Difference between revisions of "1768"

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== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
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* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Samuel Adams]]'s [[Massachusetts Circular Letter|circular letter]] is issued by the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]], and sent to the other [[Thirteen Colonies]]. Refusal to revoke the letter will result in dissolution of the [[Massachusetts Assembly]], and (from October) incur the institution of martial law to prevent civil unrest.
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* [[February 24]] &ndash; With Russian troops occupying the nation, opposition legislators of the national legislature having been deported, the government of Poland signs a treaty virtually turning the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] into a [[protectorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>Norwood Young, ''The Life of Frederick the Great'' (Henry Holt and Co., 1919) p386</ref>
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* [[February 27]] &ndash; The first [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] is appointed in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], the [[Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire|Earl of Hillsborough]].
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* [[February 29]] &ndash; Five days after the signing of the treaty, a group of the [[szlachta]], Polish nobles, establishes the [[Bar Confederation]], to defend the internal and external independence of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] against Russian influence, and against King [[Stanisław II Augustus]].<ref>Brian Davies, ''Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century'' (A&C Black, 2011)</ref>
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* [[March 1]] &ndash; King [[Louis XV of France]] decrees that all cities and towns in the kingdom will be required to post [[house numbering]] on all residential buildings, primarily to facilitate the forced quartering of troops in citizens' homes.<ref>"Indexing the Great Ledger of the Community: Urban House Numbering, City Directories, and the Production of Spatial Legibility", by Reuben S. Rose-Redwood, in ''Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming'', ed. by Lawrence D. Berg and Jani Vuolteenaho (Ashgate Publishing, 2009) p199</ref>
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* [[March 17]] - Britain's Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir [[William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]], concludes a peace agreement with the leaders of the Six Nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]], [[Oneida people|Oneida]], [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]], [[Seneca people|Seneca]] and [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] tribal nations) of the northern American lands, and with Chiefs [[Oconostota]] and [[Attakullakulla]] of the [[Cherokee]] nation in the southern American lands.<ref>Jace Weaver, ''The Red Atlantic: American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World, 1000-1927'' (University of North Carolina Press Books, 2014) p164</ref>
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* [[March 27]] &ndash; Catherine the Great of Russia dispatches troops under General [[Pyotr Krechetnikov]] to intervene in a civil war in [[Poland]], at the request of Poland's King Stanisław II Augustus, a move that will ultimately lead to the [[Partitions of Poland]].
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=== April&ndash;June ===
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* [[April 4]] &ndash; The [[Cotopaxi]] volcano erupts in what is now [[Ecuador]], at the time part of the Spanish [[Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada]], covering the towns of Hambato and Tacunga with ash, but not causing fatalities.<ref>Alexander von Humboldt, ''Pictureque Atlas of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continet'' reprinted by Cambridge University Press, 1814, reprinted 2011) p119</ref>
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* [[April 5]] &ndash; The [[New York Chamber of Commerce]], first of its kind in the American colonies, is founded by 20 New York merchants at [[Fraunces Tavern|Bolton and Sigel's Tavern]] at 54 Pearl Street in New York City. Former New York City mayor [[John Cruger Jr.]] is elected the Chamber's first president.<ref>Gordon Carruth, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates'', 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp76-79</ref>
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* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Massacre of St George's Fields]]: [[John Wilkes]] is imprisoned for writing an article for ''[[The North Briton]]'', severely criticizing [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III of Great Britain]]. This action provokes protesters to riot; in the [[Southwark]] district of London, troops fire on the mob, killing seven.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120127130828/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/LONstgeorge.htm </ref>
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* [[May 15]] &ndash; After the [[Treaty of Versailles (1768)|Treaty of Versailles]], the island of [[Corsica]] is ceded by [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] to [[Kingdom of France|France]].
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* [[June 14]] &ndash; The largest mass meeting ever held in New England, up to this time, takes place at the [[Old South Church]] to support a petition demanding that the British remove a ship which has been hindering navigation in [[Boston Harbor]].
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* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]]: Russia captures the fortress of Bar.
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=== July&ndash;September ===
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* [[July 1]]&ndash;[[July 3|3]] &ndash; [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]], on his circumnavigation westabout, sails through the [[Bougainville Strait]] and along the north shore of [[Bougainville Island]] in the [[Solomon Islands|Solomons]].
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* [[July 14]] &ndash; The massacre of Polish people at the village of [[Balta, Odessa Oblast|Balta]], now a part of Ukraine but at the time an [[Ottoman Empire]] town on the frontier with [[Poland]], leads to the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War]].<ref>Walter K. Kelly, ''The History of Russia: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time'' (H. G. Bohn, 1855) p47</ref>
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* [[July 18]] &ndash; "[[The Liberty Song]]", the first American patriotic song, is published in the ''[[Boston Gazette]]'' and includes the refrain "In freedom we're born".  <Carruth/>
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* [[July 25]] &ndash; The Imperial Court of [[China]]'s Emperor [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] and his three senior grand councilors, Fuheng, Yenjisan and Liu T'ung-hsun, issues a directive to officials in the [[Zhejiang]], [[Jiangsu]] and [[Shandong]] provinces warning them about the need to respond to rumors of sorcery.<ref>Philip A. Kuhn, ''Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768'' (Harvard University Press, 2009) p78</ref>
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* [[August 7]] &ndash; The palace of the Ottoman Grand Vizier is destroyed by a fire in Constantinople <ref>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p56</ref>
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* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[James Cook]] departs from [[Plymouth]] aboard {{HMS|Endeavour}} on his [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage of discovery]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070923210354/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17680807.html</ref>
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* [[August 27]] &ndash; Almost all merchants and traders in the British colony of [[New York (state)|New York]] sign a pact not to import British manufactured goods as long as the [[Townshend Acts]] are in effect, nor to do business with nonassociators to the pact.<ref>Jerrilyn Greene Marston, ''King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774-1776'' (Princeton University Press, 2014) p106</ref>
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* [[August 30]] &ndash; A fire burns much of the Library of the Vatican.
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* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Louis XV of France]] appoints [[René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou|René de Maupeou]] as [[Grand Chancellor of France|Chancellor]] (an office he will hold until [[1790]]), and orders him to crush the judicial opposition.
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* [[September 22]]&ndash;[[September 29|29]] &ndash; The [[Massachusetts Convention of Towns]], assembling in [[Boston]], resolves on a written objection to the impending arrival of British troops rather than more militant action but causes panic in London.
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=== October&ndash;December ===
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* [[October 1]] &ndash; The British Army's [[29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot|29th Infantry Regiment]] of foot soldiers, which will carry out the [[Boston Massacre]] on March 5, 1770, arrives in [[Boston Harbor]] along with three other regiments.  The 700 foot soldiers march through the Massachusetts colony's capital as a show of force and begin their occupation.<ref>John K. Alexander, ''Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2004) p65</ref> Within a year, there will be "nearly 4,000 armed redcoats in the crowded seaport of 15,000 inhabitants." <ref>Gordon S. Wood, ''The American Revolution: A History'' (Random House, 2002)</ref>
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* [[October 4]] &ndash; The Sultan [[Mustafa III]] of the Ottoman Empire begins the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War]] after the Russians refuse to withdraw troops from Poland.<ref>Virginia H. Aksan, ''An Ottoman Statesman in War and Peace: Ahmed Resmi Efendi, 1700-1783'' (E.J. Brill, 1995) p100</ref>
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* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]] resigns from his position as [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]].<ref>"Pitt, William", by G. F. Russell Barker, in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Volume 45 (Smith, Elder, & Company, 1896) p232</ref>
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* [[October 15]] &ndash; A powerful hurricane sweeps across [[Cuba]] during the Festival of Santa Teresa, killing hundreds of people.  Spain's King Carlos III begins a precedent of ordering the colonial government to fund disaster relief, a task previously left to the Catholic Church.<ref>Sherry Johnson, ''Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2011) p83</ref>
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* [[October 17]] &ndash; Representatives of the [[Cherokee]] nation sign the [[Treaty of Hard Labour]] with British representative [[John Stuart (Virginia)|John Stuart]] and relinquish all claims to the land between the Ohio River and the Allegheny Mountains, now the United States state of [[West Virginia]].<ref>Charles Royce, ''The Cherokee Nation'' (Routledge, 2017)</ref>
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* [[October 29]] &ndash; French colonists in [[Louisiana]] refuse to accept the colony's acquisition by Spain and begin an uprising that forces Spanish Governor [[Antonio de Ulloa]] to flee.<ref>Charles E. Gayarré, ''History of Louisiana: The French Domination'' (F. F. Hansell, 1903, reprinted by Pelican Publishing, 1972) p308</ref>
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* [[November 5]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]] is signed between the five nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca) relinquishing their claims to territory south of the [[Ohio River]] to the British.<ref>"Fort Stanwix, Treaty at", in ''Harper's Popular Cyclopedia of United States History'', ed. by Benson J. Lossing (Harper & Brothers, 1893) p519</ref>
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* [[December 1]] &ndash; The slave ship ''[[Fredensborg (slave ship)|Fredensborg]]'' sinks off [[Tromøya]], [[Norway]].
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* [[December 10]]
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** The [[Royal Academy]] is founded in London, with [[Joshua Reynolds]] as its first [[President (corporate title)|President]].
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** The first of the weekly numbers of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', edited by [[William Smellie (encyclopedist)|William Smellie]], are published in [[Edinburgh]]; one hundred are planned.
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* [[December 15]] &ndash; The king's refusal to sign state documents results in the [[December Crisis (1768)]] in Sweden.
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* [[December 21]] &ndash; King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] unifies several small kingdoms to establish  modern-day [[Nepal]]; this kingdom will collapse in [[2008]].
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* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Taksin]] is crowned as ruler of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]] in [[Thailand]] (through conquest), and establishes [[Thonburi]] as its capital.
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=== Date unknown ===
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* The [[Petit Trianon]], originally designed for [[Madame de Pompadour]], is completed in the park of the [[Palace of Versailles]], and inaugurated by [[Louis XV of France]].
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* [[New Smyrna, Florida]], the largest attempt at colonization by the British in the New World, is founded by [[Dr. Andrew Turnbull]].
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* The [[Steller's sea cow]], discovered on [[Bering Island]] in 1741, is driven to extinction.
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==References==
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Latest revision as of 02:25, 1 March 2021

1758 < 1759 < 1760 < 1761 < 1762 < 1763 < 1764 <1765 < 1766 < 1767 < 1768 > 1769 > 1770 > 1771 > 1772 > 1773 > 1774 > 1775 > 1776 > 1777 > 1778
Decade.png ( 1760s: )    Year.png 1768 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Hausnummer in Deutschland (2004-01-28).jpeg
King Louis XV of France decrees that all cities and towns in the kingdom will be required to post house numbering on all residential buildings
year 1768

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown


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References

  1. ↑ Norwood Young, The Life of Frederick the Great (Henry Holt and Co., 1919) p386
  2. ↑ Brian Davies, Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century (A&C Black, 2011)
  3. ↑ "Indexing the Great Ledger of the Community: Urban House Numbering, City Directories, and the Production of Spatial Legibility", by Reuben S. Rose-Redwood, in Critical Toponymies: The Contested Politics of Place Naming, ed. by Lawrence D. Berg and Jani Vuolteenaho (Ashgate Publishing, 2009) p199
  4. ↑ Jace Weaver, The Red Atlantic: American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World, 1000-1927 (University of North Carolina Press Books, 2014) p164
  5. ↑ Alexander von Humboldt, Pictureque Atlas of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continet reprinted by Cambridge University Press, 1814, reprinted 2011) p119
  6. ↑ Gordon Carruth, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates, 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp76-79
  7. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120127130828/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/LONstgeorge.htm
  8. ↑ Walter K. Kelly, The History of Russia: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time (H. G. Bohn, 1855) p47
  9. ↑ Philip A. Kuhn, Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 (Harvard University Press, 2009) p78
  10. ↑ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p56
  11. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070923210354/http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17680807.html
  12. ↑ Jerrilyn Greene Marston, King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774-1776 (Princeton University Press, 2014) p106
  13. ↑ John K. Alexander, Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician (Rowman & Littlefield, 2004) p65
  14. ↑ Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A History (Random House, 2002)
  15. ↑ Virginia H. Aksan, An Ottoman Statesman in War and Peace: Ahmed Resmi Efendi, 1700-1783 (E.J. Brill, 1995) p100
  16. ↑ "Pitt, William", by G. F. Russell Barker, in Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 45 (Smith, Elder, & Company, 1896) p232
  17. ↑ Sherry Johnson, Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution (University of North Carolina Press, 2011) p83
  18. ↑ Charles Royce, The Cherokee Nation (Routledge, 2017)
  19. ↑ Charles E. Gayarré, History of Louisiana: The French Domination (F. F. Hansell, 1903, reprinted by Pelican Publishing, 1972) p308
  20. ↑ "Fort Stanwix, Treaty at", in Harper's Popular Cyclopedia of United States History, ed. by Benson J. Lossing (Harper & Brothers, 1893) p519
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