University of Mississippi

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Group.png University of Mississippi  
(University) WebsiteRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Ole Miss seal.svg
MottoPro scientia et sapientia
(Latin)
Formation1848
Type PublicFlagshipSea-grantSpace-grant
Other nameRebels
The largest university in the state by enrollment

The University of Mississippi (colloquially known as Ole Miss) is a public research university in Oxford, Mississippi. Including the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, it is the state's largest university by enrollment[1] and promotes itself as the state’s flagship university.[2][3] The university was chartered by the Mississippi Legislature on February 24, 1844, and four years later admitted its first enrollment of 80 students. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".[4][5] According to the National Science Foundation, Ole Miss spent $137 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 142nd in the nation.[6]

Across all its campuses, the university comprises some 23,258 students.[7] In addition to the main campus in Oxford and the medical school in Jackson, the university also has campuses in Tupelo, Booneville, Grenada, and Southaven, as well as an accredited online high school.[8] About 55 percent of its undergraduates and 60 percent overall come from Mississippi, and 23 percent are minorities; international students respectively represent 90 different nations.[9] It is one of the 33 colleges and universities participating in the National Sea Grant Program and a participant in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program.[10]

Ole Miss was a center of activity during the American civil rights movement when a race riot erupted in 1962 following the attempted admission of James Meredith, an African-American, to the segregated campus.[11] Although the university was integrated that year, the use of Confederate symbols and motifs has remained a controversial aspect of the school's identity and culture.[12][13][14][15][16] In response the university has taken measures to rebrand its image, including effectively banning the display of Confederate flags in Vaught-Hemingway Stadium in 1997, officially abandoning the Colonel Reb mascot in 2003, and removing "Dixie" from the Pride of the South marching band's repertoire in 2016.[17][18][19] In 2018, following a racially charged rant on social media by an alumnus and academic building namesake, former Chancellor Jeffrey Vitter reaffirmed the university's commitment to "honest and open dialogue about its history", and in making its campuses "more welcoming and inclusive".[20]Template:Failed verification

History

Founding, expansion, and tradition

The Lyceum, William Nichols, architect (1848)
The "Dead House" was built before the Civil War and was used as a morgue during the war. Bodies were carried from the Dead House across campus to the Civil War Cemetery, which contains more than 430 graves. The building was demolished in 1958, and Farley Hall--which contains the School of Journalism and New Media--was erected in its place.[21]

The Mississippi Legislature chartered the University of Mississippi on February 24, 1844. The university opened its doors to its first class of 80 students four years later in 1848. For 23 years, the university was Mississippi's only public institution of higher learning, and for 110 years it was the state's only comprehensive university.[22] Politician Pryor Lea was a founding trustee.

When the university opened, the campus consisted of six buildings: two dormitories, two faculty houses, a steward's hall, and the Lyceum at the center. Constructed from 1846 to 1848, the Lyceum is the oldest building on campus. Originally, the Lyceum housed all of the classrooms and faculty offices of the university. The building's north and south wings were added in 1903, and the Class of 1927 donated the clock above the eastern portico. The Lyceum is now the home of the university's administration offices. The columned facade of the Lyceum is represented on the official crest of the university, along with the date of establishment.[23]

In 1854, the university established the fourth state-supported, public law school in the United States, and also began offering engineering education.[24]

With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, classes were interrupted and almost the entire student body (135 out of 139 students) enlisted in Company A of the 11th Mississippi regiment of the Confederate army.[25] This company, nicknamed the University Greys, suffered a 100% casualty rate in Pickett's Charge.[25]

The Lyceum was used as a hospital during the Civil War for both Union and Confederate soldiers, especially those who were wounded at the battle of Shiloh. Two hundred-fifty soldiers who died in the campus hospital were buried in a cemetery on the grounds of the university.[26][27]

During the post-war period, the university was led by former Confederate general A.P. Stewart, a Rogersville, Tennessee native. He was Chancellor from 1874 to 1886.[28]

The university became coeducational in 1882 and was the first such institution in the Southeast to hire a female faculty member, Sarah McGehee Isom, doing so in 1885.[29]

The nickname "Ole Miss" dates to 1897, when the student yearbook was first published. A contest was held to solicit suggestions for a yearbook title from the student body, and Elma Meek submitted the winning entry. Interviewed by the student newspaper, The Mississippian, in 1939, Meek stated: "I had often heard old 'darkies' on Southern plantations address the lady in the 'big house' as 'Ole Miss'... the name appealed to me, so I suggested it to the committee and they adopted it." [30][31][32] Some historians concur that she derived the term from "ol' missus," an African-American term for a plantation's "old mistresss", while others have alternatively theorized Meek may have made a diminutive of "old Mississippi".[33][34][35] This sobriquet was not only chosen for the yearbook, but also became the name by which the university was informally known.[36] "Ole Miss" is defined as the school's intangible spirit, which is separate from the tangible aspects of the university.[37][38]

The university began medical education in 1903, when the University of Mississippi School of Medicine was established on the Oxford campus. In that era, the university provided two-year pre-clinical education certificates, and graduates went out of state to complete doctor of medicine degrees. In 1950, the Mississippi Legislature voted to create a four-year medical school. On July 1, 1955, the University Medical Center opened in the capital of Jackson, Mississippi, as a four-year medical school. The University of Mississippi Medical Center, as it is now called, is the health sciences campus of the University of Mississippi. It houses the University of Mississippi School of Medicine along with five other health science schools: nursing, dentistry, health-related professions, graduate studies and pharmacy (The School of Pharmacy is split between the Oxford and University of Mississippi Medical Center campuses).[39]

Several attempts were made via the executive and legislative branches of the Mississippi state government to relocate or otherwise close the University of Mississippi. The Mississippi Legislature between 1900 and 1930 introduced several bills aiming to accomplish this, but no legislation was ever passed by either house. One such bill was introduced in 1912 by Senator William Ellis of Carthage, Mississippi, which would have merged the college with then-Mississippi A&M.[40] However, this measure was soundly defeated, despite the bill only seeking to form an exploratory committee.

In February 1920, 56 members of the legislature arrived on campus and discussed with students and faculty the idea of consolidating MS A&M, MS College of Women and Ole Miss to be in Jackson, rather than appropriate $750,000.00 of funds requested by then-Chancellor Joseph Powers which were needed to repair dilapidated and structurally unsound buildings on the campus, which was discovered following the partial collapse of a dormitory in 1917 and a scathing review of other buildings later that same year by the state architect.[41] These funds, plus an additional $300,000.00 were given to the school, which was used to build 4 male dormitories, a female dormitory – which partially resolved a longstanding issue of inadequate dormitory space for students – and a pharmacy building. During the 1930s, Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo, a populist, tried to move the university to Jackson. Chancellor Alfred Hume gave the state legislators a grand tour of Ole Miss and the surrounding historic city of Oxford, persuading them to keep it in its original setting.

During World War II, UM was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission.[42]

Integration of 1962 and legacy

James Meredith walking to class at the University of Mississippi, accompanied by U.S. Marshals
See also: Ole Miss riot of 1962

Desegregation came to Ole Miss in the early 1960s with the activities of United States Air Force veteran James Meredith from Kosciusko, Mississippi. Even Meredith's initial efforts required great courage. All involved knew how William David McCain and the white political establishment of Mississippi had recently reacted to similar efforts by Clyde Kennard to enroll at Mississippi Southern College (now the University of Southern Mississippi).[43][44][45][46]

Meredith won a lawsuit that allowed him admission to the University of Mississippi in September 1962. He attempted to enter campus on September 20, September 25, and again on September 26,[47] only to be blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross R. Barnett, who proclaimed "...No school in our state will be integrated while I am your Governor. I shall do everything in my power to prevent integration in our schools."[48]

After the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held both Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson, Jr. in contempt, with fines of more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll,[49] President John F. Kennedy dispatched 127 U.S. Marshals, 316 deputized U.S. Border Patrol agents, and 97 federalized Federal Bureau of Prisons personnel to escort Meredith to the campus on September 30, 1962.[50][51]

Two civilians were killed by gunfire during the riot, French journalist Paul Guihard and Oxford repairman Ray Gunter.[52][53] Eventually, 3,000 United States Army and federalized Mississippi National Guard troops quickly arrived in Oxford that helped quell the riot and brought the situation under control.[54] One-third of the federal officers, 166 men, were injured, as were 40 federal soldiers and National Guardsmen.[55]

After control was re-established by federal-led forces, Meredith was able to enroll and attend his first class on October 1. Following the riot, Army and National Guard troops were stationed in Oxford to prevent future similar violence. While most Ole Miss students did not riot prior to his enrollment in the university, many harassed Meredith during his first two semesters on campus.[56]

According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's dorm bounced basketballs on the floor just above his room through all hours of the night. When Meredith walked into the cafeteria for meals, the students eating would all turn their backs. If Meredith sat at a table with other students, all of whom were white, they would immediately move to another table.[56] Many of these events are featured in the 2012 ESPN documentary film Ghosts of Ole Miss.


 

Alumni on Wikispooks

PersonBornDiedNationalitySummaryDescription
James Eastland28 November 190419 February 1986PoliticianA strong opponent of African American civil rights and a leading supporter of Jim Crow laws
Trent Lott9 October 1941USPoliticianUS politician, WEF AGM 2007
Ray Mabus11 October 1948Politician
Wayne Madsen28 April 1954Author
Journalist		American online investigative journalist, author and columnist specializing in intelligence and international affairs.
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References

  1. ↑ https://irep.olemiss.edu/fall-2017-2018-enrollment/
  2. ↑ https://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-fees-flagship-universities-over-time%7Ctitle=Tuition and Fees at Flagship Universities over Time - Trends in Higher Education - The College Board|website=trends.collegeboard.org|access-date=May 21, 2019}}
  3. ↑ https://olemiss.edu/aboutum/%7Ctitle=About UM: University of Mississippi|website=olemiss.edu|access-date=May 21, 2019}}
  4. ↑ https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=157085
  5. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/02/04/in-new-sorting-of-colleges-dartmouth-falls-out-of-an-exclusive-group/ | access-date=June 9, 2018}}
  6. ↑ https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html
  7. ↑ https://news.olemiss.edu/um-welcomes-new-returning-students-fall-semester/%7Ctitle=UM Welcomes New and Returning Students for Fall Semester|last=Ole Miss News}}
  8. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190418155400/http://www.outreach.olemiss.edu/umhs/index.html
  9. ↑ http://olemiss.edu/aboutum/facts.html
  10. ↑ http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/spacegrant/home/index.html | access-date=June 9, 2018}}
  11. ↑ https://www.npr.org/2012/10/01/161573289/integrating-ole-miss-a-transformative-deadly-riot
  12. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/us/ole-miss-confederacy.html%7Ctitle=Ole Miss Edges Out of Its Confederate Shadow, Gingerly|access-date=July 9, 2018|language=en}}
  13. ↑ https://www.npr.org/2014/10/25/358871799/ole-miss-debates-campus-traditions-with-confederate-roots%7Ctitle='Ole Miss' Debates Campus Traditions With Confederate Roots|work=NPR.org|access-date=July 9, 2018|language=en}}
  14. ↑ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/confederacy-still-haunts-campus-ole-miss-n820881%7Ctitle=The Confederacy still haunts the campus of Ole Miss
  15. ↑ https://wreg.com/2017/08/16/ole-miss-to-change-building-name-add-plaques-to-give-confederate-context/%7Ctitle=Ole Miss to change building name, add plaques to give Confederate context|date=August 16, 2017|work=WREG.com|access-date=July 9, 2018|language=en-US}}
  16. ↑ http://a.espncdn.com/page2/s/caple/030916.html
  17. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/US/9710/25/ole.miss/%7Ctitle=CNN - Flag ban tugs on Ole Miss traditions - October 25, 1997|website=www.cnn.com|access-date=July 9, 2018}}
  18. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/us/20mascot.html%7Ctitle=Ole Miss Shelves Mascot Fraught With Baggage|last=Brown|first=Robbie|access-date=July 9, 2018|language=en}}
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153623/http://www.msnewsnow.com/Global/story.asp?S=1478331&nav=2CSfITZj
  20. ↑ https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/09/what-ole-miss-can-teach-universities-about-grappling-with-their-pasts/540324/ | access-date=June 12, 2018}}
  21. ↑ http://news.olemiss.edu/haunted-history/
  22. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130404053703/http://www.olemiss.edu/info/history.html%7Carchive-date=April 4, 2013|title=The University of Mississippi - History|publisher=Olemiss.edu|access-date=December 14, 2012}}
  23. ↑ http://www.olemiss.edu/tours/lm-text.html%7Ctitle=Virtual Tours - The University of Mississippi|publisher=Olemiss.edu|date=October 1, 2006|access-date=December 14, 2012}}
  24. ↑ http://www.engineering.olemiss.edu/about/index.html%7Ctitle=School of Engineering • About Us|publisher=Engineering.olemiss.edu|access-date=December 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125184742/http://www.engineering.olemiss.edu/about/index.html%7Carchive-date=January 25, 2013|url-status=dead}}
  25. ↑ a b http://www.civilwar.org/education/civil-war-casualties.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/%7Ctitle=Civil War Casualties|access-date=April 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410030428/http://www.civilwar.org/education/civil-war-casualties.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%7Carchive-date=April 10, 2016|url-status=dead}}
  26. ↑ https://maps.google.com/maps/place?q=Confederate+Cemetery&cid=1000215249802079370%7Ctitle=Confederate Cemetery - About - Google |publisher=Google Maps|access-date=December 14, 2012}}
  27. ↑ http://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/cemeteries_csa.html%7Ctitle=The Center for Civil War Research|access-date=May 29, 2015}}
  28. ↑ http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/chancellor/inauguration/chancellors.html%7Ctitle=2010 Chancellor's Inauguration - The University of Mississippi|publisher=Olemiss.edu|access-date=December 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202013004/http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/chancellor/inauguration/chancellors.html%7Carchive-date=December 2, 2012}}
  29. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110818085158/http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/sarah_isom_center/aboutsarahisom.html
  30. ↑ https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/27/us/ole-miss-university-mississippi-name-controversy/index.html/%7Ctitle=The Battle over Ole Miss: Why a flagship university has stood behind a nickname with a racist past |last=McLaughlin |first=Elliot|publisher=Cable News Network |date=July 27, 2020 |website=CNN.com |access-date=September 5, 2020}}
  31. ↑ May 13, 1939 |title=Ole Miss Takes Its Name From Darky Dialect, Not Abbreviation of State|work=The Mississippian}}p. 4
  32. ↑ https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/11082019-OleMiss?cid=at&source=ams&sourceId=5058459
  33. ↑ J. A. Cabaniss|title= The University of Mississippi; Its first hundred years|year=1949|publisher=University & College Press Of Mississippi|isbn=978-0-87805-000-0}}p. 129
  34. ↑ Charles|last=Eagles|title=The Price of Defiance: James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss|year=2009|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3273-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/priceofdefiancej00eagl}}p. 17
  35. ↑ David Sansing|title=The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History |year=1999 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-091-7}} p. 168
  36. ↑ The Ole Miss Student Yearbook Archived October 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Frank E. Everett|title=Frank E. Everett Collection (MUM00123)|year=1962|publisher=The Department of Archives and Special Collections, J.D. Williams Library, The University of Mississippi}}
  38. ↑ http://www.olemisssports.com/trads/ole-miss-trads.html%7Ctitle=OLE MISS Official Athletic Site - Traditions|publisher=Olemisssports.Com|access-date=December 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630004439/http://www.olemisssports.com/trads/ole-miss-trads.html%7Carchive-date=June 30, 2016|url-status=dead}}
  39. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120222200427/http://www.umc.edu/medical_center/overview.html
  40. ↑ David Sansing, The History of the University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History, Ch. 8
  41. ↑ David Sansing, The History of the University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History, Ch. *
  42. ↑ http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/115-8thND/115-8ND-23.html |title=U.S. Naval Administration in World War II|publisher=HyperWar Foundation
  43. ↑ The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund by William H. Tucker, University of Illinois Press (May 30, 2007), pp 165-66.
  44. ↑ Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction University of Texas Press isbn=978-0-2927-7921-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfWdaR9wHEEC%7Cpages=284–285}}
  45. ↑ http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=135%7Ctitle=Sons of Confederate Veterans in its own Civil War | Southern Poverty Law Center|publisher=Splcenter.org |access-date=December 14, 2012}}
  46. ↑ Medgar Evers by Jennie Brown, Holloway House Publishing, 1994, pp. 128-132.
  47. ↑ [1] Archived November 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ↑ http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/A6EC14C6-ADAA-4F4D-8D92-A56180C26AD0/43850/BarnettRoss_oralhistory.pdf
  49. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/07/obituaries/ross-barnett-segregationist-dies-governor-of-mississippi-in-1960-s.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all%7Cwork=The New York Times|title=Ross Barnett, Segregationist, Dies; Governor of Mississippi in 1960's|date=November 7, 1987|access-date=May 27, 2010}}
  50. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200523031013/https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2012/093012.htm |archive-date=May 23, 2020
  51. ↑ [2] Archived July 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ Doyle|first=William|title=An American Insurrection|year=2001|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0385499699|page=215|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americaninsurrec00doyl/page/215}}
  53. ↑ The Civil Rights Movement: Struggle and Resistance|author=Riches, William T. Martin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, 2004}}
  54. ↑ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/riots-over-desegregation-of-ole-miss%7Ctitle=Riots over desegregation of Ole Miss|date=February 9, 2010|website=History}}
  55. ↑ The States: Though the Heavens Fall |work=TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829233-5,00.html%7Caccess-date=October 3, 2007|date=October 12, 1962}}
  56. ↑ a b The band played Dixie: Race and the liberal conscience at Ole Miss, Nadine Cohodas, (1997), New York, Free Press
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