Difference between revisions of "Brazzaville Protocol"
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| + | |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville_Protocol | ||
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| + | |start=13 December 1988 | ||
| + | |end=13 December 1988 | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | The '''Brazzaville Protocol''' is a Preliminary Agreement pursuant to [[UN/SC/Resolution 435|UN Security Council Resolution 435 of 1978]] which committed [[Cuba]] and [[South Africa]] to signing a Comprehensive Agreement to withdraw their troops from [[Angola]].<ref>''[https://peacemaker.un.org/angola-protocole-brazzaville88 "Protocol of Brazzaville"]''</ref> | ||
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| + | Formally an '''''Agreement between the Government of the Republic of [[Cuba]] and the Government of the People's Republic of [[Angola]] for the Conclusion of the Internationalist Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent''''', the Brazzaville Protocol mandated the withdrawal of [[Cuba]]n troops from [[Angola]], paving the way for [[Namibia]]'s independence through the [[New York Accords]]. | ||
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| + | Representatives from the governments of [[Angola]], [[Cuba]], and [[South Africa]] signed the Brazzaville Protocol on 13 December 1988 in Brazzaville, [[Congo]].<ref>''[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/12/14/cuba-angola-south-africa-sign-accord/3269b973-4180-4c23-972b-179674f9e09b/ "CUBA, ANGOLA, SOUTH AFRICA SIGN ACCORD"]''</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Linkage== | ||
| + | In 1981, [[Chester Crocker]], US assistant secretary of state for African affairs for newly elected President [[Ronald Reagan]], had developed a linkage policy, tying apartheid [[South Africa]]'s agreement to relinquish control of [[Namibia]] to [[Cuba]]'s troop withdrawal and peace in [[Angola]]. | ||
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| + | During the summer of 1986, a first informal meeting was organised by French businessman [[Jean-Yves Ollivier]] and French president's counsellor for African affairs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Mitterrand Jean-Christophe Mitterrand] between senior [[South Africa]]n, [[Mozambican]] and [[Angola]]n representatives, in the Kalahari Desert. | ||
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| + | On 10 September 1986, [[Fidel Castro]] made [[Chester Crocker|Crocker]]'s proposal a prerequisite to withdrawal from [[Angola]]. The [[South Africa]]n government did as well. The [[Angola]]n and [[American]] governments began negotiating in June 1987, and the [[Cuba]]n government joined negotiations on 28 January 1988. All three parties held a round of negotiations on 9 March 1988 in London. | ||
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| + | ==Military action== | ||
| + | Meanwhile, [[UNITA]] and [[South Africa]]n forces stopped and repelled an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLA MPLA] advance on [[UNITA]] regions in strongholds in Southern [[Angola]] ending with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale Battle of Cuito Cuanavale] in Cuando Cubango province from 13 January to 23 March 1988, when [[UNITA]] and [[South Africa]] retreated after a 15-hour battle and moved for negotiations. This was the largest conventional battle in Africa since [[World War II]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Negotiations== | ||
| + | On 3 May 1988, the [[South Africa]]n government joined the negotiations around [[Chester Crocker|Crocker]]'s proposal, and all four parties met in June and August in [[New York City]] and [[Geneva]]. All parties approved an outline agreement of ''Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa'' on 20 July 1988, and agreed to a ceasefire on 8 August 1988. The Brazzaville Protocol was finally signed on 13 December 1988.<ref>''[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2014-02-16-whisky-and-braai-cleared-path-to-peace-in-angola/ "Whisky and braai cleared path to peace in Angola"]''</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Tripartite Agreement== | ||
| + | The [[New York Accords]] granting independence to [[Namibia]] from [[South Africa]] and ending the direct involvement of foreign troops in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War Angolan Civil War] were signed on 22 December 1988 at the [[United Nations]] headquarters in [[New York City]] by the Foreign Ministers of People's Republic of [[Angola]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Van-Dunem Afonso Van-Dunem),] Republic of [[Cuba]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidoro_Malmierca_Peoli Isidoro Malmierca Peoli)]] and Republic of [[South Africa]] ([[Roelof F. Botha]]). | ||
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| + | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
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| + | {{PageCredit | ||
| + | |site=Wikipedia | ||
| + | |date=12 August 2022 | ||
| + | |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville_Protocol&oldid=1044990083 | ||
| + | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:42, 12 August 2022
| Date | 13 December 1988 |
|---|---|
| Interest of | Roland Darroll |
The Brazzaville Protocol is a Preliminary Agreement pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 435 of 1978 which committed Cuba and South Africa to signing a Comprehensive Agreement to withdraw their troops from Angola.[1]
Formally an Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola for the Conclusion of the Internationalist Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent, the Brazzaville Protocol mandated the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, paving the way for Namibia's independence through the New York Accords.
Representatives from the governments of Angola, Cuba, and South Africa signed the Brazzaville Protocol on 13 December 1988 in Brazzaville, Congo.[2]
Linkage
In 1981, Chester Crocker, US assistant secretary of state for African affairs for newly elected President Ronald Reagan, had developed a linkage policy, tying apartheid South Africa's agreement to relinquish control of Namibia to Cuba's troop withdrawal and peace in Angola.
During the summer of 1986, a first informal meeting was organised by French businessman Jean-Yves Ollivier and French president's counsellor for African affairs Jean-Christophe Mitterrand between senior South African, Mozambican and Angolan representatives, in the Kalahari Desert.
On 10 September 1986, Fidel Castro made Crocker's proposal a prerequisite to withdrawal from Angola. The South African government did as well. The Angolan and American governments began negotiating in June 1987, and the Cuban government joined negotiations on 28 January 1988. All three parties held a round of negotiations on 9 March 1988 in London.
Military action
Meanwhile, UNITA and South African forces stopped and repelled an MPLA advance on UNITA regions in strongholds in Southern Angola ending with the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in Cuando Cubango province from 13 January to 23 March 1988, when UNITA and South Africa retreated after a 15-hour battle and moved for negotiations. This was the largest conventional battle in Africa since World War II.
Negotiations
On 3 May 1988, the South African government joined the negotiations around Crocker's proposal, and all four parties met in June and August in New York City and Geneva. All parties approved an outline agreement of Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa on 20 July 1988, and agreed to a ceasefire on 8 August 1988. The Brazzaville Protocol was finally signed on 13 December 1988.[3]
Tripartite Agreement
The New York Accords granting independence to Namibia from South Africa and ending the direct involvement of foreign troops in the Angolan Civil War were signed on 22 December 1988 at the United Nations headquarters in New York City by the Foreign Ministers of People's Republic of Angola (Afonso Van-Dunem), Republic of Cuba (Isidoro Malmierca Peoli)] and Republic of South Africa (Roelof F. Botha).
References
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