Difference between revisions of "Petrodollar"

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==Overview==
 
==Overview==
 +
 
In 1947, by the [[Bretton Woods]] agreements, the dollar became the world's reserve currency. To establish trust in the dollar the exchange rate to gold was fixed at 35$/ounce. However, the U.S.[[Federal Reserve]] increased the money supply by 340% from 1947 to 1971. At the same time its gold reserves decreased. Since 1969 foreign countries began to exchange dollars for gold.
 
In 1947, by the [[Bretton Woods]] agreements, the dollar became the world's reserve currency. To establish trust in the dollar the exchange rate to gold was fixed at 35$/ounce. However, the U.S.[[Federal Reserve]] increased the money supply by 340% from 1947 to 1971. At the same time its gold reserves decreased. Since 1969 foreign countries began to exchange dollars for gold.
  
 
In 1971, after exessive spending on the [[Vietnam War]] the U.S. unilateraly terminated the rights of foreign central banks to convert dollars to gold. The end of the Bretton Woods system is marked by a depreciation of the dollar, a stockmaket crash and global recession. The U.S. went from oil export to import after its own production peaked in 1972.  
 
In 1971, after exessive spending on the [[Vietnam War]] the U.S. unilateraly terminated the rights of foreign central banks to convert dollars to gold. The end of the Bretton Woods system is marked by a depreciation of the dollar, a stockmaket crash and global recession. The U.S. went from oil export to import after its own production peaked in 1972.  
  
−
In an effort to prop up the value of the dollar Nixon negotiated a deal with Saudi Arabia that in exchange for arms and "protection" they would denominate all future oil sales in U.S. dollars. Less mentioned by the {{ccm}} is the fact that part of the agreement was the recycling of the oil producing countries' surpluses into U.S. dept securities held at Western banks. At the same time the U.S. administration secretly lobbied OPEC through its puppet regime in Iran to increase prices.
+
In an effort to prop up the value of the dollar the Nixon administration negotiated a deal with Saudi Arabia that in exchange for arms and "protection" they would denominate all future oil sales in U.S. dollars. Less mentioned by the {{ccm}} is the fact that part of the agreement was the recycling of the oil producing countries' surpluses into U.S. dept securities held at Western banks. At the same time the U.S. administration secretly lobbied OPEC through its puppet regime in Iran to increase prices.
  
 
Until 1975 the other OPEC countries agreed to similar deals.
 
Until 1975 the other OPEC countries agreed to similar deals.
  
−
In October 1973, the United States' open support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War triggered an oil embargo, a reaction Arab countries had discussed at least since Israel occupied Syrian and Egyptian territory in the Six-Day War in 1967. The shortfall corresponded to only 7.5% of global output, but on January 1, 1974 the Persian Gulf countries doubled the price of oil (Hamilton 2011). Further increases followed until 1978.  
+
In October 1973, the United States' open support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War triggered an oil embargo, a reaction Arab countries had discussed at least since Israel occupied Syrian and Egyptian territory in the Six-Day War in 1967. The shortfall corresponded to only 7.5% of global output and on January 1, 1974 the Persian Gulf countries doubled the price of oil (Hamilton 2011). Further increases followed until 1978.  
 +
 
 +
The embargo was not the cause of raised prices (Barsky and Kilian 2001) but [[OPEC]] took the blame although an increase in the price of oil now corresponded to an increase in the global demand for dollars aswell as an increase in the demand for U.S.securities. 
 +
 
 +
==Recycling==
 +
 
 +
{{FA|Petrodollar/recycling}}
 +
Petrodollar recycling is the handling of the oil producing countries' surpluses. These surpluses are commonly turned into either U.S. government securities (allowing the printing of more U.S. dollars<ref>http://www.robinupton.com/people/WizardsOfMoney/  WIZARDS OF MONEY - 1. How Money is Created </ref> which are in turn used to buy oil and other goods and services) or are spent in arms deals including payments for U.S. military bases in the Middle East.
 +
 
 +
{{Q|"The process of petrodollar recycling makes it possible for commercial banks of industrialized nations, international lending institutions, and Arab banking consortia to provide financial assistance to less-developed countries (LDCs). Western Europe, Japan, and the United States buy oil from oil-exporting countries (OECs). LDCs pay for oil imports and other foreign goods and services with money borrowed from Western commercial banks. The process of recycling is complete when those commercial banks and institutions obtain cash and investments from OECs."(Oweiss 1974)}}
 +
 
 +
The framework for this recycling scheme was layed down by an agreement between the U.S. Treasury and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), whose mission was "to establish a new relationship through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York with the [U.S.] Treasury borrowing operation. Under this arrangement, SAMA will purchase new US Treasury securities with maturities of at least one year".<ref>Letter of Jack F. Bennett (assistant secretary
 +
of the U.S. Treasury) to Henry Kissinger, February 1975. ‘Subject: Special Arrangements for Purchase of U.S. Government Securities by the Saudi Arabian Government.’ International Currency Review. Vol. 20, no. 6, January 1991.</ref>
 +
 
 +
It is noteworthy that under this agreement a higher oil price leads to a rising demand for U.S. dollars on a global scale without negatively affecting key parts of the U.S. economy.
 +
 
 +
==Financial and Political implications==
  
−
The embargo was not the cause of raised prices (Barsky and Kilian 2001) but [[OPEC]] had to take the blame although an increase in the price of oil now corresponded to an increase in the global demand for dollars aswell as an increase in the demand for U.S.securities.
+
Since the volume of oil that should have been supplied in observance of standard microeconomic theory exeeded the volume actually supplied , [[Ibrahim Oweiss]] noted that "the difference [...] is in fact a subsidy granted, in real terms, to oil-importing nations such as the United States, Germany, France, and Japan."(Oweiss 1974) In other words, these close trading partners of the U.S. can buy oil with a [[fiat currency]] print at will.
  
−
==Financial impact==
+
Moreover, according to Oweiss, the "placement of petrodollar surpluses of oil exporting nations in the United States may be regarded politically as "''hostage capital''". In the event of a major political conflict between the United States and an oil-exporting nation, the former with all its military power can confiscate or freeze these assets or otherwise limit their use. It can impose special regulations or at least use regulations for a time, in order to attain certain political, economic, or other goals. It may be argued that such actions are un-American, since they are a direct violation of the sacred principles of capitalism and economic freedom. Nevertheless, the U.S. government resorted to such weapons twice in the 1980s against Iranian and Libyan assets. '''It follows, therefore, that governments placing their petrodollar surpluses in the United States may lose part of their economic and political independence'''. Consequently, the more petrodollar surpluses are placed in the United States by a certain oil-exporting nation, the less independent such a nation becomes.  
−
Petrodollars and petrodollar surpluses are by definition denominated in U.S. dollars, so purchasing power is dependent on the U.S. rate of inflation and the rate at which the U.S. dollar is exchanged (whenever there is need for convertibility) by other currencies in international money markets. It follows that whenever economic or other factors affect the U.S. dollar, petrodollars will be affected to the same magnitude. The link, therefore, between the U.S. dollar and petrodollar surpluses, in particular, has significant economic, political, and other implications.
 
  
−
The placement of petrodollar surpluses of oil exporting nations in the United States may be regarded politically as "''hostage capital''". In the event of a major political conflict between the United States and an oil-exporting nation, the former with all its military power can confiscate or freeze these assets or otherwise limit their use. It can impose special regulations or at least use regulations for a time, in order to attain certain political, economic, or other goals. It may be argued that such actions are un-American, since they are a direct violation of the sacred principles of capitalism and economic freedom. Nevertheless, the U.S. government resorted to such weapons twice in the 1980s against Iranian and Libyan assets. It follows, therefore, that governments placing their petrodollar surpluses in the United States may lose part of their economic and political independence. Consequently, the more petrodollar surpluses are placed in the United States by a certain oil-exporting nation, the less independent such a nation becomes. <ref>[http://faculty.georgetown.edu/imo3/petrod/define.htm Definition of Petrodollars]</ref>
+
==Petrodollar Wars==
  
−
Large inflows of petrodollars into a country often has an impact on the value of its currency. For Canada it was shown that an increase of 10% in the price of oil increases the Canadian dollar value versus the US dollar by 3%<ref>[http://opendatadepot.org/blog/entry/6/on-the-canadian-dollar-and-the-oil-prices/ Correlation between the oil prices and the Canadian dollar]</ref> and vice versa.
+
{{Q|"'''I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everyone knows: the Iraq war is largely about oil.'''" (Allan Greenspan (2007) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Turbulence The Age of Turbulence])}}
  
−
==Opposition==
+
News outlets in mid-2000-2002 carried articles about Saddam's efforts to sell oil on markets exclusively in Euros.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998512,00.html Foreign Exchange: Saddam Turns His Back on Greenbacks]</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1095057.html Radio Free Europe - Iraq: Baghdad Moves To Euro]</ref> This may have been viewed as a push by [[Iraq]] to influence other OPEC states to challenge the reserve currency status in oil trading of the USD. This may have been an unacceptable outcome in the global economy with respect to the flow of petrodollars.
−
News outlets in mid-2000-2002 carried articles about Saddam's efforts to sell oil on markets exclusively in Euros.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998512,00.html Foreign Exchange: Saddam Turns His Back on Greenbacks]</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1095057.html Radio Free Europe - Iraq: Baghdad Moves To Euro]</ref> This may have been viewed as a push by [[Iraq]] to influence other OPEC states to challenge the reserve currency status in oil trading of the USD. This may have been an unacceptable outcome in the global economy with respect to the flow of petrodollars. through the region.
 
  
 
Since the beginning of 2003, Iran has required [[euro]] in payment of exports toward Asia and Europe. The government opened an [[Iranian Oil Bourse]] on the free trade zone on the island of [[Kish, Iran|Kish]],<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2199/html/economy.htm  Kish Oil Exchange Planned], [[Iran Daily]], January 24, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC22Ak01.html A frenzied Persian new year], March 22, 2006, [[Asia Times]]</ref> for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies, including euros.   
 
Since the beginning of 2003, Iran has required [[euro]] in payment of exports toward Asia and Europe. The government opened an [[Iranian Oil Bourse]] on the free trade zone on the island of [[Kish, Iran|Kish]],<ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2199/html/economy.htm  Kish Oil Exchange Planned], [[Iran Daily]], January 24, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC22Ak01.html A frenzied Persian new year], March 22, 2006, [[Asia Times]]</ref> for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies, including euros.   
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But today the countries stocking more and more gold rather than dollars include not just [[Libya]] and [[ Iran]], but also [[China]], [[Russia]], [[India]] and [[Brazil]]. <ref>[[Document:The_Libyan_War,_American_Power_and_the_Decline_of_the_Petrodollar_System|The Libyan War, American Power and the_Decline of the_Petrodollar System]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/9298552/the-wars-that-really-are-about-the-oil/ The Wars That Really Are About The Oil] - spectator 30 August 2014</ref> In May 2014, China agreed to buy $400 billion of Russian-produced natural gas over 30-years, valued in domestic currencies, in what was touted as Gazprom’s biggest contract ever.  In August, Russia signed a historic deal with Iran to purchase $20 billion of oil in rubles, bypassing Western sanctions against Iran while hastening the petrodollar’s decline.  Aug 14 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Thursday Russia should aim to sell its oil and gas for Roubles globally because the dollar monopoly in energy trade was damaging Russia's economy. <ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2014/08/putin-the-petrodollar-must-die/ Putin: 'The petrodollar must die'] - WND 15 August 2014</ref>
 
But today the countries stocking more and more gold rather than dollars include not just [[Libya]] and [[ Iran]], but also [[China]], [[Russia]], [[India]] and [[Brazil]]. <ref>[[Document:The_Libyan_War,_American_Power_and_the_Decline_of_the_Petrodollar_System|The Libyan War, American Power and the_Decline of the_Petrodollar System]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/9298552/the-wars-that-really-are-about-the-oil/ The Wars That Really Are About The Oil] - spectator 30 August 2014</ref> In May 2014, China agreed to buy $400 billion of Russian-produced natural gas over 30-years, valued in domestic currencies, in what was touted as Gazprom’s biggest contract ever.  In August, Russia signed a historic deal with Iran to purchase $20 billion of oil in rubles, bypassing Western sanctions against Iran while hastening the petrodollar’s decline.  Aug 14 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Thursday Russia should aim to sell its oil and gas for Roubles globally because the dollar monopoly in energy trade was damaging Russia's economy. <ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2014/08/putin-the-petrodollar-must-die/ Putin: 'The petrodollar must die'] - WND 15 August 2014</ref>
  
−
==Recycling==
+
==Alternative meanings==
−
{{FA|Petrodollar/recycling}}
+
In addition to the United States petrodollar, a petrodollar can also refer to the [[Canadian dollar]] in transactions that involve the sale of [[Canada|Canadian]] oil to other nations. It was shown that an increase in the price of oil props up the value of the Canadian dollar.<ref>[http://opendatadepot.org/blog/entry/6/on-the-canadian-dollar-and-the-oil-prices/ Correlation between the oil prices and the Canadian dollar]</ref>
−
Petrodollar recycling is the handling of the oil producing countries' surpluses. These surpluses are commonly turned into either U.S. government securities (allowing the printing of more U.S. dollars<ref>http://www.robinupton.com/people/WizardsOfMoney/ WIZARDS OF MONEY - 1. How Money is Created </ref> which are in turn used to buy oil and other goods and services) or are spent in arms deals including payments for U.S. military bases in the Middle East.
 
−
 
 
−
The framework for this recycling scheme was layed down by an agreement between the U.S. Treasury and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), whose mission was "to establish a new relationship through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York with the [U.S.] Treasury borrowing operation. Under this arrangement, SAMA will purchase new US Treasury securities with maturities of at least one year".<ref>Letter of Jack F. Bennett (assistant secretary
 
−
of the U.S. Treasury) to Henry Kissinger, February 1975. ‘Subject: Special Arrangements for Purchase of U.S. Government Securities by the Saudi Arabian Government.’ International Currency Review. Vol. 20, no. 6, January 1991.</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
It is noteworthy that under this agreement a higher oil price leads to a rising demand for U.S. dollars on a global scale without negatively affecting key parts of the U.S. economy.
 
  
−
==Alternative meanings==
 
−
In addition to the United States petrodollar, a petrodollar can also refer to the [[Canadian dollar]] in transactions that involve the sale of [[Canada|Canadian]] oil to other nations.
 
−
In this sense, the term ''petrodollar'' is related to but should not be confused with ''[[petrocurrency]]'' which refers to the actual national currency of each petroleum exporting country.
 
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 08:27, 2 November 2014

Concept.png Petrodollar Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Typecommercial
Start1974
Interest ofUS/Federal Reserve
Subpage(s)•Petrodollar/Recycling
Denomination of the majority of the worlds oil in U.S. dollars has been the backbone of U.S. dollar hegemony since the U.S. unilateraly terminated the rights of foreign central banks to convert dollars to gold in 1971.

Petrodollar may be simply defined as oil revenues denominated in U.S. dollars. [1]

Consequently to buy oil, dollars are needed. On a large scale exchanging local currency for dollars is too costly. The prefered way for countries to get dollars is therefore to export goods and services for dollars - or to get a loan from banks who hold enough dollar denominated assets, ie. the IMF or other big western banks.

On the other hand the term "revenues" includes surpluses on such a scale that the oil producing countries could buy up a large proportion of Western assets. The term Petrodollar refers also to the management of these revenues. Walter Levy, speaker at the Bilderberg Conference 1973 made clear that "Serious problems would be caused by unprecedented foreign exchange accumulations of countries such as Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi." [2]These OPEC countries were advised on how to invest their surpluses by Western investment bankers and subsequently signed contracts with the U.S. on military bases, large arms deals, military training and cooperation on governmental and economic levels. Their dependency on U.S. specialists remains unchanged to the present day.[3]

Overview

In 1947, by the Bretton Woods agreements, the dollar became the world's reserve currency. To establish trust in the dollar the exchange rate to gold was fixed at 35$/ounce. However, the U.S.Federal Reserve increased the money supply by 340% from 1947 to 1971. At the same time its gold reserves decreased. Since 1969 foreign countries began to exchange dollars for gold.

In 1971, after exessive spending on the Vietnam War the U.S. unilateraly terminated the rights of foreign central banks to convert dollars to gold. The end of the Bretton Woods system is marked by a depreciation of the dollar, a stockmaket crash and global recession. The U.S. went from oil export to import after its own production peaked in 1972.

In an effort to prop up the value of the dollar the Nixon administration negotiated a deal with Saudi Arabia that in exchange for arms and "protection" they would denominate all future oil sales in U.S. dollars. Less mentioned by the commercially-controlled media is the fact that part of the agreement was the recycling of the oil producing countries' surpluses into U.S. dept securities held at Western banks. At the same time the U.S. administration secretly lobbied OPEC through its puppet regime in Iran to increase prices.

Until 1975 the other OPEC countries agreed to similar deals.

In October 1973, the United States' open support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War triggered an oil embargo, a reaction Arab countries had discussed at least since Israel occupied Syrian and Egyptian territory in the Six-Day War in 1967. The shortfall corresponded to only 7.5% of global output and on January 1, 1974 the Persian Gulf countries doubled the price of oil (Hamilton 2011). Further increases followed until 1978.

The embargo was not the cause of raised prices (Barsky and Kilian 2001) but OPEC took the blame although an increase in the price of oil now corresponded to an increase in the global demand for dollars aswell as an increase in the demand for U.S.securities.

Recycling

Full article: Petrodollar/recycling

Petrodollar recycling is the handling of the oil producing countries' surpluses. These surpluses are commonly turned into either U.S. government securities (allowing the printing of more U.S. dollars[4] which are in turn used to buy oil and other goods and services) or are spent in arms deals including payments for U.S. military bases in the Middle East.

"The process of petrodollar recycling makes it possible for commercial banks of industrialized nations, international lending institutions, and Arab banking consortia to provide financial assistance to less-developed countries (LDCs). Western Europe, Japan, and the United States buy oil from oil-exporting countries (OECs). LDCs pay for oil imports and other foreign goods and services with money borrowed from Western commercial banks. The process of recycling is complete when those commercial banks and institutions obtain cash and investments from OECs."(Oweiss 1974)

The framework for this recycling scheme was layed down by an agreement between the U.S. Treasury and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), whose mission was "to establish a new relationship through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York with the [U.S.] Treasury borrowing operation. Under this arrangement, SAMA will purchase new US Treasury securities with maturities of at least one year".[5]

It is noteworthy that under this agreement a higher oil price leads to a rising demand for U.S. dollars on a global scale without negatively affecting key parts of the U.S. economy.

Financial and Political implications

Since the volume of oil that should have been supplied in observance of standard microeconomic theory exeeded the volume actually supplied , Ibrahim Oweiss noted that "the difference [...] is in fact a subsidy granted, in real terms, to oil-importing nations such as the United States, Germany, France, and Japan."(Oweiss 1974) In other words, these close trading partners of the U.S. can buy oil with a fiat currency print at will.

Moreover, according to Oweiss, the "placement of petrodollar surpluses of oil exporting nations in the United States may be regarded politically as "hostage capital". In the event of a major political conflict between the United States and an oil-exporting nation, the former with all its military power can confiscate or freeze these assets or otherwise limit their use. It can impose special regulations or at least use regulations for a time, in order to attain certain political, economic, or other goals. It may be argued that such actions are un-American, since they are a direct violation of the sacred principles of capitalism and economic freedom. Nevertheless, the U.S. government resorted to such weapons twice in the 1980s against Iranian and Libyan assets. It follows, therefore, that governments placing their petrodollar surpluses in the United States may lose part of their economic and political independence. Consequently, the more petrodollar surpluses are placed in the United States by a certain oil-exporting nation, the less independent such a nation becomes.

Petrodollar Wars

"I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everyone knows: the Iraq war is largely about oil." (Allan Greenspan (2007) The Age of Turbulence)

News outlets in mid-2000-2002 carried articles about Saddam's efforts to sell oil on markets exclusively in Euros.[6][7] This may have been viewed as a push by Iraq to influence other OPEC states to challenge the reserve currency status in oil trading of the USD. This may have been an unacceptable outcome in the global economy with respect to the flow of petrodollars.

Since the beginning of 2003, Iran has required euro in payment of exports toward Asia and Europe. The government opened an Iranian Oil Bourse on the free trade zone on the island of Kish,[8][9] for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies, including euros.

Libya decided to challenge the petrodollar system and stop selling all their oil for dollars, shortly before it was attacked. Qaddafi initiated a movement to refuse the dollar and the euro, and called on Arab and African nations to use a new currency instead, the gold dinar. Qaddafi suggested establishing a united African continent, with its 200 million people using this single currency. … The initiative was viewed negatively by the USA and the European Union, with French president Nicolas Sarkozy calling Libya a threat to the financial security of mankind; but Gaddafi continued his push for the creation of a united Africa. Gaddafi’s proposal to introduce a gold dinar for Africa revived the notion of an Islamic gold dinar floated in 2003 by Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, as well as by some Islamist movements. The notion, which contravenes IMF rules and is designed to bypass them, has had trouble getting started.

But today the countries stocking more and more gold rather than dollars include not just Libya and Iran, but also China, Russia, India and Brazil. [10] [11] In May 2014, China agreed to buy $400 billion of Russian-produced natural gas over 30-years, valued in domestic currencies, in what was touted as Gazprom’s biggest contract ever. In August, Russia signed a historic deal with Iran to purchase $20 billion of oil in rubles, bypassing Western sanctions against Iran while hastening the petrodollar’s decline. Aug 14 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Thursday Russia should aim to sell its oil and gas for Roubles globally because the dollar monopoly in energy trade was damaging Russia's economy. [12]

Alternative meanings

In addition to the United States petrodollar, a petrodollar can also refer to the Canadian dollar in transactions that involve the sale of Canadian oil to other nations. It was shown that an increase in the price of oil props up the value of the Canadian dollar.[13]


 

Related Documents

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:What are the Real Targets of the E.U. Oil Embargo against Iran?article31 January 2012Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya
Document:Will Iran Kill the Petrodollar?article25 January 2012Marin KatusaThe possibility of Iran acquiring nuclear weapons is largely a smoke-screen used by the Western powers to obfuscate the real reasons for their escalating confrontation with Iran.
File:Of Money Part 1.pdfessay2008Guido PreparataPart 1 outlines the history of global monetary/financial systems since the end of WWI and their progressive domination by the United States Federal Reserve system. The essay explains any move by non-WTO countries to conduct trade in currencies other than Dollars, or construct non-Dollar trading blocks, have been so ruthlessly dealt with by the US and its NATO Allies.
Document:The Libyan War, American Power and the Decline of the Petrodollar Systempaper17 April 2011Peter Dale ScottA collection of insights that provide a more realistic explanation of the deep political background to the attacks on Libya.
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References

  1. ↑ Oweiss, Ibrahim M. (1974) Petrodollars: Problems and Prospects, Address before the Conference on The World Monetary Crisis Arden House, Harriman Campus, Columbia University http://faculty.georgetown.edu/imo3/petrod/define.htm
  2. ↑ Engdahl, F.W. (2004) A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order. London: Pluto ISBN 0-7453-2309-X, p.143
  3. ↑ Christopher M. Blanchard (2014) Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service 7-5700 http://www.crs.gov RL33533
  4. ↑ http://www.robinupton.com/people/WizardsOfMoney/ WIZARDS OF MONEY - 1. How Money is Created
  5. ↑ Letter of Jack F. Bennett (assistant secretary of the U.S. Treasury) to Henry Kissinger, February 1975. ‘Subject: Special Arrangements for Purchase of U.S. Government Securities by the Saudi Arabian Government.’ International Currency Review. Vol. 20, no. 6, January 1991.
  6. ↑ Foreign Exchange: Saddam Turns His Back on Greenbacks
  7. ↑ Radio Free Europe - Iraq: Baghdad Moves To Euro
  8. ↑ Kish Oil Exchange Planned, Iran Daily, January 24, 2006
  9. ↑ A frenzied Persian new year, March 22, 2006, Asia Times
  10. ↑ The Libyan War, American Power and the_Decline of the_Petrodollar System
  11. ↑ The Wars That Really Are About The Oil - spectator 30 August 2014
  12. ↑ Putin: 'The petrodollar must die' - WND 15 August 2014
  13. ↑ Correlation between the oil prices and the Canadian dollar

Further reading

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