Difference between revisions of "Psychiatry"

Psychiatry
Psychiatry ; (social control)
Interest of	• Peter Breggin; • Vladimir Bukovsky; • Ewen Cameron
	Discipline devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorder, can often be just a reinforcement of the prejudices of the era. Open for power abuse since there are less legal safeguards.

Latest revision as of 19:52, 1 October 2022

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.^[1] These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions. Modern psychiatry is intimately tied to Big Pharma, which has a massive financial incentive to produce drugs for all sort of more or less fictitious conditions.

The discipline is, and has historically been, viewed as controversial by those under its care, sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. Reasons cited for this controversy include the subjectivity of diagnosis,^[2] the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including detaining citizens and treating them without consent,^[3] and the side effects of treatments like electroconvulsive therapy,^[4] antipsychotics^[5] and historical procedures like lobotomy and other forms of psychosurgery^[6] or insulin shock therapy.^[7]

Punitive psychiatry

Full article: Punitive Psychiatry

Punitive psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society.

Eugenics

Full article: eugenics

Full article: euthanasia

Psychiatrists were particularly active in the eugenics field and were often directly involved in identifying victims for forced sterilisation.^[8]

Big Pharma

As psychiatry became a drug-intensive specialty from the 1950s onward, the pharmaceutical industry was quick to see the advantages of forming an alliance with the psychiatric profession. Drug companies began to lavish attention and largesse on psychiatrists, both individually and collectively, directly and indirectly. They showered gifts and free samples on practicing psychiatrists, hired them as consultants and speakers, bought them meals, helped pay for them to attend conferences, and supplied them with “educational” materials. When Minnesota and Vermont implemented “sunshine laws” that require drug companies to report all payments to doctors, psychiatrists were found to receive more money than physicians in any other specialty. The pharmaceutical industry also subsidizes meetings of the APA and other psychiatric conferences. About a fifth of APA funding now comes from drug companies.^[9]

Drug companies are particularly eager to win over faculty psychiatrists at prestigious academic medical centers. Called “key opinion leaders” (KOLs) by the industry, these are the people who through their writing and teaching influence how mental illness will be diagnosed and treated.^[9]

In 1952 the first Diagnostic Statistical Method of Mental Disorders (DSM) manual was created by the American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. The DSM-1 listed a total of 102 mental disorders. A half century later in 1994 the DSM-4 enumerated 365 mental maladies. ^[9]

In addition to the money spent on the psychiatric profession directly, drug companies heavily support many related patient advocacy groups and educational organizations. ^[9]

Children

Children sometimes as young as two years old are diagnosed and treated for mental illness. These children are often treated with drugs that were never approved by the FDA for use in this age group and have serious side effects. The apparent prevalence of “juvenile bipolar disorder” jumped forty-fold between 1993 and 2004, and that of “autism” increased from one in five hundred children to one in ninety over the same decade. By 2013, ten percent of ten-year-old boys now take daily stimulants for ADHD—”attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder”—and 500,000 children take antipsychotic drugs.^[9]

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References

This page imported content from Wikipedia on 22.11.2021.
Wikipedia is not affiliated with Wikispooks. Original page source here

[1] ttps://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037

[frana-2] {https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655

[3] ttps://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2009.11

[4] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=RvXzXnskJB4C

[5] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=yTwiAQAAQBAJ

[6] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=U5EZvgAACAAJ

[7] ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17105748/%7Cjournal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

[8] ttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/psychiatry-and-the-dark-side-eugenics-nazi-and-soviet-psychiatry/5A5950F52D74D0B5FC5418642C5211D1

[angell-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e https://mindfreedom.org/kb/pt2-nyreview-marcia-angell/

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |interests=mental health
 |image=Hieronymus Bosch 053 detail.jpg
-|constitutes=
+|constitutes=social control
 |description=Discipline devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of [[mental disorder]], can often be just a reinforcement of the prejudices of the era. Open for power abuse since there are less legal safeguards.
 }}
-'''Psychiatry''' is the [[specialty (medicine)|medical specialty]] devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of [[mental disorder]]s.<ref>https://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037</ref> These include various [[maladaptation]]s related to mood, behaviour, [[cognition]], and [[perception]]s.
+'''Psychiatry''' is the [[specialty (medicine)|medical specialty]] devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of [[mental disorder]]s.<ref>https://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037</ref> These include various [[maladaptation]]s related to mood, behaviour, [[cognition]], and [[perception]]s. Modern psychiatry is intimately tied to [[Big Pharma]], which has a massive financial incentive to produce drugs for all sort of more or less fictitious conditions.
+[[image:Siamese twins 600.jpg|left|thumb]]
 The discipline is, and has historically been, viewed as controversial by those under its care, sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. Reasons cited for this controversy include the subjectivity of diagnosis,<ref name=frana>{https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655</ref> the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including [[Involuntary commitment|detaining citizens]] and [[Involuntary treatment|treating them without consent]],<ref>https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2009.11</ref> and the side effects of treatments like [[electroconvulsive therapy]],<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=RvXzXnskJB4C</ref> [[antipsychotic]]s<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=yTwiAQAAQBAJ</ref> and historical procedures like [[lobotomy]] and other forms of [[psychosurgery]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=U5EZvgAACAAJ</ref> or [[insulin shock therapy]].<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17105748/|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</ref>
-==Punitive Psychiatry==
+==Punitive psychiatry==
-Political abuse of psychiatry, also commonly referred to as punitive psychiatry, is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800147</ref>  In other words, abuse of psychiatry (including that for political purposes) is the deliberate action of having citizens psychiatrically diagnosed who need neither psychiatric restraint nor psychiatric treatment.
+{{FA|Punitive Psychiatry}}
+Punitive psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society.
-Since forced psychiatry often has less legal recourse than criminal procedures, this can be a more effective and underhand way to punish dissidents. Some forms of treatment, like [[psychiatric drugs]] or [[lobotomy]], will often permanently reduce the mental capacity of the patient. In addition, just the use of psychiatric treatments can often create a debilitating social and political stigma.
+==Eugenics==
+{{FA|eugenics}}
+{{FA|euthanasia}}
+Psychiatrists were particularly active in the [[eugenics]] field and were often directly involved in identifying victims for [[forced sterilisation]].<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/psychiatry-and-the-dark-side-eugenics-nazi-and-soviet-psychiatry/5A5950F52D74D0B5FC5418642C5211D1</ref>
-===Canada===
+==Big Pharma==
-The [[Duplessis Orphans]] were several thousand orphaned children that were falsely certified as mentally ill by the government of the province of [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], and confined to psychiatric institutions. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111022154328/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20040619/duplessis_orphans_040618/</ref>
+As psychiatry became a [[drug-intensive]] specialty from the 1950s onward, the [[pharmaceutical industry]] was quick to see the advantages of forming an alliance with the psychiatric profession. Drug companies began to lavish attention and largesse on psychiatrists, both individually and collectively, directly and indirectly. They showered gifts and free samples on practicing psychiatrists, hired them as consultants and speakers, bought them meals, helped pay for them to attend conferences, and supplied them with “educational” materials. When [[Minnesota]] and [[Vermont]] implemented “sunshine laws” that require drug companies to report all payments to doctors, psychiatrists were found to receive more money than physicians in any other specialty. The pharmaceutical industry also subsidizes meetings of the APA and other psychiatric conferences. About a fifth of APA funding now comes from drug companies.<ref name=angell/>
-===France===
+Drug companies are particularly eager to win over faculty psychiatrists at prestigious academic medical centers. Called “key opinion leaders” (KOLs) by the industry, these are the people who through their writing and teaching influence how mental illness will be diagnosed and treated.<ref name=angell/>
-In [[2018]] a French court ordered French member of parliament and leader of the [[National Rally|National Front]] [[Marine Le Pen]] to submit to a psychiatric evaluation as part of its investigation into her decision to post images of [[Islamic State]] executions on [[Twitter]].<ref>https://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pen-psychiatric-evaluation-ordered-islamic-state-isis-daesh/|access-date=2020-09-02</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45590963</ref><ref>https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/photos-de-daech-marine-le-pen-convoquee-a-une-expertise-psychiatrique-20-09-2018-7895910.php</ref>
-=== United States ===
+In 1952 the first [[Diagnostic Statistical Method of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) manual was created by the [[American Psychiatric Association]] Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. The DSM-1 listed a total of 102 mental disorders. A half century later in 1994 the DSM-4 enumerated 365 mental maladies. <ref name=angell>https://mindfreedom.org/kb/pt2-nyreview-marcia-angell/</ref>
-*"[[Drapetomania]]" was a supposed [[mental illness]] described by [[United States|American]] physician [[Samuel A. Cartwright]] in 1851 that caused [[Slavery in the United States|black slaves]] to flee captivity.<ref name="White">https://books.google.com/books?id=5bHxQBNWGHMC&pg=PA41</ref> In addition to inventing drapetomania, Cartwright prescribed a remedy. His feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented."<ref name=Cartwright>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3106t.html</ref> In the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"—a warning sign of imminent flight—Cartwright prescribed "[[flagellation|whipping]] the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure".<ref name="Caplan">https://books.google.com/books?id=NmHCGb3GvJoC&pg=PA35</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=1YI0DvuukxkC&pg=PA305</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=svaQthjrcf0C&pg=RA1-PA273</ref> As a remedy for this disease, doctors also made running a physical impossibility by prescribing the removal of both big toes. Cartwright also proposed "[[dysaesthesia aethiopica]]" as a mental illness that caused laziness among slaves.
-*In the United States, [[political dissent]]ers have been involuntarily committed.  For example, in 1927 a [[demonstration (people)|demonstrator]] named [[Aurora D'Angelo]] was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].<ref>https://archive.org/details/saccovanzettiaff0000temk/page/316</ref>
-*When [[Clennon Washington King, Jr.|Clennon W. King, Jr.]], an African-American [[pastor]] and activist of the [[Civil Rights Movement]], attempted to enroll at the [[Racial segregation in the United States|all-white]] [[University of Mississippi]] for summer [[graduate school|graduate courses]] in 1958, the Mississippi police arrested him on the grounds that "any nigger who tried to enter Ole Miss ''must'' be crazy."<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=C-jIEhfKPaYC</ref> Keeping King's whereabouts secret for 48 hours, the Mississippi authorities kept him confined to a mental hospital for twelve days before a panel of doctors established the activist's sanity.<ref name = "Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19580620&id=LgIdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4YoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7178,1936782 "Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane; Demands Mississippi Apologize".] UPI. ''[[Sarasota Journal]]'' 20 June 1958: 3.</ref>
-*In the 1964 election, [[Fact (US magazine)|''Fact'' magazine]] polled [[American Psychiatric Association]] members on whether [[Barry Goldwater]] was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater." This led to the adoption of an ethical rule against diagnosis of public figures by a clinician who has not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the [[Goldwater rule]].<ref name=tele>https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/health/views/24mind.html?ref=science </ref><ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D24hAAAAIBAJ&pg=882,4721408&dq=ralph+ginzburg&hl=en</ref>
-*In the 1970s, [[Martha Beall Mitchell]], wife of [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]], was diagnosed with a [[paranoid]] mental disorder for claiming that the administration of President [[Richard M. Nixon]] was engaged in illegal activities. Many of her claims were later proved correct, and the term "[[Martha Mitchell effect]]" was coined to describe mental health [[misdiagnoses]] when accurate claims are dismissed as delusional.
-*In 1972 [[Thomas Eagleton]] was forced to withdraw as a vice presidential candidate for being treated for [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/11/opinion/trashing-candidates.html </ref>
-*In 2010, the book ''[[The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease]]'' by [[psychiatrist]] [[Jonathan Metzl]] (who also has a Ph.D. in [[American studies]]) was published.<ref name="Metzl">https://books.google.com/books?id=t1Bg9QEiCAMC&pg=PA14</ref> The book covers the history of the 1960s [[Ionia State Hospital]] located in [[Ionia, Michigan]] and now converted to a prison and focuses on exposing the trend of this hospital to diagnose [[African American]]s with [[schizophrenia]] because of their [[civil rights]] ideas.<ref name="Metzl"/> The book suggests that in part the sudden influx of such diagnoses could be traced to a change in wording in the [[DSM-II]], which compared to the previous edition added "[[hostility]]" and "[[aggression]]" as signs of the disorder.<ref name="Metzl"/>
-*[[Clinical psychologist]] [[Bruce E. Levine]], argues that [[Oppositional Defiant Disorder]], which can be easily used to pathologize [[anti-authoritarianism]], is an abuse of psychiatry.
-*In 2014, ''[[The Mercury News]]'' published a series of articles detailing questionable use of [[psychotropic drugs]] within [[California's]] [[foster care]] system where bad behavior is attributed to various mental conditions, and little care is provided besides drugs. Likewise, many experts questioned the long-term effects of high dosages on developing [[brain]]s, and some former patients reported permanent [[side effects]] even after stopping the meds.<ref>http://webspecial.mercurynews.com/druggedkids/?page=pt1</ref>
-====California====
-*"[[5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)]]" – There are many  instances of usage of California law section 5150, which allows for involuntary psychiatric hold based on the opinion of a law enforcement official, psychological professional (or many other individuals who hold no qualification for making psychological assessment), which have been challenged as being unrelated to safety, and misused as an extension of political power.<ref>http://www.dailycal.org/2011/12/11/silent-uc-berkeley-protester-detained-by-police/</ref>
-====New York ====
-[[Whistleblower]]s who part ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, such as, for example, [[NYPD]] veteran [[Adrian Schoolcraft]] who was coerced to falsify crime statistics in his department and then became a whistleblower. In 2010 he was forcibly committed to a psychiatric hospital.<ref>http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/10/cop-nypd-psych-ward-whistleblowing/</ref>
+In addition to the money spent on the psychiatric profession directly, drug companies heavily support many related patient advocacy groups and educational organizations. <ref name=angell/>
+==Children==
+Children sometimes as young as two years old are diagnosed and treated for mental illness. These children are often treated with drugs that were never approved by the [[FDA]] for use in this age group and have serious [[side effects]]. The apparent prevalence of “juvenile bipolar disorder” jumped forty-fold between [[1993]] and [[2004]], and that of “[[autism]]” increased from one in five hundred children to one in ninety over the same decade. By 2013, ten percent of ten-year-old boys now take daily stimulants for ADHD—”attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder”—and 500,000 children take antipsychotic drugs.<ref name=angell/>

Difference between revisions of "Psychiatry"

Latest revision as of 19:52, 1 October 2022

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Psychiatry (social control)

Interest of	• Peter Breggin • Vladimir Bukovsky • Ewen Cameron
Discipline devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorder, can often be just a reinforcement of the prejudices of the era. Open for power abuse since there are less legal safeguards.