Difference between revisions of "Resistance International"
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|founders=Vladimir Bukovsky, Armando Valladares | |founders=Vladimir Bukovsky, Armando Valladares | ||
|logo= | |logo= | ||
| + | |description=A spooky anti-communist anti-communist organisation that existed between 1983 and 1988 | ||
|start=1983 | |start=1983 | ||
|end=1988 | |end=1988 | ||
|headquarters=Paris, France | |headquarters=Paris, France | ||
| + | |members=Nicholas Bethell, Winston Churchill Jr, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Midge Decter, Yuri Yarim-Agaev, Richard Perle, Mstislav Rostropovich,Simon Wiesenthal,Saul Bellow, Bruno Bettleheim, Vladimir Maximov, Albert Jolis,William F. Buckley Jr,Robert Conquest, Eduard Kuznetsov,Armand Maloumian,Afghan Mujahidin,UNITA | ||
|powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Resistance_International | |powerbase=http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Resistance_International | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Resistance International''' was a [[spooky]] [[anti-communist]] | + | '''Resistance International''' was a [[spooky]] [[anti-communist]] anti-communist organisation that existed between 1983 and 1988. Funded by the US government, it anticipated and embodied the so-called [[Reagan Doctrine]]<ref>[http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id130.htm "The Reagan Doctrine"], chapter from Robert Kagan, ''A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990'', New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996</ref>. Resistance International was set up in France in May 1983 on the initiative of Soviet dissident [[Vladimir Bukovsky]] and [[Armando Valladares]], a representative of the [[Cuban dissident movement]]. |
| + | |||
| + | ==Organisation== | ||
| + | "Today few traces remain of the activities of Resistance International", writes Galina Akkerman in a memoir describing her work for writer [[Vladimir Maksimov (writer)|Vladimir Maximov]] at the organisation's "tiny office on the Champs Elysée" in Paris. "The internet was still unknown and to restore the history of this organisation I must turn to the few things I can recall".<ref>[http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2010/146/ak15.html Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", ''Kontinent'', No 146, 2010].</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Vladimir Bukovsky was chosen president and the organisation was run by former Soviet dissidents. Everyday organisation was then in the hands of the executive director [[Vladimir Maksimov (writer)|Vladimir Maximov]], writer and editor of the ''[[Kontinent]]'' quarterly.<ref>Robert van Voren, ''On Dissidents and Madness: From the Soviet Union of Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin'', Rodopi: Amsterdam & New York, 2009, p. 74.</ref> Galina Akkerman describes how [[Eduard Kuznetsov]] later took over part of Maximov's role and recalls the involvement of [[Armand Maloumian]], a post-war inmate of Stalin's Gulag.<ref> Armand Maloumian, ''And Even Our Tears'', Avon Books: New York 1982.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Funding== | ||
| + | Resistance International initially had funding from the US Congress (from which it received 6 million dollars in 1983) and from private American foundations. In 1985 the organisation was put on a more serious footing with the establishment of the American Foundation for Resistance International which had a roster of famous names and influential right-wing politicians on its advisory committee (among them [[Saul Bellow]], [[William F. Buckley Jr]], and, later, [[Richard Perle]]), while [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] served with Bukovsky and [[Albert Jolis]] on its board. For the next three years this body raised funds for Resistance International and expanded the scope of its activities. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Afghanistan, Angola and the USSR== | ||
| + | The aim of the organisation was to coordinate the activities of anti-communist movements in the Socialist bloc and in the Third World and challenge the legitimacy of Communist governments everywhere. In a 1991 interview Bukovsky commented, "We didn't do that much, but the little we did all worked and had a considerable effect."<ref>[http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/1-30/p30buk.html "Resistance International", An interview with Vladimir Bukovsky, ''Panorama'', Moscow, December 1991] (in Russian), retrieved 20 May 2015.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In particular Resistance International directed its efforts towards [[Afghanistan]], where tens of thousands of Soviet troops had been based since the invasion of December 1979. The International organised Radio Free Kabul, providing 25 portable transmitters that served not only as a means of transmitting radio propaganda in local languages, but also as a means of communication between the mujahideen forces. Resistance International helped Soviet deserters and prisoners of war leave the country.<ref>[http://bufvc.ac.uk/tvandradio/lbc/index.php/segment/0013400229018 "Lord Bethell smuggles two soldiers out of Afghanistan", 11 November 1984, British Universities Film and Video Council]</ref> To spread information among Soviet forces serving in Afghanistan the organisation issued a newspaper that bore an external resemblance to [[Krasnaya Zvezda]], the daily published by the Soviet Ministry of Defence. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Resistance International was also said to have carried out propaganda work among the Cuban troops deployed in Angola. | ||
| + | |||
| + | With the aid of the [[Solidarity]] movement in Poland, it sent propaganda videos to the USSR concealed in Polish trucks.<ref>These were filmed and edited by Kuznetsov and his wife Larisa Gerstein. See Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov"</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Activities in Europe== | ||
| + | Between 1985 and 1987 Resistance International organised major events in Western Europe, two in Paris and one in Vienna, to draw attention to the lack of free speech and human rights in the Soviet Union. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The first event was timed to coincide with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s first visit to Paris in October 1985. As an alternative to the official events of the Soviet leader's visit a large gathering was held at the Grand Palais.<ref>[http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2010/146/ak15.html Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The second event, an exhibition entitled a "Helsinki Mirror" and a press conference, took place in Vienna from 4 to 6 November 1986 as the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)]] which produced the 1975 [[Helsinki Accords]] was transformed into the permanent [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE).<ref>[http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2010/146/ak15.html Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The third and last major public event of Resistance International was the Paris Forum, "Literature without borders", held in November 1987 and organised jointly by the French [[:fr:PEN_Club_français|Pen Club]], Resistance International and the Russian and French editions of the ''[[Kontinent]]'' quarterly. "Freedom of speech in the USSR and Eastern Europe", noted Galina Akkerman, "was something more people could agree on than aid for the Contras or the Afghan mujahideen," and forty famous writers attended, including [[Joseph Brodsky]], [[Czeslaw Milosz]] and [[Georgy Vladimov]]. This would prove, in Akkerman's words, to be the "swan song" of Resistance International. It closed down the following year.<ref>[http://magazines.russ.ru/continent/2010/146/ak15.html Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Members== | ==Members== | ||
Staff included [[Nicholas Bethell]], [[Winston Churchill Jr]] (of [[Le Cercle]]), [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] ([[Bilderberg]] and Le Cercle), [[Midge Decter]], [[Yuri Yarim-Agaev]], [[Richard Perle]] ([[Bilderberg Steering Committee]] and Le Cercle), [[Mstislav Rostropovich]] and [[Simon Wiesenthal]]. By 1986 they had been joined by [[Saul Bellow]], [[Bruno Bettleheim]], [[Robert Conquest]] and others. | Staff included [[Nicholas Bethell]], [[Winston Churchill Jr]] (of [[Le Cercle]]), [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] ([[Bilderberg]] and Le Cercle), [[Midge Decter]], [[Yuri Yarim-Agaev]], [[Richard Perle]] ([[Bilderberg Steering Committee]] and Le Cercle), [[Mstislav Rostropovich]] and [[Simon Wiesenthal]]. By 1986 they had been joined by [[Saul Bellow]], [[Bruno Bettleheim]], [[Robert Conquest]] and others. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The member organizations (1986) included several astroturf "liberation movements": | ||
| + | *[[Bulgarian Liberation Movement]] | ||
| + | *[[Comite Entr' aide et Action]] (Czechoslovakia) | ||
| + | *[[Committee of Cuban Intellectuals in Exile]] | ||
| + | *[[Independent and Democratic Cuba]] | ||
| + | *[[Islamic Unity of Afghan Mujahidin]] | ||
| + | *[[Miskito, Fumo and Rama Indian Front]] (Nicaragua) | ||
| + | *[[The Khmer People's National Liberation Front]] (Cambodia) | ||
| + | *[[United Front for the Liberation of Laos]] | ||
| + | *[[UNITA]] (Angola) | ||
| + | *[[Witness]] Czechoslovakia<ref>[http://thehrf.org/international-council.php#vbukovsky International Council], Human Rights Foundation, accessed 16 August 2012.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Associate Members==== | ||
| + | *[[Committee for the Defense of Democracy in Nicaragua]] (Venezuala)<ref>[http://thehrf.org/international-council.php#vbukovsky International Council], Human Rights Foundation, accessed 16 August 2012.</ref> | ||
| + | *[[East European Solidarity Committee]] (Sweden) | ||
| + | *[[European Liaison Group]] (Great Britain) | ||
| + | *[[Sakharov Institute]] (USA) | ||
| + | *[[Stichting Comite Boekovski]] (Netherlands) | ||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| − | {{ | + | |
| + | {{PageCredit | ||
| + | |site=Wikipedia | ||
| + | |date=09.09.2022 | ||
| + | |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_International | ||
| + | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 12:04, 1 October 2022
 Resistance International     | |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1983 |
| Founder | •  Vladimir Bukovsky• Armando Valladares |
| Extinction | 1988 |
| Headquarters | Paris, France |
| Membership | • Nicholas Bethell •  Winston Churchill Jr•  Jeane Kirkpatrick•  Midge Decter• Yuri Yarim-Agaev •  Richard Perle• Mstislav Rostropovich •  Simon Wiesenthal• Saul Bellow • Bruno Bettleheim • Vladimir Maximov •  Albert Jolis• William F. Buckley Jr • .jpg){kind=small} Robert Conquest•  Eduard Kuznetsov• Armand Maloumian • Afghan Mujahidin • UNITA |
| A spooky anti-communist anti-communist organisation that existed between 1983 and 1988 | |
Resistance International was a spooky anti-communist anti-communist organisation that existed between 1983 and 1988. Funded by the US government, it anticipated and embodied the so-called Reagan Doctrine[1]. Resistance International was set up in France in May 1983 on the initiative of Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky and Armando Valladares, a representative of the Cuban dissident movement.
Contents
Organisation
"Today few traces remain of the activities of Resistance International", writes Galina Akkerman in a memoir describing her work for writer Vladimir Maximov at the organisation's "tiny office on the Champs Elysée" in Paris. "The internet was still unknown and to restore the history of this organisation I must turn to the few things I can recall".[2]
Vladimir Bukovsky was chosen president and the organisation was run by former Soviet dissidents. Everyday organisation was then in the hands of the executive director Vladimir Maximov, writer and editor of the Kontinent quarterly.[3] Galina Akkerman describes how Eduard Kuznetsov later took over part of Maximov's role and recalls the involvement of Armand Maloumian, a post-war inmate of Stalin's Gulag.[4]
Funding
Resistance International initially had funding from the US Congress (from which it received 6 million dollars in 1983) and from private American foundations. In 1985 the organisation was put on a more serious footing with the establishment of the American Foundation for Resistance International which had a roster of famous names and influential right-wing politicians on its advisory committee (among them Saul Bellow, William F. Buckley Jr, and, later, Richard Perle), while Jeane Kirkpatrick served with Bukovsky and Albert Jolis on its board. For the next three years this body raised funds for Resistance International and expanded the scope of its activities.
Afghanistan, Angola and the USSR
The aim of the organisation was to coordinate the activities of anti-communist movements in the Socialist bloc and in the Third World and challenge the legitimacy of Communist governments everywhere. In a 1991 interview Bukovsky commented, "We didn't do that much, but the little we did all worked and had a considerable effect."[5]
In particular Resistance International directed its efforts towards Afghanistan, where tens of thousands of Soviet troops had been based since the invasion of December 1979. The International organised Radio Free Kabul, providing 25 portable transmitters that served not only as a means of transmitting radio propaganda in local languages, but also as a means of communication between the mujahideen forces. Resistance International helped Soviet deserters and prisoners of war leave the country.[6] To spread information among Soviet forces serving in Afghanistan the organisation issued a newspaper that bore an external resemblance to Krasnaya Zvezda, the daily published by the Soviet Ministry of Defence.
Resistance International was also said to have carried out propaganda work among the Cuban troops deployed in Angola.
With the aid of the Solidarity movement in Poland, it sent propaganda videos to the USSR concealed in Polish trucks.[7]
Activities in Europe
Between 1985 and 1987 Resistance International organised major events in Western Europe, two in Paris and one in Vienna, to draw attention to the lack of free speech and human rights in the Soviet Union.
The first event was timed to coincide with Mikhail Gorbachev's first visit to Paris in October 1985. As an alternative to the official events of the Soviet leader's visit a large gathering was held at the Grand Palais.[8]
The second event, an exhibition entitled a "Helsinki Mirror" and a press conference, took place in Vienna from 4 to 6 November 1986 as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) which produced the 1975 Helsinki Accords was transformed into the permanent Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).[9]
The third and last major public event of Resistance International was the Paris Forum, "Literature without borders", held in November 1987 and organised jointly by the French Pen Club, Resistance International and the Russian and French editions of the Kontinent quarterly. "Freedom of speech in the USSR and Eastern Europe", noted Galina Akkerman, "was something more people could agree on than aid for the Contras or the Afghan mujahideen," and forty famous writers attended, including Joseph Brodsky, Czeslaw Milosz and Georgy Vladimov. This would prove, in Akkerman's words, to be the "swan song" of Resistance International. It closed down the following year.[10]
Members
Staff included Nicholas Bethell, Winston Churchill Jr (of Le Cercle), Jeane Kirkpatrick (Bilderberg and Le Cercle), Midge Decter, Yuri Yarim-Agaev, Richard Perle (Bilderberg Steering Committee and Le Cercle), Mstislav Rostropovich and Simon Wiesenthal. By 1986 they had been joined by Saul Bellow, Bruno Bettleheim, Robert Conquest and others.
The member organizations (1986) included several astroturf "liberation movements":
- Bulgarian Liberation Movement
- Comite Entr' aide et Action (Czechoslovakia)
- Committee of Cuban Intellectuals in Exile
- Independent and Democratic Cuba
- Islamic Unity of Afghan Mujahidin
- Miskito, Fumo and Rama Indian Front (Nicaragua)
- The Khmer People's National Liberation Front (Cambodia)
- United Front for the Liberation of Laos
- UNITA (Angola)
- Witness Czechoslovakia[11]
Associate Members
- Committee for the Defense of Democracy in Nicaragua (Venezuala)[12]
- East European Solidarity Committee (Sweden)
- European Liaison Group (Great Britain)
- Sakharov Institute (USA)
- Stichting Comite Boekovski (Netherlands)
Known members
8 of the 18 of the members already have pages here:
| Member | Description |
|---|---|
| Saul Bellow | US/Canadian writer. Member of Balkan Action Committee & Committee on the Present Danger |
| Robert Conquest | British historian and spook who used statistical "analysis" to reinforce the official narrative about the Soviet Union, while while secretly working for British propaganda unit. |
| Midge Decter | Neocon "polemical powerhouse" |
| Albert Jolis | Diamond dealer with Oppenheimers, OSS and CIA ties. |
| Jeane Kirkpatrick | Neocon "terror expert", US Ambassador to the UN, Washington Conference on International Terrorism... |
| Eduard Kuznetsov | |
| Richard Perle | "widely considered a core representative of the neoconservative political faction" |
| Simon Wiesenthal |
References
- ↑ "The Reagan Doctrine", chapter from Robert Kagan, A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996
- ↑ Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.
- ↑ Robert van Voren, On Dissidents and Madness: From the Soviet Union of Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin, Rodopi: Amsterdam & New York, 2009, p. 74.
- ↑ Armand Maloumian, And Even Our Tears, Avon Books: New York 1982.
- ↑ "Resistance International", An interview with Vladimir Bukovsky, Panorama, Moscow, December 1991 (in Russian), retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ↑ "Lord Bethell smuggles two soldiers out of Afghanistan", 11 November 1984, British Universities Film and Video Council
- ↑ These were filmed and edited by Kuznetsov and his wife Larisa Gerstein. See Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov"
- ↑ Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.
- ↑ Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.
- ↑ Galina Akkerman, "Vladimir Maximov", Kontinent, No 146, 2010.
- ↑ International Council, Human Rights Foundation, accessed 16 August 2012.
- ↑ International Council, Human Rights Foundation, accessed 16 August 2012.
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