Difference between revisions of "Achnacarry Agreement"
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{{event | {{event | ||
|date= 17 September 1928. | |date= 17 September 1928. | ||
| − | |description= | + | |description=A top secret 1928 agreement to form an oil [[cartel]] of all the major oil producers of the time |
|image=Achnacarry Castle—Scotland.jpg | |image=Achnacarry Castle—Scotland.jpg | ||
| − | |image_caption=Achnacarry Castle then owned by [[ | + | |image_caption=Achnacarry Castle then owned by [[Henri Deterding]], since [[WW2]] closely connected to the [[British Commandos]]. |
|constitutes=cartel agreement,deep event | |constitutes=cartel agreement,deep event | ||
| − | | | + | |participants=Henri Deterding,John Cadman,Walter Teagle,Standard Oil of New Jersey,Mobil,Gulf Oil,Texaco,Standard Oil of California,Royal Dutch Shell,Anglo-Persian Oil Company |
}} | }} | ||
'''The Achnacarry Agreement''', also known as the '''As-Is-Agreement''', was a top secret agreement from [[1928]] to form an oil [[cartel]] of all the major oil producers of the time, to limit "excessive competition". The governments at the time ratified this agreement. The public did not find out about this cartel until [[1952]]. | '''The Achnacarry Agreement''', also known as the '''As-Is-Agreement''', was a top secret agreement from [[1928]] to form an oil [[cartel]] of all the major oil producers of the time, to limit "excessive competition". The governments at the time ratified this agreement. The public did not find out about this cartel until [[1952]]. | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
Price wars among major oil companies in the 1920s, most significantly one in [[India]] between Standard Oil of New York and a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, threatened major oil company profits, especially those from relatively high-cost production in the [[United States]]. | Price wars among major oil companies in the 1920s, most significantly one in [[India]] between Standard Oil of New York and a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, threatened major oil company profits, especially those from relatively high-cost production in the [[United States]]. | ||
| − | The As-Is Agreement, (available online<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111020185811/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/energy/achnacarry.htm</ref>), consisted of seven "principles" to limit "excessive competition" that had led to enormous overproduction, by dividing markets, fixing prices, and limiting the expansion of production capacity. The agreement affected the development of oil production capacity in the [[Middle East]] by limiting price competition in product markets and, as a result, supporting the prices of products made from high-cost, primarily American, crude oil. This strategy was implemented as a "basing-point" system under which all sellers calculated delivered prices as | + | The As-Is Agreement, (available online<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111020185811/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/energy/achnacarry.htm</ref>), consisted of seven "principles" to limit "excessive competition" that had led to enormous overproduction, by dividing markets, fixing prices, and limiting the expansion of production capacity. The agreement affected the development of oil production capacity in the [[Middle East]] by limiting price competition in product markets and, as a result, supporting the prices of products made from high-cost, primarily American, crude oil. This strategy was implemented as a "basing-point" system under which all sellers calculated delivered prices as |
For the crude oil of the [[Middle East]], which could be extracted with little effort, this system meant that the development of production capacities was delayed by the exploitation of existing concessions until the [[Second World War]] and reserves were exploited in the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]. | For the crude oil of the [[Middle East]], which could be extracted with little effort, this system meant that the development of production capacities was delayed by the exploitation of existing concessions until the [[Second World War]] and reserves were exploited in the [[USA]] and [[Canada]]. | ||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
==Exposure== | ==Exposure== | ||
This as-is agreement was revealed in 1952 in a report entitled The International Petroleum Cartel by the Federal Trade Commission to the subcommittee of the US Senate.<ref> United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Monopoly. The International Petroleum Cartel: Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission. 82nd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1952.</ref> | This as-is agreement was revealed in 1952 in a report entitled The International Petroleum Cartel by the Federal Trade Commission to the subcommittee of the US Senate.<ref> United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Monopoly. The International Petroleum Cartel: Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission. 82nd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1952.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | A letter from [[J. Edgar Hoover]] indicates that the publication of this matter would be favorable to Soviet propaganda<ref>http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/Petroleum/hoover.htm</ref>; President [[Harry S. Truman]] then calls for the end of the criminal investigation.<ref>Frédéric Tonolli, <i>Le secret des sept sœurs. Le temps des mensonges</i>, (documentary) [[Arte]], 2009</ref> | ||
==Wikipedia== | ==Wikipedia== | ||
Latest revision as of 07:06, 23 January 2021
 from 2 reviews | |
|---|---|
 Achnacarry Castle then owned by Henri Deterding, since WW2 closely connected to the British Commandos. | |
| Participants | Henri Deterding, John Cadman, Walter Teagle, Standard Oil of New Jersey, Mobil, Gulf Oil, Texaco, Standard Oil of California, Royal Dutch Shell, Anglo-Persian Oil Company |
| Interest of | Red Line Agreement |
| Description | A top secret 1928 agreement to form an oil cartel of all the major oil producers of the time |
The Achnacarry Agreement, also known as the As-Is-Agreement, was a top secret agreement from 1928 to form an oil cartel of all the major oil producers of the time, to limit "excessive competition". The governments at the time ratified this agreement. The public did not find out about this cartel until 1952.
Contents
The Participants
The agreement was made on August 18, 1928 at a meeting of representatives of oil production companies in Achnacarry Castle, owned by Deterding. Participants included:
- John Cadman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company
- Henri Deterding from the Royal Dutch Shell
- Walter Teagle from Standard Oil of New Jersey
The so-called "Seven Sisters" belonged to the cartel:
- Standard Oil of New Jersey
- Mobil (Standard Oil of New York)
- Gulf Oil
- Texaco
- Standard Oil of California
- Royal Dutch Shell
- Anglo-Persian Oil Company
The Agreement
Price wars among major oil companies in the 1920s, most significantly one in India between Standard Oil of New York and a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, threatened major oil company profits, especially those from relatively high-cost production in the United States.
The As-Is Agreement, (available online[1]), consisted of seven "principles" to limit "excessive competition" that had led to enormous overproduction, by dividing markets, fixing prices, and limiting the expansion of production capacity. The agreement affected the development of oil production capacity in the Middle East by limiting price competition in product markets and, as a result, supporting the prices of products made from high-cost, primarily American, crude oil. This strategy was implemented as a "basing-point" system under which all sellers calculated delivered prices as
For the crude oil of the Middle East, which could be extracted with little effort, this system meant that the development of production capacities was delayed by the exploitation of existing concessions until the Second World War and reserves were exploited in the USA and Canada.
The resulting division of production shares between Middle Eastern countries and others increased anticolonial and anti-Western feelings among the populations of many Middle Eastern states, most notably Iraq and Iran. It also established a pattern for ensuring oil profits by exercising market control that the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries later tried to emulate.[2][3]
Exposure
This as-is agreement was revealed in 1952 in a report entitled The International Petroleum Cartel by the Federal Trade Commission to the subcommittee of the US Senate.[4]
A letter from J. Edgar Hoover indicates that the publication of this matter would be favorable to Soviet propaganda[5]; President Harry S. Truman then calls for the end of the criminal investigation.[6]
Wikipedia
Per January 2020, Wikipedia does not have an article on this imporant event, and is only mentioned in passing in other articles.
Known Participants
6 of the 8 of the participants already have pages here:
| Participant | Description |
|---|---|
| British Petroleum | |
| John Cadman | Director of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company who aimed for cartel control of world oil market |
| Chevron | |
| Henri Deterding | Anglo-Dutch oil tycoon, one of the richest men in the world, oil cartel instigator, very early sponsor of Hitler |
| ExxonMobil | |
| Shell | Biggest Dutch company. Caused trillions in damage due to fracking in Groningen. Convicted worldwide for crimes against locals. Employs hitmen and deep state operatives in African countries. Mislead shareholders for up to $1bn. |
Ratings
References
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20111020185811/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/energy/achnacarry.htm
- ↑ Edith T Penrose: The Large International Firm in DevelopingCountries: The International Petroleum Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976.
- ↑ Anthony Sampson: The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped. New York: Bantam, 1991.
- ↑ United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Monopoly. The International Petroleum Cartel: Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission. 82nd Congress, 2nd session. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1952.
- ↑ http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/Petroleum/hoover.htm
- ↑ Frédéric Tonolli, Le secret des sept sœurs. Le temps des mensonges, (documentary) Arte, 2009
