Difference between revisions of "1774"

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== Events ==
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=== January–March ===
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* [[January 21]] – [[Mustafa III]], [[List of Ottoman Sultans|Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], dies and is succeeded by his brother [[Abdul Hamid I]].<ref>http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1774 |</ref>
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* [[January 27]]
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** An angry crowd in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] seizes, tars, and feathers British customs collector and [[John Malcolm (Loyalist)|Loyalist John Malcolm]], for striking a boy and a shoemaker, [[George Robert Twelves Hewes|George Hewes]], with his cane.
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** British industrialist [[John Wilkinson (industrialist)|John Wilkinson]] [[patent]]s a method for [[Boring (manufacturing)|boring]] [[cannon]] from the solid, subsequently utilised for accurate boring of [[steam engine]] cylinders.<ref>http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29428</ref>
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* [[February 3]] – The [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council of Great Britain]], as advisors to King George III, votes for the King's abolition of free land grants of North American lands.  Henceforward, land is to be sold at auction to the highest bidder.<ref>Woody Holton, ''Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia'' (University of North Carolina Press Books, 2011) p32</ref>
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* [[February 6]] – France's Parliament votes a sentence of civil degradation, depriving [[Pierre Beaumarchais]] of all rights and duties of citizenship.<ref>"Beaumarchais", in ''The Cornhill Magazine'' (August 1884) p142</ref>
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* [[February 7]] –  The volunteer fire company of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], predecessor to the paid Trenton Fire Department created in 1892, is founded.  In 1905, at 131 years, it claims to be the oldest continuously serving department in the U.S.<ref>"Fire News of the Week", in ''Fire and Water Engineering'' (December 9, 1905) p337</ref>
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* [[February 24]] –  The [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] House of Representatives votes, 92 to 8, to impeach Superior Court Chief Justice [[Peter Oliver (loyalist)|Peter Oliver]], but Provincial Governor [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]] refuses to allow the trial to proceed.<ref>Clifford Kenyon Shipton, ''New England Life in the Eighteenth Century: Representative Biographies from Sibley's Harvard Graduates'' (Harvard University Press, 1995) p324</ref>
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* [[March 10]] – The ''Boston Journal'' makes the first reference to the "[[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes]]" flag to symbolize the American colonies, reporting that "The American ensign now sparkles a door which shall shortly flame from the skies."<ref name="Carruth1774"/>
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* [[March 31]] – [[Intolerable Acts]]: The [[British Parliament]] passes the [[Boston Port Act]], closing the port of Boston, Massachusetts as punishment for the [[Boston Tea Party]].<ref name="Carruth1774">Gordon Carruth, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates''  3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp80-82</ref>
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=== April–June ===
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* [[April 17]] – The first avowedly [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] congregation, Essex Street Chapel, is founded in London by [[Theophilus Lindsey]].
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* [[May 10]] – [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] becomes King of France, following the death of his grandfather, [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]].<ref>http://www.history-page.com/en/v4/y1774|title=What Happened in 1774; History-Page.com </ref>
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* [[May 17]] – The colony of [[Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] issues the first call for an "Intercolonial Congress" that eventually is set up as the [[Continental Congress]].<ref name="Carruth1774"/>
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* [[May 19]] – [[Shakers]] [[Ann Lee]] and eight followers sail from Liverpool, England for [[colonial America]].
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* [[June 2]] – [[Intolerable Acts]]: A new [[Quartering Act]], requiring [[Colonial America|American colonists]] to provide better housing for British soldiers upon demand, is passed.<ref name="Carruth1774"/>
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* [[June 16]]–[[June 17|17]] – English explorer [[James Cook]] becomes the first European to sight (and name) [[Palmerston Island]] in the South Pacific Ocean.
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* [[June 20]] (June 9 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) – [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]]: [[Battle of Kozludzha]] – The [[Imperial Russian Army]], led by [[Alexander Suvorov]], routs numerically superior [[Ottoman Empire]] forces.
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* [[June 22]] – The Parliament of Great Britain passes the [[Quebec Act]], setting out rules of governance for the colony of [[Quebec]] in British North America, enlarging its territory as far south as Ohio and granting freedom of religion for Roman Catholics.
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=== July–September ===
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* [[July 21]] – [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] sign the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] with Russian victory, ending [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|six years of war]]. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects.
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* [[August 1]] – The element [[oxygen]] is discovered for the third (and last) time – the second quantitatively, following the somewhat earlier work of [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] (1771–1772) by [[Joseph Priestley]], who publishes the fact in [[1775]], and so names the element (and usually gets all the credit, because his work was published first).
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* [[August 6]] – [[Ann Lee]] and the Shakers arrive in America and settle in New York.
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* [[September 1]] – [[Powder Alarm]]: [[Thomas Gage]], royal governor of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], orders British soldiers to remove gunpowder from a [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]], causing [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]]s to prepare for war.
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* [[September 4]] – English explorer [[James Cook]] becomes the first European to sight (and name) the island of [[New Caledonia]] in [[Melanesia]].
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* [[September 5]] – The [[First Continental Congress]] assembles in [[Philadelphia]].
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* [[September 15]] – [[Yemelyan Pugachev]], leader of [[Pugachev's Rebellion]] against Russia by the [[Yaik Cossacks]], is betrayed by his own men after returning to Yaitsk (now [[Oral, Kazakhstan]]).<ref>Robert K. Massie, ''Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman'' (Random House, 2011) p406</ref>
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* [[September 21]] – [[George Mason]] and [[George Washington]] found the [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] [[Militia]] Association, a military unit independent of British control.
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* [[September 29]] – [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]'s semi-autobiographical [[epistolary novel]] ''[[The Sorrows of Young Werther]]'' (''Die Leiden des jungen Werthers'') (written January–March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' movement and [[Romanticism]].
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=== October–December ===
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* [[October 14]] – The Continental Congress in America adopts the first "Declaration of Rights", with 10 principles.
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* [[October 21]] – The word ''Liberty'' is first displayed on a flag raised by colonists in [[Taunton, Massachusetts]], in defiance of British rule in [[Colonial America]].
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* [[October 25]] – The [[Edenton Tea Party]] takes place in [[North Carolina]], marking the first major gathering of women in support of the American cause.
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*[[October 26]] – The first [[Continental Congress]] adjourns in [[Philadelphia]].
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*[[November 4]] – The [[Maryland Jockey Club]] follows a recommendation of the Continental Congress and cancels its race schedule. The decision sets a precedent for other jockey clubs in the colonies, and no major races are held until the end of the American Revolution.<ref>Ann Fairfax Withington, ''Toward a More Perfect Union: Virtue and the Formation of American Republics'' (Oxford University Press, 1996) p197</ref>
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*[[November 10]] – [[1774 British general election]]: Voting for the House of Commons concludes in Great Britain, and [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]] retains the office of Prime Minister as his Tory coalition wins 343 of the 558 seats. [[Henry Seymour Conway]]'s Whig Party wins the other 215 seats.
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*[[November 15]] – The government of the [[Republic of Venice]] allows adventurer and ladies' man [[Giacomo Casanova]] to return home after a 17-year absence.<ref>"Giacomo Casanova", by Mattia Begali, in ''Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies'' (Taylor & Francis, 2007) p402</ref>
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*[[November 20]] – [[Daniel Boone]] retires from the Virginia colonial militia in order to devote his full time to establishing a settlement in [[Kentucky]].<ref>Robert Morgan, ''Boone: A Biography'' (Algonquin Books, 2008) p152</ref>
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*[[November 25]] – [[Salawat Yulayev]], the leader of the [[Bashkirs]] rebellion against the Russian government, is captured, bringing an end to the insurrection.<ref>Charles R. Steinwedel, ''Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917'' (Indiana University Press, 2016) p73</ref> 
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*[[November 26]] – English chemist [[Joseph Priestley]] becomes the first person to discover and identify [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref>Joe Jackson, ''A World on Fire: A Heretic, an Aristocrat, and the Race to Discover Oxygen'' (Penguin, 2007) p114</ref>
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*[[November 27]] – Spanish Navy Captain [[Domingo de Bonechea]] arrives at [[Tahiti]] in the ship ''Aguila'' and tries unsuccessfully to claim it for Spain and to convert the Tahitians to the Roman Catholic faith.<ref>Robert W. Kirk, ''Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920'' (McFarland, 2012) p27</ref>
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*[[November 30]]
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**Parliament adjourns in Great Britain, but declines to authorize any action against the rebellious American colonies, despite an address the day before by [[King George III]] and [[Frederick North, Lord North|Prime Minister North]].<ref>William Edward Hartpole Lecky, ''A History of England in the Eighteenth Century'', Volume 3 (D. Appleton and Company, 1891) p456</ref>
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**[[Thomas Paine]], a native of England, arrives in America at the age 37 and soon becomes an influential advocate for the colonies' independence.<ref>Richard R. Beeman, ''Our Lives, Our Fortunes and Our Sacred Honor: The Forging of American Independence, 1774-1776'' (Basic Books, 2013) p xi</ref>
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*[[December 1]] – A boycott called by the Continental Congress goes into effect, as participating merchants and supporters cease the importation or consumption of products from Great Britain, Ireland or the British West Indies.<ref>Spencer Tucker, ''Almanac of American Military History'' (ABC-CLIO, 2013) p211</ref>
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*[[December 6]] – Archduchess [[Maria Theresa]], the ruler of Austria, Hungary and Croatia, signs the General School Ordinance providing for education for both males and females and setting compulsory education for children aged six through 12.<ref>James B. Collins and Karen L. Taylor, ''Early Modern Europe: Issues and Interpretations'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) p57</ref>
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*[[December 9]] – The two month long [[Siege of Melilla (1774)|Siege of Melilla]] begins as armies led by the Sultan of Morocco, [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]], attack the North African Spanish colony of [[Melilla]] (which remains a part of Spain into the 21st century).<ref>Karen Racine, ''Francisco de Miranda, a Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p13</ref>
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*[[December 23]] – King [[Louis XVI of France]] issues a declaration that, for the first time, protects "the free commerce of meat during [[Lent]]" to support the needs of "the poor whose infirmity requires them to eat meat."<ref>Jennifer J. Davis, ''Defining Culinary Authority: The Transformation of Cooking in France, 1650-1830'' (LSU Press, 2013)</ref>
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==References==
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Latest revision as of 02:44, 1 March 2021

1764 < 1765 < 1766 < 1767 < 1768 < 1769 < 1770 <1771 < 1772 < 1773 < 1774 > 1775 > 1776 > 1777 > 1778 > 1779 > 1780 > 1781 > 1782 > 1783 > 1784
Decade.png ( 1770s: )    Year.png 1774 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Chesma Column.jpg
Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War.
year 1774

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December


 

A Group that was Wound Up

GroupImageTypeDescription
Secret du RoiGroup.pngIntelligence agencyhistorical intelligence service

 

A Birth

TitleBornPlace of birthDied
William Bentinck14 September 1774Buckinghamshire
United Kingdom		17 June 1839
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References

  1. ↑ http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1774 |
  2. ↑ http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29428
  3. ↑ Woody Holton, Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia (University of North Carolina Press Books, 2011) p32
  4. ↑ "Beaumarchais", in The Cornhill Magazine (August 1884) p142
  5. ↑ "Fire News of the Week", in Fire and Water Engineering (December 9, 1905) p337
  6. ↑ Clifford Kenyon Shipton, New England Life in the Eighteenth Century: Representative Biographies from Sibley's Harvard Graduates (Harvard University Press, 1995) p324
  7. ↑ a b c d Gordon Carruth, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp80-82
  8. ↑ http://www.history-page.com/en/v4/y1774%7Ctitle=What Happened in 1774; History-Page.com
  9. ↑ Robert K. Massie, Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman (Random House, 2011) p406
  10. ↑ Ann Fairfax Withington, Toward a More Perfect Union: Virtue and the Formation of American Republics (Oxford University Press, 1996) p197
  11. ↑ "Giacomo Casanova", by Mattia Begali, in Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies (Taylor & Francis, 2007) p402
  12. ↑ Robert Morgan, Boone: A Biography (Algonquin Books, 2008) p152
  13. ↑ Charles R. Steinwedel, Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917 (Indiana University Press, 2016) p73
  14. ↑ Joe Jackson, A World on Fire: A Heretic, an Aristocrat, and the Race to Discover Oxygen (Penguin, 2007) p114
  15. ↑ Robert W. Kirk, Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920 (McFarland, 2012) p27
  16. ↑ William Edward Hartpole Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, Volume 3 (D. Appleton and Company, 1891) p456
  17. ↑ Richard R. Beeman, Our Lives, Our Fortunes and Our Sacred Honor: The Forging of American Independence, 1774-1776 (Basic Books, 2013) p xi
  18. ↑ Spencer Tucker, Almanac of American Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2013) p211
  19. ↑ James B. Collins and Karen L. Taylor, Early Modern Europe: Issues and Interpretations (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) p57
  20. ↑ Karen Racine, Francisco de Miranda, a Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p13
  21. ↑ Jennifer J. Davis, Defining Culinary Authority: The Transformation of Cooking in France, 1650-1830 (LSU Press, 2013)
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