Bolivarian Missions

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The Bolivarian missions are a series of social programmes implemented under the administration of former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and continued by Chávez's successor, Nicolás Maduro, focused on anti-poverty measures by providing educational services, free health clinics, subsidised food and other forms of support.[1]

The misiones, funded by the state-owned oil company PDVSA, draw their name from the historical South American hero, Simón Bolívar, whose ideology (Bolivarianism) defined political sovereignty as meaningless without economic sovereignty.[2]

Anti-poverty

Using increasing oil prices since the early 2000s and funds not seen in Venezuela since the 1980s, Chávez created Bolivarian missions, which entailed the launching of government anti-poverty initiatives,[3] the construction of thousands of free medical clinics for the poor,[4] indigenous rights,[5][6] and the provision of food[7] and housing subsidies.[8] The Bolivarian missions are overseen with widespread experimentation in what Chávez's supporters call "citizen- and worker-managed governance."[9]

Helping the poor

Mission Robinson improves literacy and education among the young and old. Mission Barrio Adentro, the healthcare service, began as small clinics implanted in poor neighbourhoods, run by doctors imported from Cuba.[10] Adentro now boasts high-tech diagnostic centres and popular clinics, which are treating more than 17 million people. Critics complain that the care is sub-par but waiting rooms brim with babies being vaccinated, mothers - some as young as 15 - seeking checkups, and the elderly being treated for everything from high blood pressure to tooth pain. Mission Mercal supermarkets: there are an estimated 12,000 Mercals in Venezuela, selling everything from subsidised sausage to shampoo. One recent survey found that 47 percent of Venezuelans now shop in these stores.[11]

 

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References

  1. ↑ Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 618–621. ISBN 9780789488053.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  2. ↑ "Down from the Mountain"
  3. ↑ UNICEF. (UNICEF, 2005). "Venezuela’s Barrio Adentro: A Model of Universal Primary Health Care". Retrieved 15 October 2005. UNICEF, p. 2. "Barrio Adentro ... is part and parcel of the government's longterm poverty-reduction and social inclusion strategy to achieve and surpass the Millennium Development Goals."
  4. ↑ "Estrategia de Cooperación de OPS/OMS con Venezuela 2006-2008" (PDF) (in español). Pan American Health Organization. June 2006. pp. p. 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  5. ↑ Maurice Lemoine. "How Chavez changed life in the tribal territories: New rights". Le Monde diplomatique, July 2007.
  6. ↑ Márquez, Humberto (28 October 2005). "Venezuela se declara libre de analfabetismo" (in español). Inter Press Service. Retrieved 29 December 2006.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  7. ↑ Barreiro C., Raquel (4 March 2006). "Mercal es 34% más barato" (in español). El Universal. Retrieved 29 December 2006. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  8. ↑ "Banco de la Vivienda transfirió 66 millardos para subsidios" (in español). El Universal. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  9. ↑ Ellsworth, Brian. (International Herald-Tribune, 3 August 2005). "Venezuela tries the worker-managed route". Retrieved 12 November 2005.
  10. ↑ "Chavez Reaches Out with 'Bolivarian Missions'"
  11. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
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