Difference between revisions of "Louis Pienaar"
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===Serious negotiations=== | ===Serious negotiations=== | ||
| − | In May 1988, a | + | In May 1988, a US mediation team – headed by [[Chester A. Crocker]], [[US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs]] – brought negotiators from [[Angola]], [[Cuba]] and [[South Africa]], and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. Later in May, at the [[Ronald Reagan]]/[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] summit in Moscow (29 May-1 June 1988), it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. The New York Accords – agreements to give effect to these decisions – were drawn up for signature at UN headquarters in New York City in December 1988. Cuba, South Africa, and the People's Republic of Angola agreed to a total Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola. This agreement – known as the ''Brazzaville Protocol'' – established a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC), with the US and the Soviet Union as observers, to oversee implementation of the accords. A bilateral agreement between Cuba and Angola was signed at UN headquarters on 22 December 1988. On the same day, a tripartite agreement between Angola, Cuba and South Africa was signed, whereby South Africa agreed to hand control of Namibia to the United Nations. |
===[[Bernt Carlsson]] killed at [[Lockerbie Bombing|Lockerbie]]=== | ===[[Bernt Carlsson]] killed at [[Lockerbie Bombing|Lockerbie]]=== | ||
Revision as of 19:18, 16 February 2020
 Louis Pienaar    | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1926-06-26 |
| Died | 2012-11-05 (Age 86) Cape Town, South Africa |
Louis Pienaar (26 June 1926 - 5 November 2012)[1] was a South African lawyer and diplomat. In 1985, the apartheid government appointed Louis Pienaar Administrator-General of South-West Africa (Namibia) which had been illegally occupied by South Africa for over two decades until it achieved independence in March 1990.
Pienaar subsequently became a minister in F W de Klerk's government until 1993.
Contents
Diplomat
In the early 1980s, Louis Pienaar was assigned to Paris as South Africa's ambassador to France.
Illegal occupation of Namibia
On 1 July 1985, Louis Pienaar was appointed by the apartheid government to be Administrator-General (AG) of South-West Africa, a territory that the United Nations Security Council called Namibia and which UN Security Council Resolution 435 of 1978 declared was being illegally occupied by South Africa.[2] Two years after AG Pienaar's appointment, when prospects for Namibian independence seemed to be improving, UN Commissioner for Namibia, Bernt Carlsson, was appointed. Upon South Africa's relinquishing control of Namibia, Commissioner Carlsson's role would be to take over the administration of the country on behalf of the UN, formulate its framework constitution, and organise free and fair elections based upon a non-racial universal franchise.
Serious negotiations
In May 1988, a US mediation team – headed by Chester A. Crocker, US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs – brought negotiators from Angola, Cuba and South Africa, and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. Later in May, at the Ronald Reagan/Mikhail Gorbachev summit in Moscow (29 May-1 June 1988), it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. The New York Accords – agreements to give effect to these decisions – were drawn up for signature at UN headquarters in New York City in December 1988. Cuba, South Africa, and the People's Republic of Angola agreed to a total Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola. This agreement – known as the Brazzaville Protocol – established a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC), with the US and the Soviet Union as observers, to oversee implementation of the accords. A bilateral agreement between Cuba and Angola was signed at UN headquarters on 22 December 1988. On the same day, a tripartite agreement between Angola, Cuba and South Africa was signed, whereby South Africa agreed to hand control of Namibia to the United Nations.
Bernt Carlsson killed at Lockerbie
Tragically, UN Commissioner, Bernt Carlsson was not present at the signing ceremony. He was killed on flight Pan Am 103 which exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988 en route from London's Heathrow Airport to JFK Airport in New York. South African foreign minister Pik Botha and an official delegation of 22 were reported to have been booked on Pan Am Flight 103 and had changed the booking at the last minute to an earlier flight. This report was shown to be false, since Pik Botha and his party had always been booked and in fact travelled on the earlier Pan Am Flight 101 to New York.[3]
Transition to independence
UN Security Council adopted resolution 632 on 16 February 1989 requiring that implementation of UNSCR 435 should officially start on 1 April 1989.[4] AG Pienaar, under the supervision of UN Special Representative, Martti Ahtisaari, who arrived in Windhoek in April 1989 to head the United Nations Transition Assistance Group, began Namibia's transition to independence. The transition got off to a shaky start because, contrary to SWAPO leader Sam Nujoma's written assurances to the UN Secretary-General to abide by an agreed cease-fire and repatriate from Angola only unarmed Namibians, the South Africans alleged that approximately 2,000 armed members of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), SWAPO's military wing, crossed the border from Angola in an apparent attempt to establish a military presence in northern Namibia. Under pressure from AG Pienaar and South Africa's foreign minister Pik Botha, UNTAG's Martti Ahtisaari took advice from British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, who was visiting Southern Africa at the time, and authorised a limited contingent of South African Defence Force troops to aid the South West African Police (SWAPOL) in restoring order. A period of intense fighting followed, during which 375 PLAN fighters were reported to have been killed.[5]
Actions by Louis Pienaar
On 7 April 1989, AG Pienaar announced that he was unilaterally suspending the independence process, but his decision was quickly repudiated by Pik Botha.[6]
On 11 April 1989, he stated that, contrary to previous undertakings, UNTAG and the South African security forces had "agreed that PLAN soldiers would be interrogated in order to verify the suspected number of infiltrators". Botha overruled AG Pienaar's statement saying "there is no question of interrogation".
On 22 May 1989, AG Pienaar proclaimed AG 11 of 1989: "Establishment and Powers of the Commission for the Prevention and Combatting of Intimidation and Electoral Malpractices".[7] On 8 June 1989, AG 14 of 1989 was proclaimed: "First Law amendment (Abolition of Discriminatory or Restrictive Laws for purposes of Free and Fair Elections)".
On 12 June, AG Pienaar declared a general amnesty against prosecution for all Namibians living abroad and repealed or amended 46 discriminatory laws. He extended the amnesty eight months later to South African officials and security personnel including the South African Defence Force.
Following complex negotiations with UNTAG concerning electoral voting procedures, AG Pienaar proclaimed AG 19 of 1989: "Registration of Voters (Constituency Assembly Proclamation)" on 30 June. Registration of voters began on 4 July, and AG Pienaar published a draft proclamation on the election process on 21 July. UNTAG was concerned by this draft, insisting that political party agents should be present at the polling stations and at the counting of the votes. In this way, the Namibian people could be reassured that the voting would be free and fair. The South African side opposed the idea, indicating their determination to dominate the constitution-making process and retain control for as long as possible.
On 13 October, AG Pienaar proclaimed AG 49 of 1989: "The Holding of an Election for a Constituent Assembly".
Demobilisation
At the end of August, the UN Security Council called for the immediate demobilisation of all paramilitary groups in Namibia (UNSCR 640 of 1989)[8] and a week later AG Pienaar announced he was suspending the activities of the Koevoet paramilitary force. The Koevoet issue had been one of the most difficult UNTAG faced.[9] This counter-insurgency unit was formed by South Africa after the adoption of UNSCR 435, and was not, therefore, mentioned in the settlement proposal or related documents. The UN regarded Koevoet as a paramilitary unit which ought to be disbanded but the unit continued to deploy in the north in armoured and heavily armed convoys. In June 1989, Martti Ahtisaari told AG Pienaar that this behaviour was totally inconsistent with the Settlement Proposal, which required the police to be lightly armed. Moreover, the vast majority of the Koevoet personnel were quite unsuited for continued employment in the South West African Police (SWAPOL). Pik Botha announced on 28 September 1989 that 1,200 ex-Koevoet members would be demobilised with effect from the following day. A further 400 such personnel were demobilised on 30 October 1989. These demobilisations were supervised by UNTAG military monitors.
Democratic elections
The 11-month transition period ended relatively smoothly. Political prisoners were granted amnesty, discriminatory legislation was repealed, South Africa withdrew all its forces from Namibia, and some 42,000 refugees returned safely and voluntarily under the auspices of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Almost 98% of registered voters turned out to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. The elections were held in November 1989 and were certified as free and fair by UN Special Representative Martti Ahtisaari, with SWAPO taking 57% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds necessary to have a free hand in revising the framework constitution that had been formulated not by UN Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson but by Louis Pienaar. The opposition Democratic Turnhalle Alliance received 29% of the vote. The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on 21 November 1989 and resolved unanimously to use the 1982 Constitutional Principles in Namibia's new constitution.
According to The Guardian of 26 July 1991, Pik Botha told a press conference that the South African government had paid more than £20 million to at least seven political parties in Namibia to oppose SWAPO in the run-up to the 1989 elections. He justified the expenditure on the grounds that South Africa was at war with SWAPO at the time.[10]
Independence celebrations
Namibia's Independence Day celebrations took place in the Windhoek Sports Stadium on 21 March 1990. Numerous international representatives attended, including 20 heads of state, and the arrival of Nelson Mandela, who had just been released from prison, caused excitement among the 30,000 spectators. United Nations Secretary-General, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, and the President of South Africa, F W de Klerk, jointly conferred independence on Namibia. AG Pienaar formally handed over power to the president of SWAPO, Sam Nujoma, who was then sworn in as the first President of Namibia.[11]
Government minister
In 1990, on his return to South Africa, Louis Pienaar was nominated to be Minister of Education in President F W de Klerk's government where he was responsible for the dismantling of the structures of apartheid. From May 1992 until April 1993, Pienaar was Minister for Internal Affairs.
Death
Louis Pienaar died at his residence in Cape Town on 5 November 2012. A commentator wrote in the Namibian Sun:
- "Let His Soul Rest in Peace while we recall his atrocious deeds in Namibia between 1985 and 1990 while he was AG. He presided over the killings of innocent civilians and PLAN fighters. He will be remembered as a man whose hands are filled with Namibian people's blood!"[12]
References
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ "Text of UNSCR 435 of 1978"
- ↑ "Why the Lockerbie flight booking subterfuge, Mr Botha?"
- ↑ Text of UNSCR 632 of 1989
- ↑ "Let's not bury the 1 April killings"
- ↑ "Difficult start in Namibia's transition to independence"
- ↑ "Proclamations by the Administrator General"
- ↑ "Text of UNSCR 640 of 1989"
- ↑ "UNTAG report on Namibia"
- ↑ "Missing diplomatic links and the Lockerbie tragedy"
- ↑ "Namibian independence celebrations"
- ↑
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