Difference between revisions of "1278"
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}} | }} | ||
| + | == Events == | ||
| + | ===By area=== | ||
| + | ====America==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Asia==== | ||
| + | * [[February]] – The [[Japanese era name|Japanese era]] [[Kenji (era)|Kenji]] ends, and the [[Kōan (Kamakura period)|Kōan]] era begins. | ||
| + | * [[May 8]] – [[Emperor Duanzong of Song]] China dies of illness, and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes [[Emperor Huaizong of Song]]. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] leader [[Kublai Khan]] draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later, at the [[Battle of Yamen]], the Song Dynasty will cease to exist, becoming incorporated into the [[Yuan Dynasty]] of China. | ||
| + | * [[November 8]] – [[Trần Thánh Tông]], the second emperor of Vietnam's [[Trần dynasty]], takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for eleven years to co-rule with his son [[Trần Khâm]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Europe==== | ||
| + | * [[January]] – [[Charles of Anjou]] is crowned [[King of Jerusalem]], and is acknowledged by the kingdom's barons at [[Acre (city)|Acre]].<ref>Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 119</ref> | ||
| + | * [[May 1]] – [[William II of Villehardouin]], [[Prince of Achaea]], dies. By the terms of the [[Treaty of Viterbo]], his lands pass under the direct control of [[Charles of Anjou]].<ref>Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 119</ref> | ||
| + | * [[August 5]] – King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] begins the [[Siege of Algeciras (1278)|Siege of Algeciras]] (at this time under the control of [[Morocco]]), the first of many the city will suffer during the Spanish [[Reconquista]]. He will be forced to abandon it about a year later. | ||
| + | * [[August 26]] – [[Battle on the Marchfeld]] at [[Dürnkrut, Austria|Dürnkrut]] and [[Jedenspeigen]]: Kings [[Rudolf I of Germany]] and [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]] defeat King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]], in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of [[knight]]s in the [[Middle Ages]]. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of [[central Europe]], and Rudolf's [[House of Habsburg]] will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of [[World War I]] in [[1918]]. | ||
| + | * [[September 8]] – The independence, boundaries, and political structure of [[Andorra]] are [[Paréage of Andorra (1278)|agreed]] to by the Catalan [[Bishop of Urgell]] and the [[Count of Foix]]. | ||
| + | * [[September 29]] – [[Peter III of Aragon]] takes the Muslim stronghold of [[Montesa, Valencia|Montesa]], putting an end to two years of [[Mudéjar]] rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm, and go into exile.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&dq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243</ref> | ||
| + | * The so-called [[War of the Cow]], which had begun in [[1275]] in what will become [[Wallonia]], ends. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===By topic=== | ||
| + | ====Arts and culture==== | ||
| + | * The earliest known written copy of the ''[[Avesta]]'', a collection of ancient sacred [[Iran|Persian]] [[Zoroastrian]] texts previously passed down orally, is produced. | ||
| + | ====Markets==== | ||
| + | * [[Giles of Lessines]] writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in [[Roman Catholicism in Europe|Roman Catholic Europe]].<ref>Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Religion==== | ||
| + | * An edict by [[Pope Nicholas III]] requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons. | ||
| + | </onlyinclude> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Births == | ||
| + | * [[November 10]] – [[Philip I, Prince of Taranto]] (d. [[1331]]) | ||
| + | * [[Constantine I, King of Armenia|Constantine I (III), King of Armenia]] (d. c. [[1310]]) | ||
| + | * [[Rita of Armenia]], Byzantine empress consort (d. [[1333]]) | ||
| + | * [[Ferdinand of Majorca]] (d. [[1316]]) | ||
| + | * [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster]] (d. 1322) | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Deaths == | ||
| + | [[File:PecetpoII.jpg|thumb|100px|King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]]]] | ||
| + | * [[May 1]] – [[William of Villehardouin|William II of Villehardouin]] | ||
| + | * [[May 8]] – [[Emperor Duanzong|Emperor Duanzong of Song China]] (b. [[1268]]) | ||
| + | * [[June 30]] – [[Pierre de la Broce]], French courtier | ||
| + | * [[August 26]] – King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] | ||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| + | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 12:02, 19 February 2021
 ( 1270s: )  1278    | |
|---|---|
| The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. |
Contents
Events
By area
America
Asia
- February – The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Kōan era begins.
- May 8 – Emperor Duanzong of Song China dies of illness, and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes Emperor Huaizong of Song. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later, at the Battle of Yamen, the Song Dynasty will cease to exist, becoming incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty of China.
- November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for eleven years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.
Europe
- January – Charles of Anjou is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is acknowledged by the kingdom's barons at Acre.[1]
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands pass under the direct control of Charles of Anjou.[2]
- August 5 – King Alfonso X of Castile begins the Siege of Algeciras (at this time under the control of Morocco), the first of many the city will suffer during the Spanish Reconquista. He will be forced to abandon it about a year later.
- August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld at Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen: Kings Rudolf I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Ottokar II of Bohemia, in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of World War I in 1918.
- September 8 – The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix.
- September 29 – Peter III of Aragon takes the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm, and go into exile.[3]
- The so-called War of the Cow, which had begun in 1275 in what will become Wallonia, ends.
By topic
Arts and culture
- The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
Markets
- Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.[4]
Religion
- An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
Births
- November 10 – Philip I, Prince of Taranto (d. 1331)
- Constantine I (III), King of Armenia (d. c. 1310)
- Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
- Ferdinand of Majorca (d. 1316)
- Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (d. 1322)
Deaths
- May 1 – William II of Villehardouin
- May 8 – Emperor Duanzong of Song China (b. 1268)
- June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French courtier
- August 26 – King Ottokar II of Bohemia
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References
- ↑ Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 119
- ↑ Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 119
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&dq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243
- ↑ Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
