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+ | |description=King [[William II]] dies in a "hunting accident". Henry I is crowned King of England. To mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe. | ||
}} | }} | ||
+ | == Events == | ||
+ | <onlyinclude> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === By place === | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Levant ==== | ||
+ | * January – The Seljuk ruler [[Mahmud I of Great Seljuq|Mahmud I]] is expelled from [[Baghdad|Bagdad]] by his brother [[Barkiyaruq]], but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.<ref>Maalouf, Amid (1983). La Croisade vue par les Arabes. Paris: Lattès. p. 74.</ref> | ||
+ | * May or June – [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond IV]] ('''Saint-Gilles''') sails to [[Constantinople]] to obtain the support of Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]] ('''Komnenos'''), in his attempt to seize [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]].<ref>Hill, John Hugh; Hill, Laurita Lyttleton (1959). Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042)-1105. Privat.</ref> | ||
+ | * [[August 1]] – A [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] fleets leaves [[Italy]], to support the Crusaders' effort to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach [[Latakia]] on [[September 25]].<ref>Hagenmeyer, Hendrich (1973). Chronologie de la première croisade, 1094-1100. Olms.</ref> | ||
+ | * August – [[Battle of Melitene]]: [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond I]] is captured by the [[Danishmends]], leaving [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] as regent of the [[Principality of Antioch]] for two years. | ||
+ | * [[August 20]] – With the support of the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of [[Haifa]]. | ||
+ | * [[December 25]] – [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]] is crowned first [[King of Jerusalem]] at the [[Church of the Nativity]] in [[Bethlehem]], by [[Dagobert of Pisa|Daimbert]], the new [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]], following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], on [[July 18]].<ref>http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_baldwini.htm</ref> | ||
+ | * After a success over the Armenians of [[Cilicia]] and the Emirate of [[Aleppo]], [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem|Baldwin of Bourcq]] becomes [[County of Edessa|Count of Edessa]], with the support of Daimbert. | ||
+ | * [[Genoa]], [[Venice]] and [[Pisa]] gain trading privileges from the [[Crusader states]], in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Europe ==== | ||
+ | * [[August 2]] – King [[William II of England|William II]] (or '''William Rufus''') dies in a [[hunting]] accident in the [[New Forest]]. Sir [[Walter Tirel]] is accused of having shot the arrow but flees the country to avoid a trial. [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] claims the throne. | ||
+ | * [[August 5]] – Henry I is crowned [[List of monarchs of England|King of England]], at [[Westminster Abbey]]. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the [[Charter of Liberties]], one of the first examples of a written [[constitution]] in [[Europe]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100623154402/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/comcrts.html</ref> | ||
+ | * [[August 30]] – After the failure of the [[Council of Liubech]] in [[1097]], the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in [[Kievan Rus]]; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev]] becomes the first Grand Prince. | ||
+ | * [[September 16]] – [[Battle of Malagon]]: The Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops.<ref>Buresi, Pascal (2004). La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique. Publibook. </ref> | ||
+ | * [[September 23]] – [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], archbishop of [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]] returns from [[exile]], at the invitation of Henry I. | ||
+ | * [[October 18]] – [[Peter I of Aragon]] conquers [[Barbastro]] (modern [[Spain]]) from the hands of the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]].<ref>Sénac, Philippe (2000). La frontière et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe siècle. Maisonneuve et Larose. </ref><ref>https://books.google.com/?id=EoDuA8fv9rEC&dq=christian+mercenaries+maghrib</ref> | ||
+ | * [[November 11]] - Henry I marries [[Matilda of Scotland]], the daughter of King [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] and a direct descendant of the Saxon king [[Edmund Ironside]]. | ||
+ | * Henry I grants the ownership of [[Carisbrooke Castle]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] to [[Richard de Redvers]], a Norman nobleman. | ||
+ | * [[November 18]] – The Council of [[Poitier]] opens, but is soon forcibly closed by [[William IX, Duke of Aquitaine|William IX]], duke of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]], as the bishops were about to excommunicate King [[Philip I of France|Philip I]] once more.<ref>O'Reilly, Patrice-John (1857). Histoire complète de Bordeaux, Volume 1, Parties 1 à 2. Delmas.</ref> | ||
+ | * [[December 25]] – Philip I elevates his son [[Louis VI of France|Louis VI]] as co-ruler to the government of the realm. | ||
+ | * In [[Iceland]], the [[Althing]] decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date). | ||
+ | * Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: [[Kalmar]] ([[Kungälv]]) and [[Varberg]] ([[Sweden]]) are chartered; The cities of [[Aach, Baden-Württemberg|Aach]] (southern [[Germany]]) and Nakléřov in [[Bohemia]] are created. The castle of [[List of castles in Hesse#Main-Taunus-Kreis|Burg Eppstein]] is built in central Germany. | ||
+ | * Philip I conquers the [[Vexin]] area, and adds the city of [[Bourges]] and the province of [[Berry]] to his estate.<ref>Hoefer, Jean (1862). Nouvelle biographie générale. Firmin Didot frères.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Africa ==== | ||
+ | * [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] traders establish the city of [[Timbuktu]] (modern [[Mali]]) north of [[Djenné]] along the [[Niger River]]. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The [[Sankore Madrasah|Sankore]], [[Djinguereber Mosque|Djinguereber]] and [[Sidi Yahya Mosque|Sidi Yahya]] mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== China ==== | ||
+ | * [[February 23]] – Emperor [[Emperor Zhezong|Zhe Zong]] dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Hui Zong]] as ruler of the [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]]. | ||
+ | * In [[Kaifeng]], capital of the Song Dynasty, is the number of registered citizens within the walls about 1,050,000. The army stationed there boosts the overall populace to some 1.4 million people. | ||
+ | * The [[Liao dynasty|Liao Dynasty]] crushes the [[Zubu]], a tribute state of the [[Khitan Empire]], and takes their ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]'' prisoner. | ||
+ | * The Chinese population reaches about 100 million during the Song Dynasty (approximate date). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Americas ==== | ||
+ | * [[Oraibi, Arizona|Oraibi]], a [[Hopi]] village in [[Navajo County, Arizona|Navajo County]], becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day [[Arizona]] ([[United States]]). | ||
+ | * The [[Ancestral Puebloans]] culture, located in the modern-day [[Four Corners]] (United States), rises (approximate date). | ||
+ | * The city of [[Cusco]] (modern [[Peru]]) is founded (approximate date). | ||
+ | |||
+ | === By topic === | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Religion ==== | ||
+ | * [[September 8]] – Antipope [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]] dies at [[Civita Castellana]] after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]], [[Pope Victor III|Victor III]] and [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]]. Supporters of Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] in [[Rome]] choose [[Antipope Theodoric|Theodoric]] as his successor. | ||
+ | * [[Frederick I (Archbishop of Cologne)|Frederick I]] becomes archbishop of [[Cologne]], and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein. | ||
+ | * The [[Stift St. Georgen]] Abbey is founded near [[Sankt Georgen am Längsee]] (modern [[Austria]]). | ||
+ | * The Diocese of [[Faroe Islands|Faroe]] is founded (approximate date). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Technology ==== | ||
+ | * [[Draughts|Checkers]] is invented (approximate date).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100222144719/http://www.essortment.com/hobbies/historycheckers_smap.htm#</ref> | ||
+ | </onlyinclude> | ||
+ | [[File:Death of William Rufus.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|right|2 August: death of [[William II of England|William II]] during a hunt, killed by an arrow of [[Walter Tirel]].]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Births == | ||
+ | * [[May 19]] – [[Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia|Judith of Bavaria]], duchess of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]] (d. [[1130]]) | ||
+ | * [[May 23]] – [[Emperor Qinzong|Qin Zong]], Chinese emperor (d. [[1161]]) | ||
+ | * [[Achard of Saint Victor]], Norman bishop (d. [[1171]]) | ||
+ | * [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (d. [[1159]]) | ||
+ | * [[Albert the Bear|Albert I]] ('''the Bear'''), margrave of [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] (d. [[1170]]) | ||
+ | * [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]], pope of the Catholic Church (d. [[1181]]) | ||
+ | * [[Anselm of Havelberg]], German bishop (approximate date) | ||
+ | * [[Arnold I of Cologne|Arnold I]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Cologne]] (approximate date) | ||
+ | * [[Bruno II von Berg|Bruno II of Berg]], archbishop of Cologne (d. [[1137]]) | ||
+ | * [[Biddenden Maids|Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst]], English [[conjoined twins]] (d. [[1134]]) | ||
+ | * [[Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily|Elvira of Castile]], queen of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] (approximate date) | ||
+ | * [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke|Gilbert de Clare]], [[Earl of Pembroke|1st Earl of Pembroke]] (d. [[1148]]) | ||
+ | * [[Héloïse|Héloïse d'Argenteuil]], French [[abbess]] and scholar (d. [[1162]]) | ||
+ | * [[Herman of Carinthia]], German astronomer (d. [[1160]]) | ||
+ | * [[Hillin of Falmagne]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier|Trier]] (d. [[1169]]) | ||
+ | * [[Jabir ibn Aflah]], Arab [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomer]] and [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|mathematician]] (d. [[1150]]) | ||
+ | * [[John of Meda]], Italian monk and [[abbot]] (d. 1159) | ||
+ | * [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], Almoravid [[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam|geographer]] (d. [[1165]]) | ||
+ | * [[Owain Gwynedd]], king of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] (approximate date) | ||
+ | * [[Rabbeinu Tam|Jacob ben Meir Tam]], French Jewish [[rabbi]] (d. 1171) | ||
+ | * [[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester|Robert de Beaumont]], [[Earl of Leicester|2nd Earl Leicester]] (d. [[1168]]) | ||
+ | * [[Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]], [[Earl of Derby|2nd Earl of Derby]] (d. 1162) | ||
+ | * [[Robert of Melun]], bishop of [[Diocese of Hereford|Hereford]] (d. [[1167]]) | ||
+ | * [[Robert of Newminster]], English abbot (d. 1159) | ||
+ | * [[Teobaldo Roggeri]], Italian [[Shoemaking|shoemaker]] (d. 1150) | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Deaths == | ||
+ | * [[February 23]] – [[Emperor Zhezong|Zhe Zong]], Chinese emperor (b. [[1077]]) | ||
+ | * [[February 25]] – [[Gerland of Agrigento|Gerland]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agrigento|Agrigento]] | ||
+ | * [[March 28]] – [[Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde]], German [[Nobility|noblewoman]] | ||
+ | * [[July 18]] – [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], French nobleman (b. [[1060]]) | ||
+ | * [[July 23]] – [[Warner of Grez]], French nobleman | ||
+ | * [[August 2]] – [[William II of England|William II]] (or '''William Rufus'''), king of [[Kingdom of England|England]] | ||
+ | * [[September 8]] – [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]], antipope of [[Rome]] | ||
+ | * [[September 16]] – [[Bernold of Constance]], German chronicler | ||
+ | * [[October 13]] – [[Guy I, Count of Ponthieu|Guy I]] (or '''Wido'''), French nobleman | ||
+ | * [[November 18]] – [[Thomas of Bayeux]], archbishop of [[Diocese of York|York]] | ||
+ | * [[December 22]] – [[Bretislav II]], duke of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] | ||
+ | * [[Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi]], Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. [[1030]]) | ||
+ | * [[Azzo of Gobatsburg]], Swedish nobleman (approximate date) | ||
+ | * [[Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], [[Constable of the Tower]] | ||
+ | * [[Geoffrey, Count of Conversano|Geoffrey the Elder]], Italo-Norman nobleman | ||
+ | * [[Jaya Pala]], Indian ruler of the [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]] (b. [[1075]]) | ||
+ | * [[Qin Guan]], Chinese [[Chinese poetry|poet]] and writer (approximate date) | ||
+ | * [[Qutb al-din Hasan]], ruler (''[[malik]]'') of the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Dynasty]] | ||
+ | * [[Robert de Stafford]], Norman nobleman (approximate date) | ||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
− | + | ==References== | |
+ | <references/> |
Latest revision as of 12:25, 19 February 2021
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King William II dies in a "hunting accident". Henry I is crowned King of England. To mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe. |
Contents
Events
By place
Levant
- January – The Seljuk ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Bagdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.[1]
- May or June – Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos), in his attempt to seize Tripoli.[2]
- August 1 – A Genoese fleets leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders' effort to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25.[3]
- August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.
- August 20 – With the support of the Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of Haifa.
- December 25 – Baldwin I is crowned first King of Jerusalem at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, by Daimbert, the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother Godfrey of Bouillon, on July 18.[4]
- After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.
- Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.
Europe
- August 2 – King William II (or William Rufus) dies in a hunting accident in the New Forest. Sir Walter Tirel is accused of having shot the arrow but flees the country to avoid a trial. Henry I claims the throne.
- August 5 – Henry I is crowned King of England, at Westminster Abbey. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe.[5]
- August 30 – After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.
- September 16 – Battle of Malagon: The Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops.[6]
- September 23 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury returns from exile, at the invitation of Henry I.
- October 18 – Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.[7][8]
- November 11 - Henry I marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of King Malcolm III and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside.
- Henry I grants the ownership of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, a Norman nobleman.
- November 18 – The Council of Poitier opens, but is soon forcibly closed by William IX, duke of Aquitaine, as the bishops were about to excommunicate King Philip I once more.[9]
- December 25 – Philip I elevates his son Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.
- In Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).
- Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.
- Philip I conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.[10]
Africa
- Tuareg traders establish the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).
China
- February 23 – Emperor Zhe Zong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother Hui Zong as ruler of the Song Dynasty.
- In Kaifeng, capital of the Song Dynasty, is the number of registered citizens within the walls about 1,050,000. The army stationed there boosts the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.
- The Liao Dynasty crushes the Zubu, a tribute state of the Khitan Empire, and takes their khan prisoner.
- The Chinese population reaches about 100 million during the Song Dynasty (approximate date).
Americas
- Oraibi, a Hopi village in Navajo County, becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day Arizona (United States).
- The Ancestral Puebloans culture, located in the modern-day Four Corners (United States), rises (approximate date).
- The city of Cusco (modern Peru) is founded (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- September 8 – Antipope Clement III dies at Civita Castellana after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes Gregory VII, Victor III and Urban II. Supporters of Emperor Henry IV in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.
- Frederick I becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.
- The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria).
- The Diocese of Faroe is founded (approximate date).
Technology
Births
- May 19 – Judith of Bavaria, duchess of Swabia (d. 1130)
- May 23 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)
- Achard of Saint Victor, Norman bishop (d. 1171)
- Adrian IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1159)
- Albert I (the Bear), margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1170)
- Alexander III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1181)
- Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (approximate date)
- Arnold I, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
- Bruno II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1137)
- Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (d. 1134)
- Elvira of Castile, queen of Sicily (approximate date)
- Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1148)
- Héloïse d'Argenteuil, French abbess and scholar (d. 1162)
- Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (d. 1160)
- Hillin of Falmagne, archbishop of Trier (d. 1169)
- Jabir ibn Aflah, Arab astronomer and mathematician (d. 1150)
- John of Meda, Italian monk and abbot (d. 1159)
- Muhammad al-Idrisi, Almoravid geographer (d. 1165)
- Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
- Jacob ben Meir Tam, French Jewish rabbi (d. 1171)
- Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl Leicester (d. 1168)
- Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (d. 1162)
- Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (d. 1167)
- Robert of Newminster, English abbot (d. 1159)
- Teobaldo Roggeri, Italian shoemaker (d. 1150)
Deaths
- February 23 – Zhe Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1077)
- February 25 – Gerland, bishop of Agrigento
- March 28 – Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman
- July 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (b. 1060)
- July 23 – Warner of Grez, French nobleman
- August 2 – William II (or William Rufus), king of England
- September 8 – Clement III, antipope of Rome
- September 16 – Bernold of Constance, German chronicler
- October 13 – Guy I (or Wido), French nobleman
- November 18 – Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York
- December 22 – Bretislav II, duke of Bohemia
- Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi, Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. 1030)
- Azzo of Gobatsburg, Swedish nobleman (approximate date)
- Geoffrey de Mandeville, Constable of the Tower
- Geoffrey the Elder, Italo-Norman nobleman
- Jaya Pala, Indian ruler of the Kamarupa Kingdom (b. 1075)
- Qin Guan, Chinese poet and writer (approximate date)
- Qutb al-din Hasan, ruler (malik) of the Ghurid Dynasty
- Robert de Stafford, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
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References
- ↑ Maalouf, Amid (1983). La Croisade vue par les Arabes. Paris: Lattès. p. 74.
- ↑ Hill, John Hugh; Hill, Laurita Lyttleton (1959). Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042)-1105. Privat.
- ↑ Hagenmeyer, Hendrich (1973). Chronologie de la première croisade, 1094-1100. Olms.
- ↑ http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_baldwini.htm
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100623154402/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/comcrts.html
- ↑ Buresi, Pascal (2004). La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique. Publibook.
- ↑ Sénac, Philippe (2000). La frontière et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe siècle. Maisonneuve et Larose.
- ↑ https://books.google.com/?id=EoDuA8fv9rEC&dq=christian+mercenaries+maghrib
- ↑ O'Reilly, Patrice-John (1857). Histoire complète de Bordeaux, Volume 1, Parties 1 à 2. Delmas.
- ↑ Hoefer, Jean (1862). Nouvelle biographie générale. Firmin Didot frères.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100222144719/http://www.essortment.com/hobbies/historycheckers_smap.htm#