Difference between revisions of "Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi"

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{{person
 
{{person
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball_(informant)
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball_(informant)
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|image=Rafid Ahmed Alwan.png
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|powerbase=https://powerbase.info/index.php/Curveball
 
|birth_date=1968
 
|birth_date=1968
 
|death_date=
 
|death_date=
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|constitutes=
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|constitutes=defector
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|description=The purported source of the lies about [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[WMD]]s.
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|description=Iraqi defector purported to be the source of the lies about [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[WMD]]s.
 
|alma_mater=Baghdad University
 
|alma_mater=Baghdad University
 
|birth_name=Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi
 
|birth_name=Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi
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|birth_place=(age 47–48), Iraq
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|birth_place=Iraq
 
|nationality=German, Iraqi
 
|nationality=German, Iraqi
 
|employment=
 
|employment=
 
}}
 
}}
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''''Curveball'''' is a [[cryptonym]] given to '''Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi'''.
+
''''Curveball'''' is a [[cryptonym]] given to '''Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi'''<ref>http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/02/nation/na-intel2 </ref>,  an Iraqi [[Defection|defector]] claiming that he had worked as a [[chemical engineer]] at a plant that manufactured mobile [[biological weapon]] laboratories as part of an [[Iraq/WMD|Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program]].<ref name="bbc">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7075501.stm</ref>
 +
While the claims were obviously fake after the briefest of technical analysis, the claims were [[stovepiped]] to create a [[pretext]] for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].
 +
 
 +
The claims were included in the 2003 State of the Union address, where the US President [[George W. Bush]] said, "We know that Iraq, in the late 1990s, had several mobile biological weapons labs", and US Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]]'s presentation to the [[UN Security Council]], which contained a computer generated image of a mobile biological weapons laboratory.<ref name="bbc" /><ref>[[Wikisource:George W. Bush's Third State of the Union Address]]</ref> They were suggested to be mobile production trucks for artillery balloons.<ref>https://www.deseretnews.com/article/595052147/WMDs-were-mostly-defector-tales.html</ref> On 24 September 2002, the British government published its dossier on the former Iraqi leader's [[Weapon of mass destruction|WMD]] with a personal foreword by British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]], who assured readers Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] had continued to produce WMD "beyond doubt".<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21786506</ref>
 +
 
 +
On November 4, 2007, the US television news program ''[[60 Minutes]]'' revealed Curveball's real identity.<ref name="CBSname">http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/01/60minutes/main3440577.shtml|</ref> Former CIA official [[Tyler Drumheller]] summed up Curveball as "a guy trying to get his green card essentially, in Germany, and playing the system for what it was worth."<ref name="bbc" /> Alwan lives in [[Germany]], where he has been granted asylum.<ref name=Admit />
 +
 
 +
[[File:Powell UN Iraq presentation, alleged Mobile Production Facilities.jpg|thumb|305px|Computer-generated image of alleged [[mobile weapons laboratory|mobile biological weapons laboratory]], presented by Colin Powell at the UN [[The UN Security Council and the Iraq war|Security Council]].]]
 +
 
 +
== Claims and background ==
 +
Rafid Ahmed Alwan studied chemical engineering in university but received low marks. He also worked at the Babel television production company in Baghdad, which was owned by [[Saddam Hussein]]'s son [[Uday Hussein|Uday]]; sometime after leaving his job, a warrant was issued for his arrest because of theft from the same company.<ref name="CBSname" />
 +
 
 +
Curveball's story began in November 1999 when Alwan, then in his early 30s, arrived at [[Munich]]'s [[Munich Airport|Franz Josef Strauss Airport]] with a [[tourist visa]]. Upon entering the country he applied for political asylum because he had embezzled Iraqi government money and faced prison or worse if sent home. The German refugee system sent him to [[Zirndorf]], a refugee center near [[Nuremberg]].<ref name="commondreams" />
 +
 
 +
After he arrived at the refugee center he changed his story. Alwan's new story included that after he had graduated at the top of his [[chemical engineer]]ing class at Baghdad University in 1994,<ref name="cooperativeresearch">http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq_3280</ref> he worked for "Dr. Germ," British-trained [[microbiologist]] [[Rihab Taha|Rihab Rashid Taha]] to lead a team that built mobile labs to produce lethal [[Biological weapon|biological WMD]].<ref name="cooperativeresearch" />
 +
 
 +
The Germans listened to his claims and debriefed him starting in December 1999,<ref>Drogin, Bob, ''Curveball'', Random House, 2007, p.12: "it was nearly Christmas 1999"</ref> continuing to September 2001. Although the Americans did not have "direct access" to Curveball,<ref>Drogin, Bob, ''Curveball'', Random House, 2007, p.31: "senior BND officials decided to bar the CIA from talking to their new source", p.36: "Curveball hates Americans, they told the visiting DIA team. He absolutely refuses to meet any Americans. … Sorry, they said, he's completely off limits."</ref><ref>Chulov, Martin and Pidd, Helen [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/defector-admits-wmd-lies-iraq-war Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war], ''The Guardian'': "After [Powell's speech at the UN], Janabi said he called his handler at the BND and accused the secret service of breaking an agreement that they would not share anything he had told them with another country"</ref> information collected by the [[Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)|BND]] debriefing team was later passed on in part to the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] in the United States.<ref>Drogin, Bob, ''Curveball'', Random House, 2007.</ref> As an incentive to keep supplying information to German intelligence, Curveball had been granted asylum, as he had applied earlier in 1999 and failed.<ref name="washingtonpost">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062401081_pf.htm</ref> He had enough money that he did not have to work. He gave many hours of testimony about Iraq's [[Weapons of Mass Destruction|WMD]] program and in particular its mobile weapons laboratories.
 +
 
 +
Despite CIA technicians and weapon experts finding major flaws and inconsistencies with the designs and systems he asserted the military was developing, this information made it to the American government and although there were wide doubts and questions about the claimed informant's reliability and background, assertions attributed to Curveball claiming that Iraq was creating [[biological agents]] in mobile weapons laboratories to elude inspectors appeared in more than 112 [[United States government]] reports between January 2000 and September 2001.<ref name="globalsecurity">http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iraq/bw-mobile.htm</ref> His assertions eventually made it into [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]]'s address on February 5, 2003 to the [[United Nations]] detailing Iraq's weapons programs.
 +
 
 +
[[image:Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN.jpg|thumb|February 5, 2003 - [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] holding a model vial of [[anthrax]] while giving the presentation to the [[United Nations Security Council]].]]
 +
 
 +
According to a Danish state TV documentary, DR1 Dokumentaren "Manden som løj verden i krig"<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100423152451/http://www.dr.dk/DR1/Dokumentar/2010/0412145040.htm</ref> broadcast on April 21, 2010, Curveball was still living in Germany under protection from the German police. Danish TV filmed Rafid and recorded clips of conversation with him, before he called the police and had the TV-crew banned from his neighbourhood.
 +
 
 +
== Criticism, investigation, and damage control ==
 +
In 2003, inspectors led by [[David Kay]] conducted additional investigation of Curveball's credibility. They found among other things that he had been placed last in his university class when he had claimed to have been placed first, and that he had been jailed for embezzlement before fleeing to Germany.
 +
 
 +
In response to public criticism, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush|Bush]] initiated an [[Iraq Intelligence Commission|investigative commission]] who released their report on March 31, 2005. Bush's investigative commission came to many conclusions including:
 +
* Curveball's German intelligence handlers saw him as "crazy … out of control", his friends called him a "congenital liar", and a US physician working for the Defense Department who travelled to Germany to take blood samples seeking to discover if anthrax spores were present was stunned to find the defector had shown up for medical tests with a "blistering hangover",<ref>Bob Drogin, ''Curveball'' (Ebury Press, 2007), p. 70.</ref> and he "might be an alcoholic".<ref name="Observer">https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1451167,00.html</ref>
 +
* While there were many reports that Curveball was actually a relative (younger brother) of one of [[Ahmed Chalabi]]'s [[Iraqi National Congress]] (INC) top aides,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071106064842/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0515%2Cvest%2C62865%2C6.html</ref><ref name="Guardian">https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1184172,00.html</ref> the investigative commission stated that it was "unable to uncover any evidence that the INC or any other organisation was directing Curveball."<ref name="LATIMES">https://web.archive.org/web/20070803124926/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0401-10.htm</ref>
 +
* The Bush administration ignored evidence from the UN weapons inspectors that Curveball's claims were false. Curveball had identified a particular Iraqi facility as a docking station for mobile labs. Satellite photography had showed a wall made such access impossible, but it was theorised that this wall was temporary. "When [[United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission]] (UNMOVIC) inspectors visited the site on February 9, 2003, they found that the wall was a permanent structure and could find nothing to corroborate Curveball's statements."<ref name="UNMOVIC">https://web.archive.org/web/20050415164032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A21854-2005Apr2?language=printer</ref> Instead, the inspectors found the warehouse to be used for seed processing.<ref>Drogin, Bob, ''Curveball'', Random House, 2007, pp 170-177.</ref>
 +
 
 +
=== Blame ===
 +
The Bush administration laid blame on the CIA, criticising its officials for "failing to investigate" doubts about Curveball, which emerged after an October 2002 [[National Intelligence Estimate]]. In May 2004, over a year after the invasion of Iraq, the CIA concluded formally that Curveball's information was fabricated. Furthermore, on June 26, 2006, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that "the CIA acknowledged that Curveball was a [[con artist]] who drove a [[Taxicab|taxi]] in Iraq and spun his engineering knowledge into a fantastic but plausible tale about secret bioweapons factories on wheels."<ref name="washingtonpost" />
 +
 
 +
On April 8, 2005, [[CIA Director]] [[Porter Goss]] ordered an internal review of the CIA in order to determine why doubts about Curveball's reliability were not forwarded to policy makers. Former CIA Director [[George Tenet]] and his former deputy, [[John E. McLaughlin]], announced that they were not aware of doubts about Curveball's veracity before the war. However, [[Tyler Drumheller]], the former chief of the CIA's European division, told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' that "everyone in the chain of command knew exactly what was happening."<ref>http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/02/nation/na-intel2</ref>
 +
 
 +
=== Admission of fabrication ===
 +
In February 2011, Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi admitted for the first time that he lied about his story regarding Iraq's secret biological weapons program.<ref name=Admit>Chulov, Martin and Pidd, Helen (2011-02-15) [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/defector-admits-wmd-lies-iraq-war Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war], ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> He also admitted to being shocked that his false story was used as a justification for the [[Iraq War]] but proud that the fabrications helped topple [[Saddam Hussein]].
 +
 
 +
==Documentaries ==
 +
According to the Danish film ''The Man Who Lied the World Into War'', after he was found by the documentary makers and they put questions to the chief security and spy services of his new home country, he lost his job (in a company described by the document makers as a cover where his position had been "marketing specialist") and where he received a "salary with flat". After this, when he had to get back to the social one-room flat and live on social security benefits, he phoned the documentary makers proposing an interview for €40,000. He also showed papers which, according to him, clearly proved that a contract between him and this "cover company" had been signed for the 15 years, starting in 1999/2000, with a monthly salary of €3,000.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075136/http://www.idfa.nl/nl/tags/project.aspx?id=7835B512-0135-454F-997A-734F7C602478</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140327040351/http://www.dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Current_Affairs_and_Politics/20100223124446.htm </ref>
 +
 
 +
Janabi also features in ''The spies who fooled the world'', a  2013 [[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama documentary]] made by Peter Taylor for BBC Television, in which Janabi repeats the admissions of fabrication previously made to the Guardian newspaper.<ref name="BBC18313">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21786506</ref>
 +
 
 +
His allegations were also subsequently shown to be false by the [[Iraq Survey Group]]'s [[Iraq Survey Group#Duelfer Report|final report]] published in 2004.<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB234/index.htm</ref><ref>https://niemanreports.org/articles/determining-the-reliability-of-a-key-cia-source/</ref>
 +
 
 +
== The name "Curveball" ==
 +
Allegedly because the Iraqi informant disliked Americans,<ref name="VV">https://web.archive.org/web/20071106064842/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0515%2Cvest%2C62865%2C6.html</ref> [[Bundesnachrichtendienst|Germany's intelligence service (BND)]] classified him as a "blue" source, meaning the Germans would not permit U.S. access to him ("red" sources were allowed American contact).<ref name="commondreams">https://web.archive.org/web/20070802090149/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/1120-01.htm</ref> Later evidence indicated that he was in fact pro-American, and that the Germans were guarding their source.<ref>Drogin, Bob, ''Curveball'', Random House, 2007, pp 231, 268, 282</ref> The Germans did pass on information to the American intelligence agencies and the informant was given the codename "Curveball". Despite it being an American term, the Americans deny coining the name, and its origin is uncertain. The base [[cryptonym]] "ball" had been used during the [[Cold War]] when dealing with informants who had intelligence about weapons.<ref name="commondreams" /><ref>Drogin, Bob, ''Curveball'', Random House, 2007, p 35</ref>
 +
 
 
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{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
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Latest revision as of 01:50, 27 March 2024

Person.png Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi   PowerbaseRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(defector)
Rafid Ahmed Alwan.png
BornRafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi
1968
Iraq
NationalityGerman, Iraqi
Alma materBaghdad University
Iraqi defector purported to be the source of the lies about Saddam Hussein's WMDs.

'Curveball' is a cryptonym given to Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi[1], an Iraqi defector claiming that he had worked as a chemical engineer at a plant that manufactured mobile biological weapon laboratories as part of an Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program.[2] While the claims were obviously fake after the briefest of technical analysis, the claims were stovepiped to create a pretext for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

The claims were included in the 2003 State of the Union address, where the US President George W. Bush said, "We know that Iraq, in the late 1990s, had several mobile biological weapons labs", and US Secretary of State Colin Powell's presentation to the UN Security Council, which contained a computer generated image of a mobile biological weapons laboratory.[2][3] They were suggested to be mobile production trucks for artillery balloons.[4] On 24 September 2002, the British government published its dossier on the former Iraqi leader's WMD with a personal foreword by British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who assured readers Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had continued to produce WMD "beyond doubt".[5]

On November 4, 2007, the US television news program 60 Minutes revealed Curveball's real identity.[6] Former CIA official Tyler Drumheller summed up Curveball as "a guy trying to get his green card essentially, in Germany, and playing the system for what it was worth."[2] Alwan lives in Germany, where he has been granted asylum.[7]

Computer-generated image of alleged mobile biological weapons laboratory, presented by Colin Powell at the UN Security Council.

Claims and background

Rafid Ahmed Alwan studied chemical engineering in university but received low marks. He also worked at the Babel television production company in Baghdad, which was owned by Saddam Hussein's son Uday; sometime after leaving his job, a warrant was issued for his arrest because of theft from the same company.[6]

Curveball's story began in November 1999 when Alwan, then in his early 30s, arrived at Munich's Franz Josef Strauss Airport with a tourist visa. Upon entering the country he applied for political asylum because he had embezzled Iraqi government money and faced prison or worse if sent home. The German refugee system sent him to Zirndorf, a refugee center near Nuremberg.[8]

After he arrived at the refugee center he changed his story. Alwan's new story included that after he had graduated at the top of his chemical engineering class at Baghdad University in 1994,[9] he worked for "Dr. Germ," British-trained microbiologist Rihab Rashid Taha to lead a team that built mobile labs to produce lethal biological WMD.[9]

The Germans listened to his claims and debriefed him starting in December 1999,[10] continuing to September 2001. Although the Americans did not have "direct access" to Curveball,[11][12] information collected by the BND debriefing team was later passed on in part to the Defense Intelligence Agency in the United States.[13] As an incentive to keep supplying information to German intelligence, Curveball had been granted asylum, as he had applied earlier in 1999 and failed.[14] He had enough money that he did not have to work. He gave many hours of testimony about Iraq's WMD program and in particular its mobile weapons laboratories.

Despite CIA technicians and weapon experts finding major flaws and inconsistencies with the designs and systems he asserted the military was developing, this information made it to the American government and although there were wide doubts and questions about the claimed informant's reliability and background, assertions attributed to Curveball claiming that Iraq was creating biological agents in mobile weapons laboratories to elude inspectors appeared in more than 112 United States government reports between January 2000 and September 2001.[15] His assertions eventually made it into United States Secretary of State Colin Powell's address on February 5, 2003 to the United Nations detailing Iraq's weapons programs.

February 5, 2003 - United States Secretary of State Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving the presentation to the United Nations Security Council.

According to a Danish state TV documentary, DR1 Dokumentaren "Manden som løj verden i krig"[16] broadcast on April 21, 2010, Curveball was still living in Germany under protection from the German police. Danish TV filmed Rafid and recorded clips of conversation with him, before he called the police and had the TV-crew banned from his neighbourhood.

Criticism, investigation, and damage control

In 2003, inspectors led by David Kay conducted additional investigation of Curveball's credibility. They found among other things that he had been placed last in his university class when he had claimed to have been placed first, and that he had been jailed for embezzlement before fleeing to Germany.

In response to public criticism, U.S. President Bush initiated an investigative commission who released their report on March 31, 2005. Bush's investigative commission came to many conclusions including:

  • Curveball's German intelligence handlers saw him as "crazy … out of control", his friends called him a "congenital liar", and a US physician working for the Defense Department who travelled to Germany to take blood samples seeking to discover if anthrax spores were present was stunned to find the defector had shown up for medical tests with a "blistering hangover",[17] and he "might be an alcoholic".[18]
  • While there were many reports that Curveball was actually a relative (younger brother) of one of Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress (INC) top aides,[19][20] the investigative commission stated that it was "unable to uncover any evidence that the INC or any other organisation was directing Curveball."[21]
  • The Bush administration ignored evidence from the UN weapons inspectors that Curveball's claims were false. Curveball had identified a particular Iraqi facility as a docking station for mobile labs. Satellite photography had showed a wall made such access impossible, but it was theorised that this wall was temporary. "When United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) inspectors visited the site on February 9, 2003, they found that the wall was a permanent structure and could find nothing to corroborate Curveball's statements."[22] Instead, the inspectors found the warehouse to be used for seed processing.[23]

Blame

The Bush administration laid blame on the CIA, criticising its officials for "failing to investigate" doubts about Curveball, which emerged after an October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate. In May 2004, over a year after the invasion of Iraq, the CIA concluded formally that Curveball's information was fabricated. Furthermore, on June 26, 2006, The Washington Post reported that "the CIA acknowledged that Curveball was a con artist who drove a taxi in Iraq and spun his engineering knowledge into a fantastic but plausible tale about secret bioweapons factories on wheels."[14]

On April 8, 2005, CIA Director Porter Goss ordered an internal review of the CIA in order to determine why doubts about Curveball's reliability were not forwarded to policy makers. Former CIA Director George Tenet and his former deputy, John E. McLaughlin, announced that they were not aware of doubts about Curveball's veracity before the war. However, Tyler Drumheller, the former chief of the CIA's European division, told the Los Angeles Times that "everyone in the chain of command knew exactly what was happening."[24]

Admission of fabrication

In February 2011, Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi admitted for the first time that he lied about his story regarding Iraq's secret biological weapons program.[7] He also admitted to being shocked that his false story was used as a justification for the Iraq War but proud that the fabrications helped topple Saddam Hussein.

Documentaries

According to the Danish film The Man Who Lied the World Into War, after he was found by the documentary makers and they put questions to the chief security and spy services of his new home country, he lost his job (in a company described by the document makers as a cover where his position had been "marketing specialist") and where he received a "salary with flat". After this, when he had to get back to the social one-room flat and live on social security benefits, he phoned the documentary makers proposing an interview for €40,000. He also showed papers which, according to him, clearly proved that a contract between him and this "cover company" had been signed for the 15 years, starting in 1999/2000, with a monthly salary of €3,000.[25][26]

Janabi also features in The spies who fooled the world, a 2013 Panorama documentary made by Peter Taylor for BBC Television, in which Janabi repeats the admissions of fabrication previously made to the Guardian newspaper.[27]

His allegations were also subsequently shown to be false by the Iraq Survey Group's final report published in 2004.[28][29]

The name "Curveball"

Allegedly because the Iraqi informant disliked Americans,[30] Germany's intelligence service (BND) classified him as a "blue" source, meaning the Germans would not permit U.S. access to him ("red" sources were allowed American contact).[8] Later evidence indicated that he was in fact pro-American, and that the Germans were guarding their source.[31] The Germans did pass on information to the American intelligence agencies and the informant was given the codename "Curveball". Despite it being an American term, the Americans deny coining the name, and its origin is uncertain. The base cryptonym "ball" had been used during the Cold War when dealing with informants who had intelligence about weapons.[8][32]


 

Related Quotation

PageQuote
Document:US Feigns "Horror" Over Cooked-Up Report on Syrian War They Engineered“A man whose lies helped to make the case for invading Iraq – starting a nine-year war costing more than 100,000 lives and hundreds of billions of pounds – will come clean in his first British television interview tomorrow. "Curveball", the Iraqi defector who fabricated claims about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, smiles as he confirms how he made the whole thing up. It was a confidence trick that changed the course of history, with Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi's lies used to justify the Iraq war.”

 

Related Document

TitleTypePublication dateAuthor(s)Description
Document:US Feigns "Horror" Over Cooked-Up Report on Syrian War They Engineeredarticle22 January 2014'Tony Cartalucci'Essential information about the 'Shock-Horror' report on alleged Syrian government atrocities, published the day before the 'Geneva 2' talks on the ongoing Syrian disaster were due to start
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References

  1. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/02/nation/na-intel2
  2. ↑ a b c http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7075501.stm
  3. ↑ Wikisource:George W. Bush's Third State of the Union Address
  4. ↑ https://www.deseretnews.com/article/595052147/WMDs-were-mostly-defector-tales.html
  5. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21786506
  6. ↑ a b http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/01/60minutes/main3440577.shtml%7C
  7. ↑ a b Chulov, Martin and Pidd, Helen (2011-02-15) Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war, The Guardian
  8. ↑ a b c https://web.archive.org/web/20070802090149/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/1120-01.htm
  9. ↑ a b http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq_3280
  10. ↑ Drogin, Bob, Curveball, Random House, 2007, p.12: "it was nearly Christmas 1999"
  11. ↑ Drogin, Bob, Curveball, Random House, 2007, p.31: "senior BND officials decided to bar the CIA from talking to their new source", p.36: "Curveball hates Americans, they told the visiting DIA team. He absolutely refuses to meet any Americans. … Sorry, they said, he's completely off limits."
  12. ↑ Chulov, Martin and Pidd, Helen Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war, The Guardian: "After [Powell's speech at the UN], Janabi said he called his handler at the BND and accused the secret service of breaking an agreement that they would not share anything he had told them with another country"
  13. ↑ Drogin, Bob, Curveball, Random House, 2007.
  14. ↑ a b https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062401081_pf.htm
  15. ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iraq/bw-mobile.htm
  16. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100423152451/http://www.dr.dk/DR1/Dokumentar/2010/0412145040.htm
  17. ↑ Bob Drogin, Curveball (Ebury Press, 2007), p. 70.
  18. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1451167,00.html
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20071106064842/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0515%2Cvest%2C62865%2C6.html
  20. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1184172,00.html
  21. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070803124926/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0401-10.htm
  22. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050415164032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A21854-2005Apr2?language=printer
  23. ↑ Drogin, Bob, Curveball, Random House, 2007, pp 170-177.
  24. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/02/nation/na-intel2
  25. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075136/http://www.idfa.nl/nl/tags/project.aspx?id=7835B512-0135-454F-997A-734F7C602478
  26. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140327040351/http://www.dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Current_Affairs_and_Politics/20100223124446.htm
  27. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21786506
  28. ↑ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB234/index.htm
  29. ↑ https://niemanreports.org/articles/determining-the-reliability-of-a-key-cia-source/
  30. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20071106064842/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0515%2Cvest%2C62865%2C6.html
  31. ↑ Drogin, Bob, Curveball, Random House, 2007, pp 231, 268, 282
  32. ↑ Drogin, Bob, Curveball, Random House, 2007, p 35
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