University of Fort Hare

University of Fort Hare   (University)
Motto	In lumine tuo videbimus lumen ("In your light we shall see the light")
Formation	1916
Headquarters	Alice, South Africa
Type	Public university
A key institution of higher education for students from across sub-Saharan Africa from 1916 to 1959, creating a black African elite.

The University of Fort Hare is a public university in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

It was a key institution of higher education for black Africans from 1916 to 1959 when it offered a Western-style academic education to students from across sub-Saharan Africa, creating a black African elite. Fort Hare alumni were part of many subsequent independence movements and governments of newly independent African countries.

In 1959, the university was subsumed by the apartheid system, but it is now part of South Africa's post-apartheid public higher education system. It is the alma mater of well-known people including Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Robert Sobukwe, Oliver Tambo, and others.

History

Union Hall at the University of Fort Hare

Originally, Fort Hare was a British fort in the wars between British settlers and the Xhosa of the 19th century. Some of the ruins of the fort are still visible today, as well as graves of some of the British soldiers who died while on duty there.

During the 1830s, the Lovedale Missionary Institute was built near Fort Hare. James Stewart, one of its missionary principals, suggested in 1878 that an institution for higher education of black students needed to be created. However, he did not live to see his idea put into operation when, in 1916, Fort Hare was established with Alexander Kerr as its first principal. D.D.T Jabavu was its first black staff member who lectured in Latin and black languages. In accord with its Christian principles, fees were low and heavily subsidised. Several scholarships were also available for indigent students.

Fort Hare had many associations over the years before it became a university in its own right. It was initially the South African Native College attached to the University of South Africa. It then became the University College of Fort Hare associated with Rhodes University. With the introduction of apartheid, higher educational institutions in South Africa were strictly segregated along racial lines; blacks had previously gone to classes with Indians, coloureds and a few white students. From 1953 the school became part of the Bantu education system, and with the passage of the Promotion of Bantu Self Government Act in 1959, it was nationalized and segregated along racial and tribal lines, and teaching in African languages rather than English was encouraged. Fort Hare became a black university in its own right in 1970, strictly controlled by the state government.

It was a key institution in higher education for black Africans from 1916 to 1959. It offered a Western-style academic education to students from across sub-Saharan Africa, creating a black African elite. Fort Hare alumni were part of many subsequent independence movements and governments of newly independent African countries. Amongst those who studied at Fort Hare who later became leaders of their countries were Kenneth Kaunda, Seretse Khama, Yusuf Lule, Julius Nyerere, Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo.

Liberation movement archives

Leading opponents of the apartheid regime who attended included Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki and Oliver Tambo of the African National Congress, Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party, Robert Sobukwe of the Pan Africanist Congress, and Desmond Tutu. Mandela, who studied Latin and physics there for almost two years in the 1940s, left the institution as a result of a conflict with a college leader. He later wrote in his autobiography: "For young black South Africans like myself, it was Oxford and Cambridge, Harvard and Yale, all rolled into one."

After the end of apartheid, Oliver Tambo became chancellor of the university in 1991.

Notable alumni

Name	DoB - DoD	Notes
Milner Langa Kabane	18 June 1900 – 1945	Educator, First Native Principal at Lovedale College, South African Politician, S.A. Bill of Rights pioneer: 1943.
Z. K. Matthews	20 October 1901 – 11 May 1968	Lectured at Fort Hare from 1936 to 1959
Archibald Campbell Jordan	30 October 1906 – 20 October 1968	Novelist, pioneer of African studies
Govan Mbeki	9 July 1910 – 30 August 2001	South African politician
Yusuf Lule	10 April 1912 – 21 January 1985	Interim president of Uganda 1979
Cedric Phatudi	27 May 1912 – 7 October 1987	Former Chief Minister of Lebowa 1972–1987
Kaiser Matanzima	15 June 1915 – 15 June 2003	President of bantustan Transkei
Mary Malahlela	2 May 1916 – 8 May 1981	First female black doctor in South Africa
Oliver Tambo	27 October 1917 – 24 April 1993	African National Congress activist, expelled while doing his second degree
Nelson Mandela	18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013	Former President of South Africa; expelled and later attended the University of the Witwatersrand but did not graduate
Charles Njonjo	23 January 1920 –	Former Attorney General of Kenya and Former Minister of Justice in Kenya
Lionel Ngakane	17 July 1920 – 26 November 2003	South African film maker
Seretse Khama	1 July 1921 – 13 July 1980	First President of Botswana
Julius Nyerere	19 July 1922 – 14 October 1999	First President of Tanzania
Herbert Chitepo	15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975	ZANU leader
Robert Mugabe	21 February 1924 – 6 September 2019	Former President of Zimbabwe, attended 1949–1951
Kenneth Kaunda	28 April 1924 –	First President of Zambia
Can Themba	21 June 1924 – 1968	South African writer and one of the "Drum Boys" who worked for Drum (a magazine for urban black people
Robert Sobukwe	5 December 1924 – 27 February 1978	Founder of the Pan Africanist Congress
Alfred Nzo	19 June 1925 – 13 January 2000	South African politician
Munyua Waiyaki	12 December 1926 – 26 April 2017	former Kenyan Minister for Foreign Affairs
Allan Hendrickse	22 October 1927 – 16 March 2005	Politician, preacher, and teacher
Mangosuthu Buthelezi	27 August 1928 –	Leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party, never graduated but transferred to University of Natal. Leader of KwaZulu Bantustan in apartheid South Africa
Leepile Moshweu Taunyane	14 December 1928 – 30 October 2013	Life President of Premier Soccer League, President of the South African Professional Educators Union
Desmond Tutu	7 October 1931 –	Archbishop Emeritus, South African peace activist, Chaplain at Fort Hare in 1967-1969.
Frank Mdlalose	29 November 1931 –	First Premier of KwaZulu-Natal
Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri	18 September 1937 – 6 April 2009	Minister of Communications, South Africa
Manto Tshabalala-Msimang	9 October 1940 – 16 December 2009	Minister of Health of South Africa
Chris Hani	28 June 1942 – 10 April 1993	Leader of the South African Communist Party - Expelled, later graduated at Rhodes University
Wiseman Nkuhlu	5 February 1944 –	economic advisor to former President Thabo Mbeki, Head of NEPAD
Makhenkesi Arnold Stofile	27 December 1944 – 15 August 2016	former Minister of Sport of South Africa
Sam Nolutshungu	15 April 1945 – 12 August 1997	South African scholar
Nyameko Barney Pityana	7 August 1945 –	lawyer and theologian, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of South Africa
Sabelo Phama	31 March 1949 – 09 February 1994	South African politician and Secretary of Defense in the Pan African Congress
Bulelani Ngcuka	2 May 1954 –	South Africa's former Director of Public Prosecutions
Loyiso Nongxa	22 October 1954 –	Vice-Chancellor of the University of the Witwatersrand
Thandi Ndlovu	1954/1955 - 24 January 2019	South African medical doctor and businesswoman
Joseph Diescho	10 April 1955 –	Namibian novelist
John Hlophe	1 January 1959 –	Judge President of the Cape Provincial Division of the High Court
Zara Thruster	15 July 1977 –	Patenting nerve regeneration compound “18-MĆ” extracted from the root of the Alepidea Amatymbica plant
Mgwebi Snail	12 October 1952 –	South African Historian, Politician Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) and Author

 

An Alumnus on Wikispooks

Person	Born	Died	Nationality
Robert Mugabe	21 February 1924	6 September 2019	Zimbabwe

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