Difference between revisions of "1224"

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== Events ==
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=== By place ===
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==== Byzantine Empire ====
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* Spring &ndash; [[Battle of Poimanenon]]: Byzantine forces under Emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John III]] ('''Doukas Vatatzes'''), ruler of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]], defeat the Latin army under the brothers [[Alexios Laskaris]] and [[Isaac Laskaris]]. They begin a revolt and decide to aid the request of Emperor [[Robert I, Latin Emperor|Robert I of Courtenay]]. The two armies meet at [[Poemanenum|Poimanenon]], south of [[Cyzicus]] in [[Mysia]], near [[Lake Kuş]] ('''Bird Lake'''). In the ensuing battle, John III achieves a decisive victory; among the captives taken are the two Laskaris brothers, who are blinded. The victory opens the way for the recovery by the Byzantines of most of the Latin possessions in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].<ref>Van Tricht, Filip (2011). ''The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)'', p. 384. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-20323-5}}.</ref>
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* December &ndash; [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore Komnenos]] ('''Doukas'''), ruler of the [[Despotate of Epirus]], captures [[Thessaloniki]] – beginning the ''[[de facto]]'' Byzantine [[Empire of Thessalonica]]. Later, Theodore Komnenos has crowned Byzantine emperor but is not recognized as such by the rest of the Greek or Latin population.
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==== Europe ====
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* February &ndash; King [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] ('''the Saint''') announces his intention to resume the ''[[Reconquista]]'' against the realm of the [[Almohad Caliphate]]. Caliph [[Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph|Yusuf II al-Mustansir]] dies and is succeeded by [[Abd al-Wahid I|Abu Muhammad al-Wahid]], but in [[Al-Andalus]], two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil in [[Seville]] and Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi in [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]]. The chronic political instability on the Almohad site allows Ferdinand to begin his campaign victoriously in October, with the capture of [[Quesada, Spain|Quesada]] in [[Spain]].
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* [[May 5]] &ndash; King [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] ('''the Lion''') declares war on King [[Henry III of England]]. He allies himself with [[Hugh X of Lusignan]] and invades first [[Poitou]] and then Northern [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascony]]. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June.<ref>Carpenter, David (1996). ''The Reign of Henry III'', pp. 374–375. London, UK: Hambledon Press. {{ISBN|1-85285-137-6}}.</ref>
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* September &ndash; [[Abdallah al-Adil]] ('''the Just'''), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches to [[Marrakesh]] to confront Abu Muhammad al-Wahid. Abdallah seizes the royal palace and deposes Muhammad al-Wahid, who is murdered by strangulation.
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* [[Livonian Crusade]]: The [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] defeat the Estonians and reconquer the captured strongholds on the Estonian mainland. With the surrender of the [[Siege of Tartu (1224)|Tartu]] stronghold, only the islands of [[Saaremaa]] and [[Muhu]] remain under Estonian control.
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==== England ====
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* Spring &ndash; [[Falkes de Bréauté]], English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal [[Stephen Langton]] and forces under [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]] deal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts of [[Assize of novel disseisin|Wrongful Disseisin]], he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton.
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* June&ndash;August &ndash;The garrison at [[Bedford Castle]], belonging to Falkes de Bréauté, refuses to surrender to Henry III. The castle falls when the keep is undermined, the garrison, who has surrendered the castle, are all hanged by order of the king. Falkes is allowed to leave the country but loses all his possessions. Bedford Castle is badly damaged as a result.
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==== Asia ====
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* Spring &ndash; The Mongol army led by [[Subutai]] and [[Jochi]] cross the steppes of modern [[Kazakhstan]], and returns to the horde of [[Genghis Khan]] on the [[Irtysh|Irtysh River]]. At a great ''[[kurultai]]'' or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see [[1220]]) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and [[Central Asia]] become part of the [[Mongol Empire]].<ref>[[David Nicolle]] & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 83. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref>
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* [[January 14]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuan Zong]] of the Chinese [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]] dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son, [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Ai Zong]], who conquers more Song territory during the [[Jin–Song Wars]].
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* [[September 17]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Ningzong|Ning Zong]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty|Song Dynasty]] dies (possibly poisoned) after a 30-year reign, at [[Hangzhou]]. He is succeeded by his relative, [[Emperor Lizong|Li Zong]], as all of Ning Zong's children have died.
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=== By topic ===
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==== Education ====
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* [[June 5]] &ndash; The [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]] is founded by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. Frederick's main purpose is to create an institution of higher learning that will put an end to the predominance of the universities of northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]], most notably these of [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] and [[University of Padua|Padua]], which are considered either too independent or under the strong influence of Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]].
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==== Religion ====
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* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Francis of Assisi]], while praying on the mountain of [[La Verna]] during a 40-day fast, has a vision, as a result of which he receives the [[stigmata]]. Brother Leo, who is with Francis at the time, leaves a clear and simple account of this event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.<ref name="cefa">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Robinson|first=Paschal|title=St. Francis of Assisi|encyclopedia=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|volume=VI|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|place=New York|year=1909|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.htm|accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref>
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</onlyinclude>
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== Births ==
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* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Sophie of Thuringia, Duchess of Brabant|Sophie of Thuringia]], duchess of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] (d. [[1275]])
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* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Artois|Matlda of Brabant]], countess of [[County of Artois|Artois]] (d. [[1288]])
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* [[Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey|Alice de Lusignan]], countess of [[Surrey]] (d. [[1256]])
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* [[Elena Asenina of Bulgaria|Elena of Bulgaria]], empress of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]] (d. [[1258]])
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* [[Herman I, Count of Henneberg|Herman I]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1290]])
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* [[Isabelle of France (saint)|Isabelle of France]], French princess and nun (d. [[1270]])
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* [[Jean de Joinville]], French historian and writer (d. [[1317]])
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* [[Kanezawa Sanetoki]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1276]])
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* [[Margery de Burgh]], Norman noblewoman (d. [[1252]])
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* [[Maud de Braose, Baroness Mortimer of Wigmore|Maud de Braose]], English noblewoman (d. [[1301]])
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* [[Pribislaw I]], German nobleman and knight (d. 1275)
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* [[Princess Teruko|Teruko]], Japanese princess and empress (d. [[1262]])
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* [[Theobald Butler, 3rd Chief Butler of Ireland|Theobald Butler]], Norman chief governor (d. [[1248]])
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* [[William II, Count of Flanders|William II]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1251]])
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== Deaths ==
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* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuan Zong]], Chinese emperor (b. [[1163]])
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* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Conrad III of Scharfenberg|Conrad III]], German cleric and bishop (b. [[1165]])
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* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[William of Sainte-Mère-Église]], Norman bishop
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* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Matilda of Dendermonde]], Flemish noblewoman
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* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Bernard II, Lord of Lippe|Bernard II]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1140]])
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* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Yoshitoki]], Japanese [[regent]] (''[[shikken]]'') (b. 1163)
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* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Christina the Astonishing]], Flemish saint (b. [[1150]])
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* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant|Marie of France]], duchess of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] (b. [[1198]])
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* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Emperor Ningzong|Ning Zong]], Chinese emperor (b. [[1168]])
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* [[Abd al-Wahid I|Abu Muhammad al-Wahid]], ruler of the [[Almohad Caliphate]]
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* [[Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair]], king of [[Connacht]] (b. [[1153]])
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* [[Durand of Huesca]], Spanish monk and theologian (b. [[1160]])
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* [[Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon|Judah ben Isaac Messer]], French Jewish [[rabbi]] (b. [[1166]])
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* [[Liu Songnian]], Chinese [[Chinese painting|landscape painter]] (b. [[1174]])
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* [[Máel Muire Ó Connaig]], Irish bishop of [[Kilmacduagh]]
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* [[Raoul of Mérencourt]], Latin patriarch of [[Jerusalem]]
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* [[Simon Rochfort]] (or '''de Rupeforti'''), English bishop
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* [[Thomas I, Archbishop of Esztergom|Thomas I]], Hungarian chancellor and archbishop
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* [[William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel|William d'Aubigny]], English nobleman and knight
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* [[William de Mowbray]], English nobleman and knight
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* [[Xia Gui]] (or '''Hsia Kui'''), Chinese landscape painter
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* [[Yusuf II, Almohad caliph|Yusuf II al-Mustansir]], ruler of the Almohad Caliphate
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==References==
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Latest revision as of 01:15, 21 December 2021

1214 < 1215 < 1216 < 1217 < 1218 < 1219 < 1220 <1221 < 1222 < 1223 < 1224 > 1225 > 1226 > 1227 > 1228 > 1229 > 1230 > 1231 > 1232 > 1233 > 1234
Decade.png ( 1220s: )    Year.png 1224 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Legend of St Francis - -19- - Stigmatization of St Francis.jpg
Francis of Assisi experiences his stigmata
Year 1224

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

Europe

  • February – King Ferdinand III (the Saint) announces his intention to resume the Reconquista against the realm of the Almohad Caliphate. Caliph Yusuf II al-Mustansir dies and is succeeded by Abu Muhammad al-Wahid, but in Al-Andalus, two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil in Seville and Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi in Córdoba. The chronic political instability on the Almohad site allows Ferdinand to begin his campaign victoriously in October, with the capture of Quesada in Spain.
  • May 5 – King Louis VIII (the Lion) declares war on King Henry III of England. He allies himself with Hugh X of Lusignan and invades first Poitou and then Northern Gascony. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June.[2]
  • September – Abdallah al-Adil (the Just), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches to Marrakesh to confront Abu Muhammad al-Wahid. Abdallah seizes the royal palace and deposes Muhammad al-Wahid, who is murdered by strangulation.
  • Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword defeat the Estonians and reconquer the captured strongholds on the Estonian mainland. With the surrender of the Tartu stronghold, only the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu remain under Estonian control.

England

  • Spring – Falkes de Bréauté, English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal Stephen Langton and forces under Hubert de Burgh deal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts of Wrongful Disseisin, he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton.
  • June–August –The garrison at Bedford Castle, belonging to Falkes de Bréauté, refuses to surrender to Henry III. The castle falls when the keep is undermined, the garrison, who has surrendered the castle, are all hanged by order of the king. Falkes is allowed to leave the country but loses all his possessions. Bedford Castle is badly damaged as a result.

Asia

By topic

Education

  • June 5 – The University of Naples is founded by Emperor Frederick II. Frederick's main purpose is to create an institution of higher learning that will put an end to the predominance of the universities of northern Italy, most notably these of Bologna and Padua, which are considered either too independent or under the strong influence of Pope Honorius III.

Religion

  • September 14 – Francis of Assisi, while praying on the mountain of La Verna during a 40-day fast, has a vision, as a result of which he receives the stigmata. Brother Leo, who is with Francis at the time, leaves a clear and simple account of this event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.[4]

Births

Deaths


 

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References

  1. ↑ Van Tricht, Filip (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228), p. 384. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20323-5.
  2. ↑ Carpenter, David (1996). The Reign of Henry III, pp. 374–375. London, UK: Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-137-6.
  3. ↑ David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 83. ISBN 1-84176-233-4.
  4. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
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