Difference between revisions of "Earthquake"
(some expand) |
(saving draft) |
||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
==Tectonic weapons== | ==Tectonic weapons== | ||
A '''tectonic weapon''' is a hypothetical device or system which could create [[earthquake]]s, [[volcano]]es, or other seismic events in specified locations by interfering with the Earth's natural geological processes. It was defined in 1992 by Aleksey Vsevolodovich Nikolayev, corresponding member [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]: "A tectonic or seismic weapon would be the use of the accumulated tectonic energy of the Earth's deeper layers to induce a destructive earthquake".<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf 927N0104A Moscow ZNANIYE-Sila (in Russian) No. 1, Jan 92 p2-13, translated in JPRS Report on Science and Technology, October 1992]</ref> | A '''tectonic weapon''' is a hypothetical device or system which could create [[earthquake]]s, [[volcano]]es, or other seismic events in specified locations by interfering with the Earth's natural geological processes. It was defined in 1992 by Aleksey Vsevolodovich Nikolayev, corresponding member [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]: "A tectonic or seismic weapon would be the use of the accumulated tectonic energy of the Earth's deeper layers to induce a destructive earthquake".<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf 927N0104A Moscow ZNANIYE-Sila (in Russian) No. 1, Jan 92 p2-13, translated in JPRS Report on Science and Technology, October 1992]</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Project Seal== | ||
| + | During the [[Second World War]], a group of [[New Zealand]] researchers attempted to develop a device capable of provoking[[ tsunamis]] that could be unleashed against [[Japan]]. The research work was conducted by [[Thomas Leech]], an Australian national, at [[Auckland University]] behind the code name of "Project Seal". Several small-scale test explosions were carried out successfully, between [[1944]] and [[1945]], at Whangaparaoa off the coast of Auckland.<ref name=Voltaire/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The United States deemed this programme to be as equally promising as the [[Manhattan Project]], involving the development of the [[atomic bomb]], and appointed Dr. [[Karl T. Compton]] to maintain the liaison between the two research units. Compton was an American physicist and president of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] from [[1930]] to [[1948]].<ref name=Voltaire/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Soviet research == | ||
| + | In 1975, the USSR embarked on a new research in the field of [[Magnetohydrodynamics]] (MHD) for the purpose of studying the earth’s crust and be able to anticipate earthquakes. The Soviets examined the possibility of provoking small quakes in order to forestall a big one. This research was quickly militarized and resulted in the construction of Pamir, the earthquake machine. The research was snapped up the the United States after the collapse of the USSR.<ref name=Voltaire>https://www.voltairenet.org/article163729.html</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Drilling== | ||
| + | Drilling for oil sets off earthquakes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Injecting wastewater from oil and gas operations into deep underground wells can cause earthquakes even in areas with no previous recorded activity. | ||
| + | The injections can alter stresses that hold geologic faults together, letting them slip, unleashing an earthquake.<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drilling-for-earthquakes/</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Storing of carbon dioxide== | ||
| + | Carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and sequestration<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=tIZIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA350</ref> is the process of capturing [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) before it enters the atmosphere, transporting it, and storing it underground, theoretically for centuries or millennia. Usually the CO2 is captured from large point sources, such as coal-fired power plant, a chemical plant or biomass power plant, and then stored in an underground geological formation | ||
| + | |||
| + | Because of the critically stressed nature of the crust, fluid injection in deep wells can trigger earthquakes when the injection increases pore pressure in the vicinity of preexisting potentially active faults. Even small to moderate earthquakes threaten the seal integrity of a CO2 repository.<ref>https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2012/06/13/1202473109.full.pdf</ref> | ||
| + | |||
Revision as of 01:21, 13 December 2021
 Earthquake    | |
|---|---|
| Can maybe be created by tectonic weapons |
An earthquake is the sudden movement or trembling of the Earth's tectonic plates, that creates the shakes of the ground. This shaking can destroy buildings and break the Earth's surface. A sudden shake under water can cause tsunamis.
May 1977 the UN adopted ENMOD, the “Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques”. Since that time, interventions to change the weather or geological reactions such as artificially induce earthquakes are forbidden. The United States is a signatory.[1]
Contents
Project Plowshare was the overall United States program for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful construction purposes. The Soviet Union had a similar program. Successful demonstrations of non-combat uses for nuclear explosives include rock blasting and engineering projects.[2]
The Valdivia earthquake
On May 22, 1960, the most powerful earthquake in recorded history — magnitude 9.5 — struck southern Chile. The rupture zone stretched from estimates ranging from 500 kilometers (311 miles) to almost 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) along the country’s coast, killing 2000. [3] There is mention that this was caused by a secret nuclear explosion.[4]
Tectonic weapons
A tectonic weapon is a hypothetical device or system which could create earthquakes, volcanoes, or other seismic events in specified locations by interfering with the Earth's natural geological processes. It was defined in 1992 by Aleksey Vsevolodovich Nikolayev, corresponding member Russian Academy of Sciences: "A tectonic or seismic weapon would be the use of the accumulated tectonic energy of the Earth's deeper layers to induce a destructive earthquake".[5]
Project Seal
During the Second World War, a group of New Zealand researchers attempted to develop a device capable of provokingtsunamis that could be unleashed against Japan. The research work was conducted by Thomas Leech, an Australian national, at Auckland University behind the code name of "Project Seal". Several small-scale test explosions were carried out successfully, between 1944 and 1945, at Whangaparaoa off the coast of Auckland.[6]
The United States deemed this programme to be as equally promising as the Manhattan Project, involving the development of the atomic bomb, and appointed Dr. Karl T. Compton to maintain the liaison between the two research units. Compton was an American physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1948.[6]
Soviet research
In 1975, the USSR embarked on a new research in the field of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for the purpose of studying the earth’s crust and be able to anticipate earthquakes. The Soviets examined the possibility of provoking small quakes in order to forestall a big one. This research was quickly militarized and resulted in the construction of Pamir, the earthquake machine. The research was snapped up the the United States after the collapse of the USSR.[6]
Drilling
Drilling for oil sets off earthquakes.
Injecting wastewater from oil and gas operations into deep underground wells can cause earthquakes even in areas with no previous recorded activity. The injections can alter stresses that hold geologic faults together, letting them slip, unleashing an earthquake.[7]
Storing of carbon dioxide
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture and sequestration[8] is the process of capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) before it enters the atmosphere, transporting it, and storing it underground, theoretically for centuries or millennia. Usually the CO2 is captured from large point sources, such as coal-fired power plant, a chemical plant or biomass power plant, and then stored in an underground geological formation
Because of the critically stressed nature of the crust, fluid injection in deep wells can trigger earthquakes when the injection increases pore pressure in the vicinity of preexisting potentially active faults. Even small to moderate earthquakes threaten the seal integrity of a CO2 repository.[9]
An example
| Page name | Description |
|---|---|
| Earthquake machine | A weapon of mass destruction which would trigger an earthquake |
References
- ↑ https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVI-1&chapter=26&clang=_enm
- ↑ https://www.osti.gov/opennet/reports/plowshar.pdf
- ↑ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/may22/valdivia-earthquake-strikes-chile/
- ↑ https://www.gabyweber.com/dwnld/artikel/plowshareenglisch.pdf
- ↑ 927N0104A Moscow ZNANIYE-Sila (in Russian) No. 1, Jan 92 p2-13, translated in JPRS Report on Science and Technology, October 1992
- ↑ a b c https://www.voltairenet.org/article163729.html
- ↑ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/drilling-for-earthquakes/
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=tIZIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA350
- ↑ https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2012/06/13/1202473109.full.pdf
