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| − | {{short description|Slang for outbursts of anger or violence}} | + | {{concept |
| − | {{Other uses}}
| + | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_postal |
| − | {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
| + | |image=Postal.jpg |
| | + | |constitutes=Shooting, Mass shooting |
| | + | |description=Post workers starting to shoot superiors and co-workers in the [[80's]] and [[90's]]. |
| | + | }} |
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| − | '''Going postal''' is an [[American English]] [[slang]] phrase referring to becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment. The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1986 onward in which [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, police officers and members of the general public in acts of [[mass murder]]. Between 1970 and 1997, more than 40 people were killed by then-current or former employees in at least 20 incidents of [[workplace rage]]. Between 1986 and 2011, [[Workplace violence|workplace shooting]]s happened roughly twice per year, with an average of 1.18 people killed per year.<ref name="asisonline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asisonline.org/globalassets/foundation/documents/crisp-reports/crisp_mass-homicides-by-employees-american-workplace.pdf|title=Mass Homicides by Employees in the American Workplace|last1=Lee|first1=Seungmug|last2=McCrie|first2=Robert|date=2012}}</ref> | + | '''Going postal''' is an slang phrase referring to becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment. The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1986 onward in which [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, police officers and members of the general public in acts of [[mass murder]]. Between [[1970]] and [[1997]], more than 40 people were killed by then-current or former employees in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Between [[1986]] and [[2011]], workplace shootings happened roughly twice per year, with an average of 1.18 people killed per year.<ref name="asisonline">https://www.asisonline.org/globalassets/foundation/documents/crisp-reports/crisp_mass-homicides-by-employees-american-workplace.pdf</ref> |
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| | ==Origin== | | ==Origin== |
| − | {{Original research|section|date=February 2022}}
| + | The earliest known written use of the phrase was on December 17, [[1993]], in the American newspaper the ''[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]]'': |
| − | The earliest known ''written'' use of the phrase was on December 17, 1993, in the American newspaper the ''[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]]'': | + | {{QB|The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as "going postal." Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal" and has made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place.<ref name="vick">Vick, Karl, "Violence at work tied to loss of esteem", ''St. Petersburg Times'', Dec 17, 1993</ref> |
| | + | }} |
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| − | {{blockquote|The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as "going postal." Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal" and has made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place.<ref name="vick">Vick, Karl, "Violence at work tied to loss of esteem", ''St. Petersburg Times'', Dec 17, 1993</ref>}}
| + | On December 31, [[1993]], the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said, "Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as 'going postal'."<ref>"The Year in Review 1993", ''Los Angeles Times'', December 31, 1993</ref> |
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| − | On December 31, 1993, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said, "Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as 'going postal'."<ref>"The Year in Review 1993", ''Los Angeles Times'', December 31, 1993</ref>
| + | As a result of two shootings on the same day on May 6, 1993, in [[1993]] the USPS created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February [[2009]], the USPS unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.<ref>Stephen, Musacco, Beyond going postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization, Booksurge, 2009, page 34, "the notion of 'going postal' as a myth is not supported by the overwhelming evidence to the contrary"</ref><ref>Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).</ref> |
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| − | As a result of two shootings on the same day on May 6, 1993, in 1993 the USPS created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February 2009, the USPS unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Musacco |first=Stephen |title=Beyond going postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization |publisher=Booksurge |year=2009 |page=34 |quote=the notion of 'going postal' as a myth is not supported by the overwhelming evidence to the contrary}}</ref><ref>Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).</ref>
| + | ==Murder By Proxy: How America Went Postal== |
| | + | A trailer for the [[documentary]]: ''Murder By Proxy: How America Went Postal'',<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_Proxy:_How_America_Went_Postal</ref><ref>https://www.imdb.com/de/title/tt1193626</ref><ref>http://www.murderbyproxyfilm.com/synopsis.php</ref> notes:<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120825012103/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3bNWtXhH8o</ref> |
| | + | {{QB| [..] this feature-length documentary examines the growing phenomenon of spree killings in the United States. [..] The film explores the basic question of what brings a seemingly normal person to the point of committing mass murder. It examines the complex interplay of personal and societal factors leading up to incidents of workplace massacres, starting with the earliest post office massacre in 1986. What drives people to kill this way, what pushes them over the edge? Why all the bloodshed, and why now? And what is it about US Postal Service that made it a poster boy for workplace massacres? America has witnessed widespread changes over the last 50-years, along with a profound transformation of the relationship between the individual and society. Could this shift have resulted in unseen forces, both within the workplace and outside of it, that are propelling this epidemic of mass murder? The film shows how transformation of the US Postal Service from a government agency into a corporation a created stressful workplace environment filled with increasingly anxious and unhappy employees and, eventually, resulted in unprecedented bloodshed. But this transformation hasn't occurred in a vacuum. It also represents the world outside the post office corporate America itself. Whether inside a cubicle, behind a counter or on the factory floor the modern-day workplace has become a nerve-racking place. |
| | + | }} |
| | + | It is based on a [[book]] by [[Mark Ames]].<ref>https://exiledonline.com/going-postal-documentary-airing-on-bbc-two-this-monday-may-26/</ref> |
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| − | ==Notable postal shootings== | + | ==In popular culture== |
| − | {{Main|List of postal killings}}
| + | [[File:Postal2.jpg|thumb|300px|right]] |
| | + | Comedy shows used shootings in a workplace setting as a punchline following a number of these incidents. |
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| − | ===Edmond, Oklahoma, 1986=== | + | {{-}} |
| − | {{Main|Edmond post office shooting}} | + | {{PageCredit |
| | + | |site=Wikipedia |
| | + | |date=27 December 2024 |
| | + | |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_postal |
| | + | }} |
| | + | {{-}} |
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| − | On August 20, 1986, postman Patrick Sherrill shot and killed 14 employees and wounded six at the [[Edmond, Oklahoma]], post office. Sherrill then killed himself with a shot to the forehead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PLP/is_2_35/ai_n17209169| title= On August 20, 1986, a part-time letter carrier named Patrick H. Sherrill, facing possible dismissal after a troubled work history| access-date=September 12, 2007 | work=The Journal of Employee Assistance | year=2005}}</ref>
| + | {{SMWDocs}} |
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| − | ===Royal Oak, Michigan, 1991===
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| − | {{Main|Royal Oak post office shootings}}
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| − | [[File:RoyalOakPostoffice.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The U.S. post office in Royal Oak]]
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| − | On November 14, 1991, in [[Royal Oak, Michigan]], Thomas McIlvane killed five people, including himself, and injured five others with a rifle in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination". He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE3D6163BF936A25752C1A967958260|title=Ex-Postal Worker Kills 3 and Wounds 6 in Michigan|access-date=February 26, 2008|work=The New York Times|first=Doron P.|last=Levin|date=November 15, 1991}}</ref>
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| − | For some time before the Royal Oak incident, the service had experienced labor/management and operational problems and customer service complaints. This had drawn the attention of local media. The Office of Senator Carl Levin investigated Royal Oak, the results of which were summarized in a September 10, 1991, staff memorandum. The memorandum documented "patterns of harassment, intimidation, cruelty and allegations of favoritism in promotions and demotions ... [and] testimony relating to wide-ranging delivery and service problems" before the McIlvane shooting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1462820409|title=The Tainted Eagle|last=Withers|first=Charlie}}</ref><ref>A post office tragedy:the shooting at Royal Oak, report of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, 102 Congress, {{ISBN|9780160386589}}"</ref>
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| − | ===Goleta, California, 2006===
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| − | {{main|Goleta postal facility shootings}}
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| − | Jennifer San Marco, a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before killing herself with a [[handgun]], on the evening of January 30, 2006, at a large postal processing facility in [[Goleta, California]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/national/01postal.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |title=Ex-Employee Kills 6 Others and Herself at California Postal Plant |date=February 1, 2006 |work=The New York Times |first1=John |last1=Holusha |first2=Randal C. |last2=Archibold |access-date=May 3, 2010}}</ref> Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta where San Marco once lived.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1565649 |title=Death Toll in Calif. Postal Shooting Rises: Calif. Sheriff's Deputies Say Woman Accused in Post Office Killings May Have Also Shot Her Former Neighbor |work=ABC News}}</ref> According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in 2003 because of her worsening mental problems. The incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the [[United States]] by a woman.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/31/postal.shooting |title=Seven dead in California postal shooting |work=CNN |date=January 31, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4665790.stm |title=US ex-postal employee kills six |date=January 31, 2006 |access-date=January 4, 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
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| − | ==Analysis==
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| − | In 1998, the [[United States Congress]] conducted a joint hearing to review the violence in the U.S. Postal Service. In the hearing, it was noted that while the postal service accounted for less than 1% of the full-time civilian labor force, 13% of workplace homicides were committed at postal facilities by current or former employees.<ref>Musacco, 2009</ref>
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| − | In 2000, researchers found that the homicide rates at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers per year was in retail. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.77 per 100,000 workers in general.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps12068/33994.pdf|title=Permanent.access.gpo.gov ''Report of The United States Postal Service Commission On A Safe And Secure Workplace'' August 2000}}</ref> The common depiction of an employee returning to work for revenge on their boss is over-stated. More than half of mass workplace shootings are by current employees, and a little under a quarter are by employees who have been at their job for less than a year.<ref name="asisonline"/>
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| − | ==Cultural impact==
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| − | In the controversial video game series ''[[Postal (video game series)|Postal]]'', the player takes on the role of a mass murderer in the first game, and in the later series a first-person role performing normally mundane chores (such as picking up a paycheck from work) with an often gratuitously violent twist. In 1997, the USPS sued the creators of the game, [[Running with Scissors (company)|Running with Scissors]], over the use of the term "postal". Running with Scissors argued that, despite its title, the game has absolutely nothing to do with the USPS or its employees. The case was dismissed [[Prejudice (legal term)|with prejudice]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|last=Calvert|first=Justin|title=Postal court case dismissed|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/postal-court-case-dismissed/1100-6030580/|access-date=June 25, 2003}}</ref>
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| − | The 1994 comedy film ''[[Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult|Naked Gun {{frac|33|1|3}}: The Final Insult]]'' includes a scene where the main character must deal with a series of escalating threats, including the sudden appearance of dozens of disgruntled postal workers randomly firing weapons in every direction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Willistein |first1=Paul |title='NAKED GUN 33-1/3' SO FUNNY IT SHOOTS HOLES IN WINTER'S DEPRESSION |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1994-03-18-2957930-story.html |work=[[The Morning Call]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing]] |date=March 18, 1994|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
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| − | In the 1996 simulation game ''[[Afterlife (video game)|Afterlife]]'', one of Wrath's punishments involves putting two groups of sinful souls in a post office, one in line to send a package and another working in the mail room, expecting both to get frustrated and grab rifles to initiate shootouts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afterlife-official-players-guide-jo-ashburn/page/n131/mode/2up|title=Afterlife Official Player's Guide|author=Ashburn, Jo|publisher=Infotainment World Books|year=1996|isbn=1572800844|page=130}}</ref>
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| − | In the 1995 film ''[[Clueless]]'', Cher Horowitz, played by Alicia Silverstone, frets, "I had an overwhelming sense of ickiness... like Josh thinking I was mean was making me postal."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=August |first1=Melissa |last2=Castronovo |first2=Val |last3=Dry |first3=Rachel |last4=Grace |first4=Julie |last5=Martens |first5=Ellin |last6=Nugent |first6=Benjamin |last7=Orecklin |first7=Michele |last8=Rawe |first8=Julie |last9=Ripley |first9=Amanda |date=2000-09-11 |title=Deliverance |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,997936,00.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>
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| − | In the 1995 fantasy film ''[[Jumanji]]'', after the hunter Van Pelt purchases a replacement rifle at the local gun shop and then bribes the clerk into filling out the necessary legal documents for him, the clerk asks Van Pelt whether he is a postal worker.
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| − | The 2004 ''[[Discworld]]'' novel ''[[Going Postal]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]] centers around [[Moist von Lipwig]], a [[con artist]] and criminal, who as punishment is made the Postmaster General of [[Ankh-Morpork]] and forced to revive the Post Office.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Battersby |first1=Matilda |title=Going Postal with Terry Pratchett |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/going-postal-terry-pratchett-1948651.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003132/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/going-postal-terry-pratchett-1948651.html |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |date=March 12, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The phrase "going postal" meaning "to go mad" is used in subsequent books in reference to the events of the novel.
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| − | In the ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]'' episode "[[USPIS (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)|USPIS]]", self-righteous [[United States Postal Inspection Service]] agent Jack Danger (pronounced Donger), who is passionate about his job, is adamant that "going postal" is the term most associated with bringing goodness into people's lives, which is a view shared by his co-workers, though not the NYPD Detectives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/11/brooklyn-nine-nine-recap-season-2-ed-helms-uspis.html|access-date=August 7, 2018|title=Brooklyn Nine-Nine Recap: Going Postal|first=Allie|last=Pape|newspaper=Vulture }}</ref>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[David Berkowitz]] (Son of Sam), serial killer who worked for the postal service
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| − | * [[Fragging]]
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| − | * [[Indianapolis FedEx shooting]]
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| − | * [[Road rage]]
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| − | * [[Amok syndrome]]
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| − | * [[Mad as a hatter]]
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | {{Reflist|30em}} | + | {{reflist}} |
| − | | |
| − | ==Further reading==
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| − | * ''Beyond Going Postal'' by Stephen Musacco, which examines the paramilitary, authoritarian postal culture and its relationship to toxic workplace environments and postal tragedies. ({{ISBN|1-439220-75-1}})
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| − | * ''Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion'' by [[Mark Ames]], which examines the rise of office and school shootings in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, and compares the shootings to slave rebellions ({{ISBN|1-932360-82-4}})
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| − | * ''Going Postal'' by Don Lasseter, which examines the issue of workplace shootings inside the USPS ({{ISBN|0-7860-0439-8}})
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| − | * ''The Tainted Eagle'' by Charlie Withers, a union steward in the Royal Oak Post Office at the time of the shootings in Royal Oak, Michigan. ({{ISBN|1-436396-41-7}})
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| − | * ''Lone Wolf'' by [[Pan Pantziarka]], a comprehensive study of the [[spree killer]] phenomenon, and looks in detail at a number of cases in the U.S., UK and Australia. ({{ISBN|0-7535-0437-5}})
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| − | * Bob Dart, [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_hidethis=no&p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring='Going%20postal'%20is%20a%20bad%20rap&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=('Going%20postal'%20is%20a%20bad%20rap)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no "'Going postal' is a bad rap for mail carriers, study finds"], ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]'', September 2, 2000, p. A28
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Wiktionary|go postal}}
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| − | * [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/01/us/postal-work-unfairly-maligned-study-says.html Postal Work Unfairly Maligned, Study Says], September 1, 2000
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040224034608/http://hematite.com/dragon/usps.html Gun advocate website listing 1986–1997 incidents]
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| − | * [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps12068/33994.pdf 2000 Report of the United States Postal Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace] (Report that called "going postal" 'a myth')
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| − | * [http://www.psycport.com/2000/09/01/A/31440992-0076-Home.html Atlanta Journal-Constitution about the report's release]
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326104240/http://www.postalreporter.com/chapter-11-beyond-going-postal.pdf Open Letter to the United States Congress outlining the critical need for reform of the authoritarian postal culture via Congressional intervention and legislation. (Musacco, 2009)]. (Chapter 11 of [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1439220751 Beyond Going Postal]) Note: In chapter 4: fallacies, omissions, and inaccurate conclusions in the 2000 Report of the United States Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace were examined, especially the conclusion that "going postal was a myth, a bad rap".
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Going Postal}}
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| − | [[Category:Rampages]]
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| − | [[Category:Mass murder]]
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| − | [[Category:American slang]]
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| − | [[Category:1980s slang]]
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| − | [[Category:American English idioms]]
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| − | [[Category:1980s neologisms]]
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| − | [[Category:Violence and postal systems| ]]
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Going postal is an slang phrase referring to becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment. The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1986 onward in which United States Postal Service (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, police officers and members of the general public in acts of mass murder. Between 1970 and 1997, more than 40 people were killed by then-current or former employees in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Between 1986 and 2011, workplace shootings happened roughly twice per year, with an average of 1.18 people killed per year.[1]
Origin
The earliest known written use of the phrase was on December 17, 1993, in the American newspaper the St. Petersburg Times:
The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as "going postal." Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal" and has made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place.[2]
On December 31, 1993, the Los Angeles Times said, "Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as 'going postal'."[3]
As a result of two shootings on the same day on May 6, 1993, in 1993 the USPS created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February 2009, the USPS unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.[4][5]
Murder By Proxy: How America Went Postal
A trailer for the documentary: Murder By Proxy: How America Went Postal,[6][7][8] notes:[9]
[..] this feature-length documentary examines the growing phenomenon of spree killings in the United States. [..] The film explores the basic question of what brings a seemingly normal person to the point of committing mass murder. It examines the complex interplay of personal and societal factors leading up to incidents of workplace massacres, starting with the earliest post office massacre in 1986. What drives people to kill this way, what pushes them over the edge? Why all the bloodshed, and why now? And what is it about US Postal Service that made it a poster boy for workplace massacres? America has witnessed widespread changes over the last 50-years, along with a profound transformation of the relationship between the individual and society. Could this shift have resulted in unseen forces, both within the workplace and outside of it, that are propelling this epidemic of mass murder? The film shows how transformation of the US Postal Service from a government agency into a corporation a created stressful workplace environment filled with increasingly anxious and unhappy employees and, eventually, resulted in unprecedented bloodshed. But this transformation hasn't occurred in a vacuum. It also represents the world outside the post office corporate America itself. Whether inside a cubicle, behind a counter or on the factory floor the modern-day workplace has become a nerve-racking place.
It is based on a book by Mark Ames.[10]
In popular culture
Comedy shows used shootings in a workplace setting as a punchline following a number of these incidents.
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References
- ↑ https://www.asisonline.org/globalassets/foundation/documents/crisp-reports/crisp_mass-homicides-by-employees-american-workplace.pdf
- ↑ Vick, Karl, "Violence at work tied to loss of esteem", St. Petersburg Times, Dec 17, 1993
- ↑ "The Year in Review 1993", Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1993
- ↑ Stephen, Musacco, Beyond going postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization, Booksurge, 2009, page 34, "the notion of 'going postal' as a myth is not supported by the overwhelming evidence to the contrary"
- ↑ Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_Proxy:_How_America_Went_Postal
- ↑ https://www.imdb.com/de/title/tt1193626
- ↑ http://www.murderbyproxyfilm.com/synopsis.php
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120825012103/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3bNWtXhH8o
- ↑ https://exiledonline.com/going-postal-documentary-airing-on-bbc-two-this-monday-may-26/
Going postal 
