Difference between revisions of "Sol Wachtler"

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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Wachtler
 
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|birth_date=1930-04-29
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|birth_date=April 29, 1930
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|alma_mater=Washington and Lee University
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|image=Wachtler-sol.jpg
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|political_parties=Republican Party (United States)
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|description=[[Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals]] convicted of [[extortion]], [[racketeering]], and [[blackmail]]. Wachtler's most famous quote, made shortly after his appointment as Chief Judge, was that district attorneys could get [[grand juries]] to "indict a ham sandwich".
 
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|description=Convicted of [[extortion]], [[racketeering]], and [[blackmail]] in 1992
 
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'''Solomon "Sol" Wachtler''' is an American [[lawyer]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician from [[New York State|New York]].<ref>http://nypdconfidential.com/columns/1994/940807.html</ref> He was [[Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals]] from 1985 to 1992.<ref>http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-11/news/mn-275_1_chief-judge</ref> Wachtler's most famous quote, made shortly after his appointment as Chief Judge, was that district attorneys could get [[grand juries]] to "indict a ham sandwich".<ref name="ham">http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/11/25/sol_wachtler_the_judge_who_coined_indict_a_ham_sandwich_was_himself_indicted.html</ref>
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He achieved national notoriety when he was charged with, and then convicted of, acts stemming from threats he made against a former lover, Joy Silverman, and her daughter. Upon conviction, Wachtler served thirteen months in prison and a half-way house.<ref name=NYT20090119>https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E1D61139F934A1575BC0A962958260</ref> After his release, Wachtler became an author and critic, as well as an advocate for the mentally ill.
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==Early life and education==
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Wachtler was born in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] but was mostly raised in the South due to the fact that his father, Phillip, was a traveling salesman.<ref name=Vile>https://books.google.com/books?id=U6uJ-oWsZFYC&q=Sol+Wachtler+parents&pg=PA326</ref> His mother, Faye, was an immigrant from [[Russia]].<ref name=Vile /> Wachtler graduated with both a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and an [[LL.B.]] from [[Washington and Lee University]].<ref name=Vile /> He served in the [[United States Army]] before moving to [[Great Neck]], [[Long Island]], near his wife's family, where he worked as an attorney.<ref name=Vile />
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==Career==
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He began his political career in 1963, when he was first elected to be a councilman, then Town Supervisor of the Town of [[North Hempstead, New York]].<ref name=Vile /> In 1968{{snd}} after a failed bid for Nassau County executive{{snd}} Republican Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] appointed him to the [[New York State Supreme Court]].<ref name=Vile /> In 1972, he was elected to the [[New York Court of Appeals]]<ref name=Vile /> where he served for nearly 20 years and authored close to 400 opinions. In January 1985, Democratic Governor [[Mario Cuomo]] appointed him Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals.<ref name=Vile />
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The same month as his appointment, Wachtler was quoted by the [[New York Daily News]] as saying that
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{{SMWQ
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|text=District attorneys now have so much influence on grand juries that by and large they could get them to indict a ham sandwich.
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|subjects=grand jury,US justice system,district attorney
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|date=1985
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|authors=Sol Wachtler
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|note=The saying might be older than Wachtler
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|source_URL=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/11/25/sol_wachtler_the_judge_who_coined_indict_a_ham_sandwich_was_himself_indicted.html
 +
}}
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This quote was then used by [[Tom Wolfe]] (and attributed to Wachtler) in Wolfe's 1987 novel ''[[The Bonfire of the Vanities]]'', paraphrased into "a grand jury would 'indict a ham sandwich', if that's what you wanted."<ref>https://archive.org/details/bonfireofvanitie198800wolf </ref><ref name="popik">http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/indict_a_ham_sandwich/</ref> As of 2018, the "ham sandwich" phrase remains in common usage in legal discussions.<ref>https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/03/what-is-a-grand-jury-trump-russia-mueller-investigation-215458 </ref><ref>Reynolds, Glenn Harlan (January 20, 2013). ''"Ham Sandwich Nation: Due Process When Everything is a Crime"''. SSRN. SSRN 2203713</ref>
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Wachtler's 1975 decision in ''Chapadeau v. Utica Observer''<ref>''[http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=197523438NY2d196_1210.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985 Chapadeau v. Utica Observer]'', 38 N.Y. 2d 196, 341 N.E. 2d 569 (1975)</ref> protected the right of the defendant newspaper (and by extension of the press in general) to cover issues of public concern without undue exposure to suits for libel.  The reasoning of the ''Chapadeau'' decision was influential with courts throughout the United States.<ref name=Rosenblatt>Historical Society of the State of New York (2007). Rosenblatt, Albert (ed.). The Judges of The New York Court of Appeals. Fordham University Press. p. 735</ref>  Also known for the remark, "A marriage license should not be viewed as a license for a husband to forcibly rape his wife with impunity" (in ''People v. Liberta''), Wachtler was a key figure in making [[spousal rape]] a criminal offense.<ref>http://lawschool.courtroomview.com/acf_cases/8704-people-v-liberta</ref>
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Wachtler wrote the majority opinion in a 1988 [[right to die]] case interpreting the statute's requirement of "clear and convincing evidence" that a person who can no longer communicate would have wanted to die in a particular circumstance. The majority opinion set a stricter standard of "clear and convincing" than the lower courts, and refused to let a patient's family withdraw life support. General statements by a person that he or she would not want to live in such a condition are not acceptable under the decision.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/nyregion/new-york-s-highest-court-rejects-family-s-plea-in-right-to-die-case.html New York's Highest Court Rejects Family's Plea in Right-to-Die Case] By E. R. SHIPP, New York Times, October 15, 1988</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/nyregion/excerpts-from-the-court-of-appeals-decision-on-a-patient-s-right-to-die.html Excerpts From the Court of Appeals Decision on a Patient's Right to Die] New York Times, October 15, 1988</ref> The decision was criticized by right-to-die organizations as being too strict and unworkable, and taking decision-making away from family members. Wachtler was criticized for writing the decision while his own 86-year-old mother was recovering from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/12/us/new-york-rule-compounds-dilemma-over-life-support.html New York Rule Compounds Dilemma Over Life Support] By LISA BELKIN, New York Times, May 12, 1992</ref> His formulation of this higher standard of proof was later adopted by the [[United States Supreme Court]].<ref>http://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/luminaries-court-appeals/wachtler-sol.html</ref>
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As Chief Judge, Wachtler served not only as the head of the Court of Appeals, but also as the chief administrator for the state court system. He made significant administrative changes, called for the merit selection of judges, implemented streamlined procedures, reduced opportunities for "[[judge shopping]]," and reformed the state's [[grand jury]] system.<ref>https://archive.org/details/kingofmountainri00cahe|url-access=registration|year=199</ref> Wachtler also tried to improve women's and minorities' access to justice. He created a New York State Judicial Commission for Minority Concerns, a Workforce Diversity Program, and a New York State Task Force on Gender Bias.<ref>Linda, Wolfe (1994). ''Double Life.'' Pocket Books. p. 246</ref>
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==Criminal charges and resignation==
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In 1988, Wachtler began an affair with [[Joy Silverman]]. At the time, Wachtler was a co-executor of the estate of [[Alvin Wolosoff]], Silverman's stepfather and the uncle of Wachtler's wife. He was also trustee of four [[Trust law|trusts]] stemming from Wolosoff's estate for the benefit of Silverman and her family.<ref name=NYTClash>https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D61F3CF93AA25750C0A965958260 </ref><ref name=NYTRole>https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/nyregion/wachtler-role-at-issue-in-dispute-over-a-will.html?scp=3&sq=wachtler%20wolosoff%20fees&st=cse</ref> The trusts (in aggregate) were reported to be worth US$24 million at the time.<ref name=NYTClash/> According to then-[[United States Attorney]] [[Michael Chertoff]], over time, Wachtler received fees of more than US$800,000 for his work as executor and trustee of the entire estate.<ref>https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DF1F31F934A1575BC0A965958260</ref> After Silverman ended the affair in September 1991, Wachtler began to harass her.<ref>https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DE153DF931A35751C0A965958260</ref>
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Wachtler was arrested on 7 November 1992, on charges including [[extortion]], [[racketeering]], and [[blackmail]].<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2976/ Plotz, David. "Judicial Restraint: Sol Wachtler's worthy sentiments on prison"]. ''[[Slate.com]]'' April 16, 1997</ref> Prosecutors alleged that he demanded a $20,000 blackmail payment in exchange for turning over compromising photographs and tapes of Silverman with her then boyfriend, attorney [[David Samson (lawyer)|David Samson]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/nyregion/post-scandal-future-unclear-for-port-authoritys-low-profile-leader.html New York Times: "As Inquiry Widens, Port Authority Chief May Lose His Low Profile" by Russ Buettner and William K. Rashbaum] January 15, 2014</ref> He eventually pleaded guilty to harassing Silverman and threatening to kidnap her daughter.<ref name=NYT20090119 /> He resigned as a judge and from the bar, and Governor Mario Cuomo appointed [[Judith Kaye|Judith S. Kaye]] to replace him as chief judge of the N.Y.S. Court of Appeals. He served his sentence, first at the medium-security [[Federal Correctional Institution, Butner|Federal Correctional Institution in Butner]], North Carolina, and from December 1993 at the [[Federal Medical Center, Rochester|Federal Medical Center in Rochester]], Minnesota after he was stabbed in the shoulder while dozing in his cell in November.<ref name=NYT20090119/>
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Wachtler was sentenced to 15 months, but received time off for good behavior.<ref name=NYT20090119/>  His sentence started 28 September 1993.<ref name=NYT20090119/> He was released after serving 13 months.<ref name="LAT">http://articles.latimes.com/1994-10-23/news/mn-53884_1_halfway-house</ref>
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==Later life==
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After his release from prison, Wachtler wrote a prison memoir, ''After the Madness'' ({{ISBN|0-7592-4519-3}}) and a book of fiction, ''Blood Brothers'' ({{ISBN|1-59007-421-1}}). He also contributed to the book ''Serving Mentally Ill Defendants'' ({{ISBN|0-8261-1504-7}}) and has written as a critic-at-large for ''[[The New Yorker]]'' Magazine. He is currently an adjunct professor at [[Touro Law School]] and Chair of the Law and Psychiatry Institute of [[North Shore-LIJ Health System|North Shore Long Island Jewish Hospital]]. He is an advocate for the mentally ill and has received awards from the Mental Health Association of the State of New York and New York City. Wachtler's New York law license was restored by the [[New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division]] on October 2, 2007.<ref>Peter Lattman, [https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/10/03/sol-wachtler-got-his-law-license-back/ Sol Wachtler Got His Law License Back], ''Wall Street Journal'' (October 3, 2007).</ref>
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==Personal life==
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Wachtler married his high school sweetheart, Joan Carol Wolosoff, the daughter of homebuilder Leon Wolosoff, granddaughter of lumberman [[Max Blumberg]], and niece of [[New York State Senate|New York State Senator]], [[George Blumberg]].<ref name=Shattering>https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Q5BAAAQBAJ&q=Elsie&pg=PT16</ref> They had four children: attorney Lauren Wachtler Montclare; Marjorie Wachtler Eagan, a [[Museum docent|docent]] at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]; actress and model Alison Wachtler Braunstein; and real estate developer Philip Wachtler.<ref>[http://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/history-legal-bench-court-appeals.html?http://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/luminaries-court-appeals/wachtler-sol.html New York Courts: Historical Society of the new York Courts: "SOL WACHTLER 1930- Court of Appeals: 1973-1992 Chief Judge: 1985-1992" by David Gould] retrieved May 20, 2017</ref> His daughter, Lauren, married attorney Paul Douglas Montclare in 1983.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/27/style/lauren-wachtler-is-married.html New York Times: "Lauren Wachtler Is Married"] June 27, 1983</ref> His son, Philip Wachtler, is married to Robin Wilpon, daughter of New York Mets former owner [[Fred Wilpon]].<ref>Richard Sandomir, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/sports/baseball/06mets.html Mets Are Prominent on the Madoff List, but Say They're Fine], ''New York Times'' (February 5, 2009).</ref><ref>[http://libn.com/2006/03/31/the-son-in-law-also-rises/ Long Island Business News: "The son in law also rises"] March 31, 2006</ref> Wachtler lives in [[Manhasset, New York]].
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==References==
 
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Revision as of 04:56, 24 February 2022

Person.png Sol Wachtler  Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Wachtler-sol.jpg
BornApril 29, 1930
Alma materWashington and Lee University
PartyRepublican Party (United States)
Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals convicted of extortion, racketeering, and blackmail. Wachtler's most famous quote, made shortly after his appointment as Chief Judge, was that district attorneys could get grand juries to "indict a ham sandwich".

Employment.png Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Wikipedia-icon.png

In office
January 2, 1985 - November 11, 1992
Preceded byLawrence H. Cooke
Succeeded byRichard D. Simons
Convicted of extortion, racketeering, and blackmail in 1992

Solomon "Sol" Wachtler is an American lawyer and Republican politician from New York.[1] He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1992.[2] Wachtler's most famous quote, made shortly after his appointment as Chief Judge, was that district attorneys could get grand juries to "indict a ham sandwich".[3]

He achieved national notoriety when he was charged with, and then convicted of, acts stemming from threats he made against a former lover, Joy Silverman, and her daughter. Upon conviction, Wachtler served thirteen months in prison and a half-way house.[4] After his release, Wachtler became an author and critic, as well as an advocate for the mentally ill.

Early life and education

Wachtler was born in Brooklyn, New York but was mostly raised in the South due to the fact that his father, Phillip, was a traveling salesman.[5] His mother, Faye, was an immigrant from Russia.[5] Wachtler graduated with both a B.A. and an LL.B. from Washington and Lee University.[5] He served in the United States Army before moving to Great Neck, Long Island, near his wife's family, where he worked as an attorney.[5]

Career

He began his political career in 1963, when he was first elected to be a councilman, then Town Supervisor of the Town of North Hempstead, New York.[5] In 1968Template:Snd after a failed bid for Nassau County executiveTemplate:Snd Republican Governor Nelson Rockefeller appointed him to the New York State Supreme Court.[5] In 1972, he was elected to the New York Court of Appeals[5] where he served for nearly 20 years and authored close to 400 opinions. In January 1985, Democratic Governor Mario Cuomo appointed him Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals.[5]

The same month as his appointment, Wachtler was quoted by the New York Daily News as saying that

“District attorneys now have so much influence on grand juries that by and large they could get them to indict a ham sandwich.”
Sol Wachtler (1985)  [6]
The saying might be older than Wachtler

This quote was then used by Tom Wolfe (and attributed to Wachtler) in Wolfe's 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities, paraphrased into "a grand jury would 'indict a ham sandwich', if that's what you wanted."[7][8] As of 2018, the "ham sandwich" phrase remains in common usage in legal discussions.[9][10]

Wachtler's 1975 decision in Chapadeau v. Utica Observer[11] protected the right of the defendant newspaper (and by extension of the press in general) to cover issues of public concern without undue exposure to suits for libel. The reasoning of the Chapadeau decision was influential with courts throughout the United States.[12] Also known for the remark, "A marriage license should not be viewed as a license for a husband to forcibly rape his wife with impunity" (in People v. Liberta), Wachtler was a key figure in making spousal rape a criminal offense.[13]

Wachtler wrote the majority opinion in a 1988 right to die case interpreting the statute's requirement of "clear and convincing evidence" that a person who can no longer communicate would have wanted to die in a particular circumstance. The majority opinion set a stricter standard of "clear and convincing" than the lower courts, and refused to let a patient's family withdraw life support. General statements by a person that he or she would not want to live in such a condition are not acceptable under the decision.[14][15] The decision was criticized by right-to-die organizations as being too strict and unworkable, and taking decision-making away from family members. Wachtler was criticized for writing the decision while his own 86-year-old mother was recovering from a stroke.[16] His formulation of this higher standard of proof was later adopted by the United States Supreme Court.[17]

As Chief Judge, Wachtler served not only as the head of the Court of Appeals, but also as the chief administrator for the state court system. He made significant administrative changes, called for the merit selection of judges, implemented streamlined procedures, reduced opportunities for "judge shopping," and reformed the state's grand jury system.[18] Wachtler also tried to improve women's and minorities' access to justice. He created a New York State Judicial Commission for Minority Concerns, a Workforce Diversity Program, and a New York State Task Force on Gender Bias.[19]

Criminal charges and resignation

In 1988, Wachtler began an affair with Joy Silverman. At the time, Wachtler was a co-executor of the estate of Alvin Wolosoff, Silverman's stepfather and the uncle of Wachtler's wife. He was also trustee of four trusts stemming from Wolosoff's estate for the benefit of Silverman and her family.[20][21] The trusts (in aggregate) were reported to be worth US$24 million at the time.[20] According to then-United States Attorney Michael Chertoff, over time, Wachtler received fees of more than US$800,000 for his work as executor and trustee of the entire estate.[22] After Silverman ended the affair in September 1991, Wachtler began to harass her.[23]

Wachtler was arrested on 7 November 1992, on charges including extortion, racketeering, and blackmail.[24] Prosecutors alleged that he demanded a $20,000 blackmail payment in exchange for turning over compromising photographs and tapes of Silverman with her then boyfriend, attorney David Samson.[25] He eventually pleaded guilty to harassing Silverman and threatening to kidnap her daughter.[4] He resigned as a judge and from the bar, and Governor Mario Cuomo appointed Judith S. Kaye to replace him as chief judge of the N.Y.S. Court of Appeals. He served his sentence, first at the medium-security Federal Correctional Institution in Butner, North Carolina, and from December 1993 at the Federal Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota after he was stabbed in the shoulder while dozing in his cell in November.[4]

Wachtler was sentenced to 15 months, but received time off for good behavior.[4] His sentence started 28 September 1993.[4] He was released after serving 13 months.[26]

Later life

After his release from prison, Wachtler wrote a prison memoir, After the Madness (ISBN 0-7592-4519-3) and a book of fiction, Blood Brothers (ISBN 1-59007-421-1). He also contributed to the book Serving Mentally Ill Defendants (ISBN 0-8261-1504-7) and has written as a critic-at-large for The New Yorker Magazine. He is currently an adjunct professor at Touro Law School and Chair of the Law and Psychiatry Institute of North Shore Long Island Jewish Hospital. He is an advocate for the mentally ill and has received awards from the Mental Health Association of the State of New York and New York City. Wachtler's New York law license was restored by the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division on October 2, 2007.[27]

Personal life

Wachtler married his high school sweetheart, Joan Carol Wolosoff, the daughter of homebuilder Leon Wolosoff, granddaughter of lumberman Max Blumberg, and niece of New York State Senator, George Blumberg.[28] They had four children: attorney Lauren Wachtler Montclare; Marjorie Wachtler Eagan, a docent at the Metropolitan Museum of Art; actress and model Alison Wachtler Braunstein; and real estate developer Philip Wachtler.[29] His daughter, Lauren, married attorney Paul Douglas Montclare in 1983.[30] His son, Philip Wachtler, is married to Robin Wilpon, daughter of New York Mets former owner Fred Wilpon.[31][32] Wachtler lives in Manhasset, New York.


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References

  1. ↑ http://nypdconfidential.com/columns/1994/940807.html
  2. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/1992-11-11/news/mn-275_1_chief-judge
  3. ↑ http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/11/25/sol_wachtler_the_judge_who_coined_indict_a_ham_sandwich_was_himself_indicted.html
  4. ↑ a b c d e https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E1D61139F934A1575BC0A962958260
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h https://books.google.com/books?id=U6uJ-oWsZFYC&q=Sol+Wachtler+parents&pg=PA326
  6. ↑ http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/11/25/sol_wachtler_the_judge_who_coined_indict_a_ham_sandwich_was_himself_indicted.html
  7. ↑ https://archive.org/details/bonfireofvanitie198800wolf
  8. ↑ http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/indict_a_ham_sandwich/
  9. ↑ https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/03/what-is-a-grand-jury-trump-russia-mueller-investigation-215458
  10. ↑ Reynolds, Glenn Harlan (January 20, 2013). "Ham Sandwich Nation: Due Process When Everything is a Crime". SSRN. SSRN 2203713
  11. ↑ Chapadeau v. Utica Observer, 38 N.Y. 2d 196, 341 N.E. 2d 569 (1975)
  12. ↑ Historical Society of the State of New York (2007). Rosenblatt, Albert (ed.). The Judges of The New York Court of Appeals. Fordham University Press. p. 735
  13. ↑ http://lawschool.courtroomview.com/acf_cases/8704-people-v-liberta
  14. ↑ New York's Highest Court Rejects Family's Plea in Right-to-Die Case By E. R. SHIPP, New York Times, October 15, 1988
  15. ↑ Excerpts From the Court of Appeals Decision on a Patient's Right to Die New York Times, October 15, 1988
  16. ↑ New York Rule Compounds Dilemma Over Life Support By LISA BELKIN, New York Times, May 12, 1992
  17. ↑ http://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/luminaries-court-appeals/wachtler-sol.html
  18. ↑ https://archive.org/details/kingofmountainri00cahe%7Curl-access=registration%7Cyear=199
  19. ↑ Linda, Wolfe (1994). Double Life. Pocket Books. p. 246
  20. ↑ a b https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D61F3CF93AA25750C0A965958260
  21. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/nyregion/wachtler-role-at-issue-in-dispute-over-a-will.html?scp=3&sq=wachtler%20wolosoff%20fees&st=cse
  22. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DF1F31F934A1575BC0A965958260
  23. ↑ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DE153DF931A35751C0A965958260
  24. ↑ Plotz, David. "Judicial Restraint: Sol Wachtler's worthy sentiments on prison". Slate.com April 16, 1997
  25. ↑ New York Times: "As Inquiry Widens, Port Authority Chief May Lose His Low Profile" by Russ Buettner and William K. Rashbaum January 15, 2014
  26. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/1994-10-23/news/mn-53884_1_halfway-house
  27. ↑ Peter Lattman, Sol Wachtler Got His Law License Back, Wall Street Journal (October 3, 2007).
  28. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Q5BAAAQBAJ&q=Elsie&pg=PT16
  29. ↑ New York Courts: Historical Society of the new York Courts: "SOL WACHTLER 1930- Court of Appeals: 1973-1992 Chief Judge: 1985-1992" by David Gould retrieved May 20, 2017
  30. ↑ New York Times: "Lauren Wachtler Is Married" June 27, 1983
  31. ↑ Richard Sandomir, Mets Are Prominent on the Madoff List, but Say They're Fine, New York Times (February 5, 2009).
  32. ↑ Long Island Business News: "The son in law also rises" March 31, 2006
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