Difference between revisions of "Jack Hawkins"

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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hawkins_(U.S._Marine_Corps_officer)
 
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|birth_date=October 25, 1916
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|birth_place=Roxton, Texas
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|description=Employed by the [[CIA]] for the military planning, training of [[Cuban exiles]], and the effective military command of forces in the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of [[Cuba]] in April [[1961]].
 
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'''Jack L. Hawkins''' (October 25, 1916 – May 17, 2013) was a [[United States Marines Corps]] [[colonel]] employed by the [[CIA]] for the military planning, training of [[Cuban exile]]s, and the effective military command of forces in the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of Cuba in April 1961.
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==Biography==
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Jack Hawkins graduated as a [[second lieutenant]] from the [[United States Naval Academy]]. In 1939, he attended the Marine Corps Basic School for officers, and then served with the [[4th Marine Regiment (United States)|Fourth Marines]] in [[Shanghai]]. Hawkins worked with [[Ray S. Cline]], [[Richard Helms]], [[E. Howard Hunt]], [[Jake Esterline]],[[Mitchell WerBell]], [[John Singlaub]], [[Paul Helliwell]], [[Jack Anderson]], [[Robert Emmett Johnson]] and [[Lucien Conein]]. Others working in China at that time included [[Tommy Corcoran]], [[Whiting Willauer]] and [[William Pawley]].<ref>https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhawkins.htm</ref>
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He then was moved to the [[Philippines]] when the regiment was transferred there in late 1941.<ref name="NSD">Hawkins. 1961. ''Never Say Die''.</ref>
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===World War II===
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During [[World War II]], he saw service in the [[Philippines]] at the [[Battle of Bataan]] and was taken prisoner by [[Empire of Japan|Japanese armed forces]] after the [[Battle of Corregidor]]. Initially sent to a prison camp on [[Luzon]], he was later transferred to another prison camp on [[Mindanao]] where conditions were somewhat better.<ref name="NSD"/> The new prison camp was actually a pre-war convict facility on a plantation. Eventually, he and two other POWs planned an escape.<ref name=Dyess>Dyess, W.E., 1944, The Dyess Story, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons</ref>{{rp|166}} However, the need for additional expertise in their post-escape plans brought the total number of Americans in the group to ten. Then they enlisted the help of two Filipinos who had been imprisoned before the war as convicts to serve as guides. The escape was successful and the two Filipinos eventually received pardons for their assistance.<ref name="NSD"/>
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The group moved through dangerous swamps for several days and eventually stumbled upon a guerrilla unit. This unit passed the Americans on to other bands until the escapees eventually were led to Colonel [[Wendell Fertig]], who commanded the American-Filipino guerrillas on Mindanao.<ref name="NSD"/> Hawkins served with the guerrillas for seven months. He led raiding parties in attacks against Japanese forces, before traveling to [[Australia]] via submarine in November 1943. Hawkins received the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for his actions in the Philippines during the period 4 April - 15 November 1943.<ref name="awards">https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/9058</ref> In 1961, Hawkins authored a book, ''[[Never Say Die (memoir)|Never Say Die]]'', on his POW and guerrilla experiences.
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In 1945, Hawkins was involved in the planning of the U.S. invasion of Japanese-held territory in the [[Battle of Okinawa]]. Author Don Bohning states that Hawkins was not involved in planning for the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]].<ref>Bohning (2005), pp. 14-18</ref>
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===Post war===
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Following World War II, he was a member of the Naval Mission to [[Venezuela]] for three years as adviser to the Venezuelan Marine Corps, before returning to [[Camp Lejeune]], [[North Carolina]]. In September 1950, as Commanding Officer, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, he led his battalion ashore at the [[Battle of Inchon]], [[Korea]], and later participated in the [[Chosin Reservoir]] campaign. He was awarded the [[Silver Star]] for his actions there.<ref name="awards"/>  In 1955 he was promoted to full colonel, becoming commander of the Amphibious Forces at [[Little Creek, Virginia]]. He served for three years as an instructor on amphibious landings in Marine Corps schools at [[Marine Corps Base Quantico|Quantico]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090926101625/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhawkins.htm</ref>
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==Bay of Pigs Invasion==
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{{Main|Bay of Pigs Invasion}}
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On the recommendation of Marine Corps Commandant General [[David M. Shoup]], Colonel Hawkins was recruited by the [[CIA]] which wanted a Marine officer with background in amphibious warfare to help  with a project to land some exile troops in [[Cuba]]. He was assigned to the Cuba task force on Sept 1, 1960, when CIA Deputy Director of Plans [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.]] began to expand the planned operation from a guerrilla infiltration to an amphibious assault. At the CIA, Hawkins was appointed Chief of Paramilitary Operations [[Western Hemisphere Division]] Branch 4 (WH/4/PM), reporting to [[Jacob Esterline]], Chief of Western Hemisphere Branch 4 (WH/4). He was already fluent in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and under his command were [[Grayston Lynch]] and [[William "Rip" Robertson]] as the CIA representatives in the amphibious landings. ( Col. Stanley W. Beerli, the chief of air operations, reported to Richard Bissell ). From his base in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], he instructed the combatants via radio links relayed via US Navy ships, aiming to defeat Cuban government forces in the conflict. He retired from the Marines in 1965.<ref>Kornbluh (1998)</ref><ref>Wyden (1979)</ref>
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Hawkins was also known by the alias ''John Haskins''.
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==References==
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*Bohning, Don. 2005. ''The Castro Obsession: U.S. Covert Operations Against Cuba 1959-1965''. Potomac Books {{ISBN|1-57488-675-4}}
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*Hawkins, Jack. "Classified Disaster: The Bay of Pigs Operation Was Doomed by Presidential Indecisiveness and Lack of Commitment." National Review, December 31, 1996, pp.&nbsp;36–38. https://web.archive.org/web/20110616120320/http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y97/jan97/27disa.html
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*Grashio, Samuel, Bernard Norling. (1982). ''Return to Freedom: The War Memoirs of Col. Samuel C. Grashio, USAF (Ret.)''. University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-912958-20-0}}
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*Hawkins, Jack. 1961. ''Never Say Die''. Dorrance & Company, Philadelphia (His experiences in the Philippines)
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*Jones, Howard. 2008. ''Bay of Pigs (Pivotal Moments in American History)''. OUP USA. {{ISBN|0-19-517383-X}} {{ISBN|9780195173833}}
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*Kornbluh, Peter. 1998. ''Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba''. The New Press. New York. {{ISBN|1-56584-494-7}} {{ISBN|978-1565844940}}
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*Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. ''Bay of Pigs and the CIA''. Ocean Press Melbourne. {{ISBN|1-875284-98-2}}
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*Wyden, Peter. 1979. ''Bay of Pigs - The Untold Story''. Simon and Schuster. New York. {{ISBN|0-671-24006-4}} {{ISBN|0224017543}} {{ISBN|978-0-671-24006-6}}
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==References==
 
==References==
 
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Latest revision as of 16:40, 6 June 2022

Person.png Jack Hawkins   SpartacusRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(spook)
Jack Hawkins-USMC.jpg
BornOctober 25, 1916
Roxton, Texas
Died2013-05-17 (Age 96)
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Alma materUnited States Naval Academy, Marine Corps Basic School for Officers
Employed by the CIA for the military planning, training of Cuban exiles, and the effective military command of forces in the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961.

Jack L. Hawkins (October 25, 1916 – May 17, 2013) was a United States Marines Corps colonel employed by the CIA for the military planning, training of Cuban exiles, and the effective military command of forces in the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 1961.

Biography

Jack Hawkins graduated as a second lieutenant from the United States Naval Academy. In 1939, he attended the Marine Corps Basic School for officers, and then served with the Fourth Marines in Shanghai. Hawkins worked with Ray S. Cline, Richard Helms, E. Howard Hunt, Jake Esterline,Mitchell WerBell, John Singlaub, Paul Helliwell, Jack Anderson, Robert Emmett Johnson and Lucien Conein. Others working in China at that time included Tommy Corcoran, Whiting Willauer and William Pawley.[1]

He then was moved to the Philippines when the regiment was transferred there in late 1941.[2]

World War II

During World War II, he saw service in the Philippines at the Battle of Bataan and was taken prisoner by Japanese armed forces after the Battle of Corregidor. Initially sent to a prison camp on Luzon, he was later transferred to another prison camp on Mindanao where conditions were somewhat better.[2] The new prison camp was actually a pre-war convict facility on a plantation. Eventually, he and two other POWs planned an escape.[3]:166 However, the need for additional expertise in their post-escape plans brought the total number of Americans in the group to ten. Then they enlisted the help of two Filipinos who had been imprisoned before the war as convicts to serve as guides. The escape was successful and the two Filipinos eventually received pardons for their assistance.[2]

The group moved through dangerous swamps for several days and eventually stumbled upon a guerrilla unit. This unit passed the Americans on to other bands until the escapees eventually were led to Colonel Wendell Fertig, who commanded the American-Filipino guerrillas on Mindanao.[2] Hawkins served with the guerrillas for seven months. He led raiding parties in attacks against Japanese forces, before traveling to Australia via submarine in November 1943. Hawkins received the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions in the Philippines during the period 4 April - 15 November 1943.[4] In 1961, Hawkins authored a book, Never Say Die, on his POW and guerrilla experiences.

In 1945, Hawkins was involved in the planning of the U.S. invasion of Japanese-held territory in the Battle of Okinawa. Author Don Bohning states that Hawkins was not involved in planning for the Battle of Iwo Jima.[5]

Post war

Following World War II, he was a member of the Naval Mission to Venezuela for three years as adviser to the Venezuelan Marine Corps, before returning to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. In September 1950, as Commanding Officer, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, he led his battalion ashore at the Battle of Inchon, Korea, and later participated in the Chosin Reservoir campaign. He was awarded the Silver Star for his actions there.[4] In 1955 he was promoted to full colonel, becoming commander of the Amphibious Forces at Little Creek, Virginia. He served for three years as an instructor on amphibious landings in Marine Corps schools at Quantico.[6]

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Main article: Bay of Pigs Invasion

On the recommendation of Marine Corps Commandant General David M. Shoup, Colonel Hawkins was recruited by the CIA which wanted a Marine officer with background in amphibious warfare to help with a project to land some exile troops in Cuba. He was assigned to the Cuba task force on Sept 1, 1960, when CIA Deputy Director of Plans Richard M. Bissell Jr. began to expand the planned operation from a guerrilla infiltration to an amphibious assault. At the CIA, Hawkins was appointed Chief of Paramilitary Operations Western Hemisphere Division Branch 4 (WH/4/PM), reporting to Jacob Esterline, Chief of Western Hemisphere Branch 4 (WH/4). He was already fluent in Spanish, and under his command were Grayston Lynch and William "Rip" Robertson as the CIA representatives in the amphibious landings. ( Col. Stanley W. Beerli, the chief of air operations, reported to Richard Bissell ). From his base in Miami, he instructed the combatants via radio links relayed via US Navy ships, aiming to defeat Cuban government forces in the conflict. He retired from the Marines in 1965.[7][8]

Hawkins was also known by the alias John Haskins.

References


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References

  1. ↑ https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhawkins.htm
  2. ↑ a b c d Hawkins. 1961. Never Say Die.
  3. ↑ Dyess, W.E., 1944, The Dyess Story, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
  4. ↑ a b https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/9058
  5. ↑ Bohning (2005), pp. 14-18
  6. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090926101625/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhawkins.htm
  7. ↑ Kornbluh (1998)
  8. ↑ Wyden (1979)
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