=December 10, 2008|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212164106/http://www.thebulletin.org/content/media-center/announcements/2008/12/10/1945-1998-bulletin-backfile-available-google-books|archive-date=December 12, 2008}}</ref>
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| − | November/December 2008 was the last print edition of the ''Bulletin'', which became all-digital only that year.<ref name="Bulletin, 2008, All-digital">{{cite web|title=Bulletin magazine goes all-digital in 2009|date=November 19, 2008|url=http://thebulletin.org/press-release/bulletin-magazine-goes-all-digital-2009|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219085322/http://www.thebulletin.org/content/media-center/announcements/2008/11/19/bulletin-magazine-goes-all-digital-2009 |archive-date=December 19, 2008 }}</ref> [[SAGE Publications]] began publishing the ''Bulletin's'' subscription magazine in September 2010; [[Taylor and Francis|Taylor & Francis]] took over from Sage in January 2016.<ref>{{cite web | last = Staff writer | title = The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists will now publish with Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group | url = http://thebulletin.org/press-release/bulletin-atomic-scientists-will-now-publish-routledge-taylor-and-francis-group8983|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | date = December 15, 2015 |access-date= January 24, 2016 }}</ref>
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| − | == Indexing ==
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| − | The journal is indexed in the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', which states that the journal has a 2016 [[impact factor]] of 0.452, ranking it 71st out of 83 journals in the category "International Relations" and 32nd out of 41 journals in the category "Social Issues".<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2017 |chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: International Relations and Social Issues |title=2016 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |edition=Social Sciences |series=[[Web of Science]]|title-link=Journal Citation Reports }}</ref>
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| − | ==Awards==
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| − | * Finalist for 2009 Lumity Technology Leadership Award
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| − | * 2007 [[National Magazine Awards|National Magazine Award]] for General Excellence under 100,000 circulation sponsored by the [[American Society of Magazine Editors]] with the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]]
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| − | * 2006 Silver Excel Award for Magazine Excellence, 20,000 or Fewer for the July/August, September/October, and November/December 2005 issues sponsored by the Society of National Publications
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| − | * 2002 [[Nuclear-Free Future Award]]
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| − | * 1992 Olive Branch Award for articles by [[David Albright]] and Mark Hibbs from the [[New York University|N.Y.U.]] Center for War, Peace and the News Media
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| − | * 1990 Olive Branch Award from the [[New York University|N.Y.U.]] Center for War, Peace and the News Media
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| − | * 1989 Olive Branch Award from the [[New York University|N.Y.U.]] Center for War, Peace and the News Media
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| − | * 1988 Olive Branch Award from the [[New York University|N.Y.U.]] Center for War, Peace and the News Media
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| − | * 1987 Olive Branch Award from the [[New York University|N.Y.U.]] Center for War, Peace and the News Media
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| − | * 1987 [[National Magazine Awards|National Magazine Award]]
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| − | * 1983 Forum Award for the ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' and Ruth Adams, editor sponsored by the Forum on Physics and Society [[American Physical Society]]
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[Franck Report]]
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| − | * [[Richard Garwin]]
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| − | * [[List of international relations journals]]
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| − | ==Notes and references==
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| − | The records of the ''Bulletin'' are kept at the Special Collections Research Center of the [[University of Chicago]] Library.
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| − | {{Reflist|2}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{wikiquote}}
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| − | *{{Official website|http://thebulletin.org/}}
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| − | *[https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rbul20#.VxESn_krLIV The John A. Simpson Archive] at [[Taylor & Francis]]
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| − | *[https://books.google.com/books?id=XAgAAAAAMBAJ&source=gbs_all_issues_r&cad=1&atm_aiy=1940#all_issues_anchor Digitized Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists] on [[Google Books]]
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| − | {{Authority control}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists}} | + | {{SMWDocs}} |
| − | [[Category:Political science journals]]
| + | ==References== |
| − | [[Category:Physics journals]]
| + | {{Reflist}} |
| − | [[Category:Intelligence websites]]
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| − | [[Category:Nuclear weapons policy]]
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| − | [[Category:Anti–nuclear weapons movement]]
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| − | [[Category:Publications established in 1945]]
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| − | [[Category:Taylor & Francis academic journals]]
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| − | [[Category:Science advocacy organizations]]
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| − | [[Category:Bimonthly journals]]
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| − | [[Category:1945 establishments in the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Existential risk organizations]]
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This page imported content from Wikipedia on 01 February 2022.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 
