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| | '''Psychiatry''' is the [[specialty (medicine)|medical specialty]] devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of [[mental disorder]]s.<ref>https://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037</ref> These include various [[maladaptation]]s related to mood, behaviour, [[cognition]], and [[perception]]s. Modern psychiatry is intimately tied to [[Big Pharma]], which has a massive financial incentive to produce drugs for all sort of more or less fictitious conditions. | | '''Psychiatry''' is the [[specialty (medicine)|medical specialty]] devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of [[mental disorder]]s.<ref>https://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037</ref> These include various [[maladaptation]]s related to mood, behaviour, [[cognition]], and [[perception]]s. Modern psychiatry is intimately tied to [[Big Pharma]], which has a massive financial incentive to produce drugs for all sort of more or less fictitious conditions. |
| − | [[image:Siamese twins 600.jpg|thumb]] | + | [[image:Siamese twins 600.jpg|left|thumb]] |
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| | The discipline is, and has historically been, viewed as controversial by those under its care, sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. Reasons cited for this controversy include the subjectivity of diagnosis,<ref name=frana>{https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655</ref> the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including [[Involuntary commitment|detaining citizens]] and [[Involuntary treatment|treating them without consent]],<ref>https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2009.11</ref> and the side effects of treatments like [[electroconvulsive therapy]],<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=RvXzXnskJB4C</ref> [[antipsychotic]]s<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=yTwiAQAAQBAJ</ref> and historical procedures like [[lobotomy]] and other forms of [[psychosurgery]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=U5EZvgAACAAJ</ref> or [[insulin shock therapy]].<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17105748/|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</ref> | | The discipline is, and has historically been, viewed as controversial by those under its care, sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. Reasons cited for this controversy include the subjectivity of diagnosis,<ref name=frana>{https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655</ref> the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including [[Involuntary commitment|detaining citizens]] and [[Involuntary treatment|treating them without consent]],<ref>https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2009.11</ref> and the side effects of treatments like [[electroconvulsive therapy]],<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=RvXzXnskJB4C</ref> [[antipsychotic]]s<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=yTwiAQAAQBAJ</ref> and historical procedures like [[lobotomy]] and other forms of [[psychosurgery]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=U5EZvgAACAAJ</ref> or [[insulin shock therapy]].<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17105748/|journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</ref> |
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| − | ==Punitive Psychiatry== | + | ==Punitive psychiatry== |
| − | Political abuse of psychiatry, also commonly referred to as punitive psychiatry, is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800147</ref> In other words, abuse of psychiatry (including that for political purposes) is the deliberate action of having citizens psychiatrically diagnosed who need neither psychiatric restraint nor psychiatric treatment.
| + | {{FA|Punitive Psychiatry}} |
| − | | + | Punitive psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society. |
| − | Since forced psychiatry often has less legal recourse than criminal procedures, this can be a more effective and underhand way to punish dissidents. Some forms of treatment, like [[psychiatric drugs]] or [[lobotomy]], will often permanently reduce the mental capacity of the patient. In addition, just the use of psychiatric treatments can often create a debilitating social and political stigma.
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| − | ===Canada===
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| − | The [[Duplessis Orphans]] were several thousand orphaned children that were falsely certified as mentally ill by the government of the province of [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], and confined to psychiatric institutions. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111022154328/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20040619/duplessis_orphans_040618/</ref>
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| − | ===France===
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| − | In [[2018]] a French court ordered French member of parliament and leader of the [[National Rally|National Front]] [[Marine Le Pen]] to submit to a psychiatric evaluation as part of its investigation into her decision to post images of [[Islamic State]] executions on [[Twitter]].<ref>https://www.politico.eu/article/marine-le-pen-psychiatric-evaluation-ordered-islamic-state-isis-daesh/|access-date=2020-09-02</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45590963</ref><ref>https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/photos-de-daech-marine-le-pen-convoquee-a-une-expertise-psychiatrique-20-09-2018-7895910.php</ref>
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| − | === United States ===
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| − | *"[[Drapetomania]]" was a supposed [[mental illness]] described by [[United States|American]] physician [[Samuel A. Cartwright]] in 1851 that caused [[Slavery in the United States|black slaves]] to flee captivity.<ref name="White">https://books.google.com/books?id=5bHxQBNWGHMC&pg=PA41</ref> In addition to inventing drapetomania, Cartwright prescribed a remedy. His feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented."<ref name=Cartwright>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3106t.html</ref> In the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"—a warning sign of imminent flight—Cartwright prescribed "[[flagellation|whipping]] the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure".<ref name="Caplan">https://books.google.com/books?id=NmHCGb3GvJoC&pg=PA35</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=1YI0DvuukxkC&pg=PA305</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=svaQthjrcf0C&pg=RA1-PA273</ref> As a remedy for this disease, doctors also made running a physical impossibility by prescribing the removal of both big toes. Cartwright also proposed "[[dysaesthesia aethiopica]]" as a mental illness that caused laziness among slaves.
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| − | *In the United States, [[political dissent]]ers have been involuntarily committed. For example, in 1927 a [[demonstration (people)|demonstrator]] named [[Aurora D'Angelo]] was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].<ref>https://archive.org/details/saccovanzettiaff0000temk/page/316</ref>
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| − | *When [[Clennon Washington King, Jr.|Clennon W. King, Jr.]], an African-American [[pastor]] and activist of the [[Civil Rights Movement]], attempted to enroll at the [[Racial segregation in the United States|all-white]] [[University of Mississippi]] for summer [[graduate school|graduate courses]] in 1958, the Mississippi police arrested him on the grounds that "any nigger who tried to enter Ole Miss ''must'' be crazy."<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=C-jIEhfKPaYC</ref> Keeping King's whereabouts secret for 48 hours, the Mississippi authorities kept him confined to a mental hospital for twelve days before a panel of doctors established the activist's sanity.<ref name = "Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19580620&id=LgIdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4YoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7178,1936782 "Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane; Demands Mississippi Apologize".] UPI. ''[[Sarasota Journal]]'' 20 June 1958: 3.</ref>
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| − | *In the 1964 election, [[Fact (US magazine)|''Fact'' magazine]] polled [[American Psychiatric Association]] members on whether [[Barry Goldwater]] was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater." This led to the adoption of an ethical rule against diagnosis of public figures by a clinician who has not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the [[Goldwater rule]].<ref name=tele>https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/health/views/24mind.html?ref=science </ref><ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D24hAAAAIBAJ&pg=882,4721408&dq=ralph+ginzburg&hl=en</ref>
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| − | *In the 1970s, [[Martha Beall Mitchell]], wife of [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]], was diagnosed with a [[paranoid]] mental disorder for claiming that the administration of President [[Richard M. Nixon]] was engaged in illegal activities. Many of her claims were later proved correct, and the term "[[Martha Mitchell effect]]" was coined to describe mental health [[misdiagnoses]] when accurate claims are dismissed as delusional.
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| − | *In 1972 [[Thomas Eagleton]] was forced to withdraw as a vice presidential candidate for being treated for [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/11/opinion/trashing-candidates.html </ref>
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| − | *In 2010, the book ''[[The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease]]'' by [[psychiatrist]] [[Jonathan Metzl]] (who also has a Ph.D. in [[American studies]]) was published.<ref name="Metzl">https://books.google.com/books?id=t1Bg9QEiCAMC&pg=PA14</ref> The book covers the history of the 1960s [[Ionia State Hospital]] located in [[Ionia, Michigan]] and now converted to a prison and focuses on exposing the trend of this hospital to diagnose [[African American]]s with [[schizophrenia]] because of their [[civil rights]] ideas.<ref name="Metzl"/> The book suggests that in part the sudden influx of such diagnoses could be traced to a change in wording in the [[DSM-II]], which compared to the previous edition added "[[hostility]]" and "[[aggression]]" as signs of the disorder.<ref name="Metzl"/>
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| − | *[[Clinical psychologist]] [[Bruce E. Levine]], argues that [[Oppositional Defiant Disorder]], which can be easily used to pathologize [[anti-authoritarianism]], is an abuse of psychiatry.
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| − | *In 2014, ''[[The Mercury News]]'' published a series of articles detailing questionable use of [[psychotropic drugs]] within [[California's]] [[foster care]] system where bad behavior is attributed to various mental conditions, and little care is provided besides drugs. Likewise, many experts questioned the long-term effects of high dosages on developing [[brain]]s, and some former patients reported permanent [[side effects]] even after stopping the meds.<ref>http://webspecial.mercurynews.com/druggedkids/?page=pt1</ref>
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| − | ====California====
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| − | *"[[5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)]]" – There are many instances of usage of California law section 5150, which allows for involuntary psychiatric hold based on the opinion of a law enforcement official, psychological professional (or many other individuals who hold no qualification for making psychological assessment), which have been challenged as being unrelated to safety, and misused as an extension of political power.<ref>http://www.dailycal.org/2011/12/11/silent-uc-berkeley-protester-detained-by-police/</ref>
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| − | ====New York ====
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| − | [[Whistleblower]]s who part ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, such as, for example, [[NYPD]] veteran [[Adrian Schoolcraft]] who was coerced to falsify crime statistics in his department and then became a whistleblower. In 2010 he was forcibly committed to a psychiatric hospital.<ref>http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/10/cop-nypd-psych-ward-whistleblowing/</ref>
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| | {{SMWDocs}} | | {{SMWDocs}} |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.[1] These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions. Modern psychiatry is intimately tied to Big Pharma, which has a massive financial incentive to produce drugs for all sort of more or less fictitious conditions.
The discipline is, and has historically been, viewed as controversial by those under its care, sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. Reasons cited for this controversy include the subjectivity of diagnosis,[2] the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including detaining citizens and treating them without consent,[3] and the side effects of treatments like electroconvulsive therapy,[4] antipsychotics[5] and historical procedures like lobotomy and other forms of psychosurgery[6] or insulin shock therapy.[7]
Punitive psychiatry
- Full article: Punitive Psychiatry
Punitive psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society.
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References
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Wikipedia on 22.11.2021.
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Psychiatry 
