Coefficients (dining club)
 Coefficients (dining club)  (Dining club)   | |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1902 |
| Extinction | 1909 |
| Membership | •  Leo Amery•  Richard Burdon Haldane•  Halford John Mackinder• Leopold Maxse •  Alfred Milner• Henry Newbolt • Carlyon Bellairs • James Louis Garvin • William Hewins • William Pember Reeves •  Bertrand Russell• Clinton Edward Dawkins •  Henry Birchenough• Edward Gre • H. G. Wells • C. F. G. Masterman • Frederick Scott Oliver • Charles à Court Repington • John Hugh Smith • Josiah Wedgwood • Michael Sadler •  Arthur Balfour• Robert Cecil • L. S. Amery • W. A. S. Hewins • Clinton Dawkins • Leo Maxse • W.F Monypenny • Theodore Morison |
| A private gathering of British imperialists and socialist reformers on how to defend and expand the "liberal" British Empire | |
The Coefficients was a monthly dining club founded in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb as a forum for British socialist reformers and imperialists of the Edwardian era.[1] The name of the dining club was a reflection of the group's focus on "efficiency".[2]
Lord Alfred Milner spoke of his vision for the future at one of its meetings in 1903:
“We must have an aristocracy - not of privilege, but of understanding and purpose - or mankind will fail. The solution does not lie in direct confrontation. We can defeat democracy because we understand the workings of the human mind, the mental hinterlands hidden behind the persona. I see human progress, not as the spontaneous product of crowds of raw minds swayed by elementary needs, but as a natural but elaborate result of intricate human interdependencies.”
Alfred Milner (1903) [3]
British Empire
The Webbs came up with the idea of the dinner club as a forum for "serious discussions and to formulate or propose political policy", but shortly after its founding the members "abandoned immediate political goals" but continued to meet and discuss issues of interest. Haldane hosted the first dinner at his home in December 1902.[2]
Bertrand Russell wrote"...in 1902, I became a member of a small dining club called the Coefficients, got up by Sidney Webb for the purpose of considering political questions from a more or less Imperialist point of view. It was in this club that I first became acquainted with H. G. Wells, of whom I had never heard until then. His point of view was more sympathetic to me than that of any member. Most of the members, in fact, shocked me profoundly. I remember Amery's eyes gleaming with blood-lust at the thought of a war with America, in which, as he said with exultation, we should have to arm the whole adult male population. One evening Sir Edward Grey (not then in office) made a speech advocating the policy of Entente, which had not yet been adopted by the Government. I stated my objections to the policy very forcibly, and pointed out the likelyhood of its leading to war, but no one agreed with me, so I resigned from the Club. It will be seen that I began my opposition to the first war at the earliest possible moment."[4]
The group was further divided over the issue of Tariff Reform following Joseph Chamberlain's resignation as Secretary of State for the Colonies and the increasing dominance of the pro-Unionist membership, which favoured Chamberlain and his tariff reform policies, contributed to the club's dissolution in 1909.[5] Amery would invite those Coefficients supporting reform to form a new club called "The Compatriots".[6]
H.G Wells described it in his memoirs:
The main focus of the Webb's Coefficients appeared to center on determining the strategy best suited to defending and expanding the "liberal" British Empire against the increasingly aggressive encroachments of Germany since it had become unified under the leadership of militarist Prussia in then recent decades. Wells and other idealists argued that "The British Empire . . . had to be the precursor of a world-state or nothing . . . It was possible for the Germans and Austrians to hold together in their Zollverein (tariff and trade bloc) because they were placed like a clenched fist in the centre of Europe. But the British Empire was like an open hand all over the world. It had no natural economic unity and it could maintain no artificial economic unity. Its essential unity must be a unity of great ideas embodied in the English speech and literature.".[7]
Wells identified Coefficient member Edward Grey as a promoter of the opposing British strategy of provoking Germany to attack France, without adequate warning of consequent British intervention, so that Germany could be laid low sooner than later while the British Navy was still supreme. Grey was the highly influential Foreign Minister for Britain in the years preceding WWI who persuaded a reluctant cabinet that Britain should enter the war because of German violation of Belgian neutrality.[8]
Printed minutes of its meetings are held by the British Library of Political and Economic Science (the LSE library).
Membership
The Webbs proposed that the club's membership reflect the entire gamut of political beliefs, and "proposed to collect politicians from each of the parties". Representing the Liberal Imperialists were Sir Edward Grey and Richard Burdon Haldane; the Tories were represented by economist William Hewins and editor of the National Review Leopold Maxse; and the British military was represented by Leo Amery, an "expert on the conditions of the army", and Carlyon Bellairs, a naval officer.[2]
The club's membership included:[9]
- Leo Amery, statesman and Conservative politician
- Richard Burdon Haldane, Liberal politician, lawyer, and philosopher
- Halford John Mackinder, geographer and politician
- Leopold Maxse, editor, National Review
- Alfred Milner, statesman and colonial administrator
- Henry Newbolt, author and poet
- Carlyon Bellairs, naval commander and MP
- James Louis Garvin, journalist and editor
- William Hewins, economist
- William Pember Reeves, New Zealand statesman, historian, and poet
- Bertrand Russell, philosopher and mathematician
- Sir Clinton Edward Dawkins, businessman and civil servant
- Sir Henry Birchenough, businessman and civil servant
- Sir Edward Grey, Liberal politician
- H. G. Wells, novelist
Wells was recruited because he was deemed "capable of original thoughts on every subject" and proved to be "an especially active member".[2]
Known members
12 of the 27 of the members already have pages here:
| Member | Description |
|---|---|
| Leo Amery | UK historian and deep state actor, chief lieutenant of Alfred Milner |
| Arthur Balfour | |
| Henry Birchenough | UK deep state operative |
| Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil | Three time UK Prime Minister |
| Edward Grey | |
| Richard Haldane | Uk Secretary of State for War between 1905 and 1912 during which time reforms of the British Army were implemented, with the secret task of a European war. |
| Halford Mackinder | |
| Alfred Milner | A deep politician of singular importance in the UK Deep state of the late 19th and early 20th century. |
| Bertrand Russell | UK philosopher and pacifist |
| Beatrice Webb | |
| Josiah Wedgwood | Director of the Bank of England in the 1940s |
| H. G. Wells | English science fiction writer and futurist |
References
- ↑ Bertrand Russell (1993). The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell. p. 452. ISBN 0-415-10462-9
- ↑ a b c d Gollin, Alfred M. (1984). No Longer an Island: Britain and the Wright Brothers, 1902-1909. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0804712651.
- ↑ Quoted in Daniel Estulin TransEvolution page 171
- ↑ The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell Volume I, page 230
- ↑ Russell, Bertrand (1985). The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Vol. 12: Contemplation and Action (1902-14). London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 452. ISBN 9780049200951
- ↑ Russell, Bertrand (1985). The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Vol. 12: Contemplation and Action (1902-14). London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 452. ISBN 9780049200951
- ↑ Experiment in Autobiography by H. G. Wells page 652.
- ↑ https://educate-yourself.org/cn/coefficientsclub1993.shtml
- ↑ http://archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=ASSOC+17
